Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type
Measuring the void fraction of different multiphase flows in various fields such as gas, oil, chemical, and petrochemical industries is very important. Various methods exist for this purpose. Among these methods, the capacitive sensor has been widely used. The thing that affects the performance of c...
- Autores:
-
Chen, Tzu-Chia
Alizadeh, Mehdi
Alanazi, Abdullah
Grimaldo Guerrero, John William
Abo-Dief, Hala M.
Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan
fouladinia, farhad
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10216
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10216
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Capacitance sensor
Concave sensor
Ring sensor
Two-phase flow
Homogenous regime
Artificial neural network (ANN)
Void fraction measuring
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id |
RCUC2_98c35d1110ca8e5add920b92a67ebbd7 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10216 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
title |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
spellingShingle |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type Capacitance sensor Concave sensor Ring sensor Two-phase flow Homogenous regime Artificial neural network (ANN) Void fraction measuring |
title_short |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
title_full |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
title_fullStr |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
title_full_unstemmed |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
title_sort |
Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase type |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Chen, Tzu-Chia Alizadeh, Mehdi Alanazi, Abdullah Grimaldo Guerrero, John William Abo-Dief, Hala M. Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan fouladinia, farhad |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Chen, Tzu-Chia Alizadeh, Mehdi Alanazi, Abdullah Grimaldo Guerrero, John William Abo-Dief, Hala M. Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan fouladinia, farhad |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Capacitance sensor Concave sensor Ring sensor Two-phase flow Homogenous regime Artificial neural network (ANN) Void fraction measuring |
topic |
Capacitance sensor Concave sensor Ring sensor Two-phase flow Homogenous regime Artificial neural network (ANN) Void fraction measuring |
description |
Measuring the void fraction of different multiphase flows in various fields such as gas, oil, chemical, and petrochemical industries is very important. Various methods exist for this purpose. Among these methods, the capacitive sensor has been widely used. The thing that affects the performance of capacitance sensors is fluid properties. For instance, density, pressure, and temperature can cause vast errors in the measurement of the void fraction. A routine calibration, which is very grueling, is one approach to tackling this issue. In the present investigation, an artificial neural network (ANN) was modeled to measure the gas percentage of a two-phase flow regardless of the liquid phase type and changes, without having to recalibrate. For this goal, a new combined capacitance-based sensor was designed. This combined sensor was simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics software. Five different liquids were simulated: oil, gasoil, gasoline, crude oil, and water. To estimate the gas percentage of a homogeneous two-phase fluid with a distinct type of liquid, data obtained from COMSOL Multiphysics were used as input to train a multilayer perceptron network (MLP). The proposed neural network was modeled in MATLAB software. Using the new and accurate metering system, the proposed MLP model could predict the void fraction with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.919. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-01T22:21:53Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-06-01T22:21:53Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-20 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Chen, T.-C.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Abo-Dief, H.M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Fouladinia, F. Using ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type. Processes 2023, 11, 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11030940 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10216 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/ pr11030940 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2227-9717 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Chen, T.-C.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Abo-Dief, H.M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Fouladinia, F. Using ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type. Processes 2023, 11, 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11030940 10.3390/ pr11030940 2227-9717 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10216 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Processes |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Karimi, H.; Boostani, M. Heat transfer measurements for oil–water flow of different flow patterns in a horizontal pipe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2016, 75, 35–42. [CrossRef] 2. Nazemi, E.; Roshani, G.H.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Setayeshi, S.; Zadeh, E.E.; Fatehi, A. Optimization of a method for identifying the flow regime and measuring void fraction in a broad beam gamma-ray attenuation technique. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 7438–7444. [CrossRef] 3. Steven, R.N. Wet gas metering with a horizontally mounted Venturi meter. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2002, 12, 361–372. [CrossRef] 4. Wang, D.; Liang, F.; Peng, Z.; Wang, Y.; Lin, Z. Gas–liquid two-phase flow measurements by full stream batch sampling. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2012, 40, 113–125. [CrossRef] 5. Banowski, M.; Beyer, M.; Szalinski, L.; Lucas, D.; Hampel, W. Comparative study of ultrafast X-ray tomography and wire-mesh sensors for vertical gas-liquid pipe flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2017, 53, 95–106. [CrossRef] 6. Salgado, C.M.; Dam, R.S.; Puertas, E.J.; Salgado, W.L. Calculation of volume fractions regardless scale deposition in the oil industry pipelines using feed-forward multilayer perceptron artificial neural network and MCNP6 code. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2022, 185, 110215. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. Iliyasu, A.M.; Bagaudinovna, D.K.; Salama, A.S.; Roshani, G.H.; Hirota, K. A Methodology for Analysis and Prediction of Volume Fraction of Two-Phase Flow Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Group Method of Data Handling Neural Network. Mathematics 2023, 11, 916. [CrossRef] 8. Al-Lababidi, S.; Addali, A.; Yeung, H.; Mba, D.; Khan, F. Gas void fraction measurement in two-phase gas/liquid slug flow using acoustic emission technology. J. Vib. Acoust. 2009, 131, 501–507. [CrossRef] 9. Xie, C.G.; Stott, A.L.; Plaskowski, A.; Beck, M.S. Design of capacitance electrodes for concentration measurement of two-phase flow. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1990, 1, 65–78. [CrossRef] 10. Abdulkadir, M.; Hernandez-Perez, V.; Lowndes, I.S.; Azzopardi, B.J.; Brantson, E.T. Detailed analysis of phase distributions in a vertical riser using a wire mesh sensor (WMS). Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2014, 59, 32–42. [CrossRef] 11. Koyama, S.; Lee, J.; Yonemoto, R. An investigation on void fraction of vapor–liquid two-phase flow for smooth and microfine tubes with R134a at adiabatic condition. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2004, 30, 291–310. [CrossRef] 12. Demori, M.; Ferrari, V.; Strazza, D.; Poesio, P. A capacitive sensor system for the analysis of two-phase flows of oil and conductive water. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2010, 163, 172–179. [CrossRef] 13. Strazza, D.; Demori, M.; Ferrari, V.; Poesio, P. Capacitance sensor for hold-up measurement in high-viscous-oil/conductive-water core-annular flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2011, 22, 360–369. [CrossRef] 14. An, Z.; Ningde, J.; Lusheng, Z.; Zhongke, G. Liquid holdup measurement in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow by using concave capacitance sensor. Measurement 2014, 49, 153–163. [CrossRef] 15. Ortiz, J.; Masek, V. Cyclonic capacitive sensor for multiphase composition measurement. Sens. Transducers 2015, 191, 1–11. 16. Zhai, L.S.; Jin, N.D.; Gao, Z.K.; Zhao, A.; Zhu, L. Cross-correlation velocity measurement of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow by using parallel–wire capacitance probe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2014, 53, 277–289. [CrossRef] 17. Zhai, L.; Jin, N.; Gao, Z.; Wang, Z. Liquid holdup measurement with double helix capacitance sensor in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow pipes. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 2015, 23, 268–275. [CrossRef] 18. Li, J.; Kong, M.; Xu, C.; Wang, S.; Fan, Y. An integrated instrumentation system for velocity, concentration and mass flow rate measurement of solid particles based on electrostatic and capacitance sensors. Sensors 2015, 15, 31023–31035. [CrossRef] 19. Elkow, K.J.; Rezkallah, K.S. Void fraction measurements in gas-liquid flows under 1-g and µ-g conditions using capacitance sensors. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 1997, 23, 815–829. [CrossRef] 20. Li, H.; Yang, D.; Cheng, M.X. Sensitivity analysis of capacitance sensor with helical shaped surface plates. CIESC J. 2011, 62, 2292–2297. 21. Tollefsen, J.; Hammer, E.A. Capacitance sensor design for reducing errors in phase concentration measurements. Flow Meas. Instrum. 1998, 9, 25–32. [CrossRef] 22. Jaworek, A.; Krupa, A. Gas/liquid ratio measurements by rf resonance capacitance sensor. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2004, 113, 133–139. [CrossRef] 23. Dos Reis, E.; da Silva Cunha, D. Experimental study on different configurations of capacitive sensors for measuring the volumetric concentration in two-phase flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2014, 37, 127–134. [CrossRef] 24. Kendoush, A.A.; Sarkis, Z.A. Improving the accuracy of the capacitance method for void fraction measurement. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 1995, 11, 321–326. [CrossRef] 25. Abouelwafa, M.S.; Kendall, E.J. The use of capacitance sensors for phase percentage determination in multiphase pipelines. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 1980, 29, 24–27. [CrossRef] 26. Ahmed, H. Capacitance sensors for void-fraction measurements and flow-pattern identification in air–oil two-phase flow. IEEE Sens. J. 2006, 6, 1153–1163. [CrossRef] 27. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.T.; Nazemi, E.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Phan, N.H.; Corniani, E.; Tran, H.N.; Duong, V.H.; Roshani, G.H. Performance comparison of capacitance-based flowmeter with gamma-ray attenuation-based two-phase flowmeter for determining volume fractions in an annular flow regime’s component. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 24–27. [CrossRef] 28. Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.; Tang, K.; Hu, H. Sectional void fraction measurement of gas-water two-phase flow by using a capacitive array sensor. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2020, 74, 101788. [CrossRef] 29. Krupa, A.; Lackowski, M.; Jaworek, A. Capacitance sensor for measuring void fraction in small channels. Measurement 2021, 175, 109046. [CrossRef] 30. He, D.; Chen, S.; Bai, B. Void fraction measurement of stratified gas-liquid flow based on multi-wire capacitance probe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2019, 102, 61–73. [CrossRef] 31. Shahsavari, M.H.; Veisi, A.; Roshani, G.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. An Experimental and Simulation Study for Comparison of the Sensitivity of Different Non-Destructive Capacitive Sensors in a Stratified Two-Phase Flow Regime. Electronics 2023, 12, 1284. [CrossRef] 32. Zych, M.; Petryka, L.; K ˛epi ´nski, J.; Hanus, R.; Bujak, T.; Puskarczyk, E. Radioisotope investigations of compound two-phase flows in an open channel. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2014, 35, 11–15. [CrossRef] 33. Chen, X.; Zheng, J.; Jiang, J.; Peng, H.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, L. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of a Multistage Multiphase Separation System. Separations 2022, 9, 405. [CrossRef] 34. Rushd, S.; Gazder, U.; Qureshi, H.J.; Arifuzzaman, M. Advanced Machine Learning Applications to Viscous Oil-Water Multi-Phase Flow. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4871. [CrossRef] 35. Veisi, A.; Shahsavari, M.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. Experimental Study of Void Fraction Measurement Using a Capacitance-Based Sensor and ANN in Two-Phase Annular Regimes for Different Fluids. Axioms 2023, 12, 66. [CrossRef] 36. Ssebadduka, R.; Le, N.N.; Nguele, R.; Alade, O.; Sugai, Y. Artificial Neural Network Model Prediction of Bitumen/Light Oil Mixture Viscosity under Reservoir Temperature and Pressure Conditions as a Superior Alternative to Empirical Models. Energies 2021, 14, 8520. [CrossRef] 37. Mayet, A.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Narozhnyy, I.M.; Alhashim, H.H.; Nazemi, E.; Indrupskiy, I.M. Proposing a high-precision petroleum pipeline monitoring system for identifying the type and amount of oil products using extraction of frequency characteristics and a MLP neural network. Mathematics 2022, 10, 2916. [CrossRef] 38. Artyukhov, A.V.; Isaev, A.A.; Drozdov, A.N.; Gorbyleva, Y.A.; Nurgalieva, K.S. The rod string loads variation during short-term annular gas extraction. Energies 2022, 15, 5045. [CrossRef] 39. Isaev, A.A.; Aliev, M.M.O.; Drozdov, A.N.; Gorbyleva, Y.A.; Nurgalieva, K.S. Improving the efficiency of curved wells’ operation by means of progressive cavity pumps. Energies 2022, 15, 4259. [CrossRef] 40. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Extraction of time-domain characteristics and selection of effective features using correlation analysis to increase the accuracy of petroleum fluid monitoring systems. Energies 2022, 15, 1986. [CrossRef] 41. Alanazi, A.K.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Nesic, S.; Guerrero, J.W.G.; Abo-Dief, H.M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Application of neural network and time-domain feature extraction techniques for determining volumetric percentages and the type of two-phase flow regimes independent of scale layer thickness. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1336. [CrossRef] 42. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Faraj, R.H.; Phan, N.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Proposing a gamma radiation based intelligent system for simultaneous analyzing and detecting type and amount of petroleum by-products. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2021, 53, 1277–1283. [CrossRef] 43. Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Khazaei, A.; Zych, M.; Nazemi, E.; Mosorov, V. Density and velocity determination for single-phase flow based on radiotracer technique and neural networks. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2018, 61, 9–14. [CrossRef] 44. Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, E.; Roshani, M.M. Intelligent recognition of gas-oil-water three-phase flow regime and determination of volume fraction using radial basis function. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2017, 54, 39–45. [CrossRef] 45. Roshani, G.H.; Roshani, S.; Nazemi, E.; Roshani, S. Online measuring density of oil products in annular regime of gas-liquid two-phase flows. Measurement 2018, 296–301. [CrossRef] 46. Iliyasu, A.M.; Fouladinia, F.; Salama, S.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hirota, K. Intelligent Measurement of Void Fractions in Homogeneous Regime of Two-Phase Flows Independent of the Liquid Phase Density Changes. Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 179. [CrossRef] 47. Esteva, A.; Robicquet, A.; Ramsundar, B.; Kuleshov, V.; DePristo, M.; Chou, K.; Cui, C.; Corrado, G.; Thrun, S.; Dean, J. A guide to deep learning in healthcare. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 24–29. [CrossRef] 48. Li, J.; Yang, Z.; Li, W.; Li, Y. A survey on deep learning in finance. Neural Comput. Appl. 2020, 3385–3407. 49. Rahimi, E.; Nguyen, T. Retail analytics: A review and future research directions. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2018, 170–181. 50. Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Shen, Z.; Huang, J. A survey on deep learning for traffic prediction. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2019, 99, 3536–3553. 51. Kovanovic, V.; Joksimovic, S.; Gaševic, D.; Siemens, G.; Hatala, M. Applications of machine learning in education. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 2018, 33–47. 52. Rezvan, S.; Moradi, M.J.; Dabiri, H.; Daneshvar, K.; Karakouzian, M.; Farhangi, V. Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete Containing Recycled Plastic-Based Materials. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2033. [CrossRef] 53. Roshani, G.; Feghhi, S.; Mahmoudi-Aznaveh, A.; Nazemi, E.; Adineh-Vand, A. Precise volume fraction prediction in oil–water–gas multiphase flows by means of gamma-ray attenuation and artificial neural networks using one detector. Measurement 2014, 51, 34–41. [CrossRef] 54. Gallant, A.R.; White, H. On learning the derivatives of an unknown mapping with multilayer feedforward networks. Neural Netw. 1992, 5, 129–138. [CrossRef] 55. Salgado, C.M.; Brandão, L.E.; Schirru, R.; Pereira, C.M.; da Silva, A.X.; Ramos, R. Prediction of volume fractions in three-phase flows using nuclear technique and artificial neural network. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2009, 67, 1812–1818. [CrossRef] 56. Levenberg, K. A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Q. Appl. Math. 1944, 2, 164–168. [CrossRef] 57. Marquardt, D.W. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. 1963, 11, 431–441. [CrossRef] |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
3 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
11 |
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
MDPI AG |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/3/940 |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6d419b9a-354b-49b6-ba35-7ed888303468/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f4f53433-c6cf-412c-9311-08f8b1dbe766/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0f744bc6-7224-41ee-860c-a285d68c5553/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8cfe114f-a520-456f-8abe-2202e897905e/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
dfb503b961b147505cce7e61c057fdcf 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 18dcaa952b69047de607223edeea2d7e c1c8d0b6995dd7d9fcd4385c6ea7c2f1 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760828804759552 |
spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Chen, Tzu-ChiaAlizadeh, MehdiAlanazi, AbdullahGrimaldo Guerrero, John WilliamAbo-Dief, Hala M.Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsanfouladinia, farhad2023-06-01T22:21:53Z2023-06-01T22:21:53Z2023-03-20Chen, T.-C.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Abo-Dief, H.M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Fouladinia, F. Using ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type. Processes 2023, 11, 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ pr11030940https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1021610.3390/ pr110309402227-9717Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Measuring the void fraction of different multiphase flows in various fields such as gas, oil, chemical, and petrochemical industries is very important. Various methods exist for this purpose. Among these methods, the capacitive sensor has been widely used. The thing that affects the performance of capacitance sensors is fluid properties. For instance, density, pressure, and temperature can cause vast errors in the measurement of the void fraction. A routine calibration, which is very grueling, is one approach to tackling this issue. In the present investigation, an artificial neural network (ANN) was modeled to measure the gas percentage of a two-phase flow regardless of the liquid phase type and changes, without having to recalibrate. For this goal, a new combined capacitance-based sensor was designed. This combined sensor was simulated with COMSOL Multiphysics software. Five different liquids were simulated: oil, gasoil, gasoline, crude oil, and water. To estimate the gas percentage of a homogeneous two-phase fluid with a distinct type of liquid, data obtained from COMSOL Multiphysics were used as input to train a multilayer perceptron network (MLP). The proposed neural network was modeled in MATLAB software. Using the new and accurate metering system, the proposed MLP model could predict the void fraction with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.919.14 páginasapplication/pdfengMDPI AGSwitzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/11/3/940Using ANN and combined capacitive sensors to predict the void fraction for a two-phase homogeneous fluid independent of the liquid phase typeArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Processes1. Karimi, H.; Boostani, M. Heat transfer measurements for oil–water flow of different flow patterns in a horizontal pipe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2016, 75, 35–42. [CrossRef]2. Nazemi, E.; Roshani, G.H.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Setayeshi, S.; Zadeh, E.E.; Fatehi, A. Optimization of a method for identifying the flow regime and measuring void fraction in a broad beam gamma-ray attenuation technique. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2016, 41, 7438–7444. [CrossRef]3. Steven, R.N. Wet gas metering with a horizontally mounted Venturi meter. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2002, 12, 361–372. [CrossRef]4. Wang, D.; Liang, F.; Peng, Z.; Wang, Y.; Lin, Z. Gas–liquid two-phase flow measurements by full stream batch sampling. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2012, 40, 113–125. [CrossRef]5. Banowski, M.; Beyer, M.; Szalinski, L.; Lucas, D.; Hampel, W. Comparative study of ultrafast X-ray tomography and wire-mesh sensors for vertical gas-liquid pipe flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2017, 53, 95–106. [CrossRef]6. Salgado, C.M.; Dam, R.S.; Puertas, E.J.; Salgado, W.L. Calculation of volume fractions regardless scale deposition in the oil industry pipelines using feed-forward multilayer perceptron artificial neural network and MCNP6 code. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2022, 185, 110215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]7. Iliyasu, A.M.; Bagaudinovna, D.K.; Salama, A.S.; Roshani, G.H.; Hirota, K. A Methodology for Analysis and Prediction of Volume Fraction of Two-Phase Flow Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Group Method of Data Handling Neural Network. Mathematics 2023, 11, 916. [CrossRef]8. Al-Lababidi, S.; Addali, A.; Yeung, H.; Mba, D.; Khan, F. Gas void fraction measurement in two-phase gas/liquid slug flow using acoustic emission technology. J. Vib. Acoust. 2009, 131, 501–507. [CrossRef]9. Xie, C.G.; Stott, A.L.; Plaskowski, A.; Beck, M.S. Design of capacitance electrodes for concentration measurement of two-phase flow. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1990, 1, 65–78. [CrossRef]10. Abdulkadir, M.; Hernandez-Perez, V.; Lowndes, I.S.; Azzopardi, B.J.; Brantson, E.T. Detailed analysis of phase distributions in a vertical riser using a wire mesh sensor (WMS). Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2014, 59, 32–42. [CrossRef]11. Koyama, S.; Lee, J.; Yonemoto, R. An investigation on void fraction of vapor–liquid two-phase flow for smooth and microfine tubes with R134a at adiabatic condition. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 2004, 30, 291–310. [CrossRef]12. Demori, M.; Ferrari, V.; Strazza, D.; Poesio, P. A capacitive sensor system for the analysis of two-phase flows of oil and conductive water. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2010, 163, 172–179. [CrossRef]13. Strazza, D.; Demori, M.; Ferrari, V.; Poesio, P. Capacitance sensor for hold-up measurement in high-viscous-oil/conductive-water core-annular flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2011, 22, 360–369. [CrossRef]14. An, Z.; Ningde, J.; Lusheng, Z.; Zhongke, G. Liquid holdup measurement in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow by using concave capacitance sensor. Measurement 2014, 49, 153–163. [CrossRef]15. Ortiz, J.; Masek, V. Cyclonic capacitive sensor for multiphase composition measurement. Sens. Transducers 2015, 191, 1–11.16. Zhai, L.S.; Jin, N.D.; Gao, Z.K.; Zhao, A.; Zhu, L. Cross-correlation velocity measurement of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow by using parallel–wire capacitance probe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2014, 53, 277–289. [CrossRef]17. Zhai, L.; Jin, N.; Gao, Z.; Wang, Z. Liquid holdup measurement with double helix capacitance sensor in horizontal oil–water two-phase flow pipes. Chin. J. Chem. Eng. 2015, 23, 268–275. [CrossRef]18. Li, J.; Kong, M.; Xu, C.; Wang, S.; Fan, Y. An integrated instrumentation system for velocity, concentration and mass flow rate measurement of solid particles based on electrostatic and capacitance sensors. Sensors 2015, 15, 31023–31035. [CrossRef]19. Elkow, K.J.; Rezkallah, K.S. Void fraction measurements in gas-liquid flows under 1-g and µ-g conditions using capacitance sensors. Int. J. Multiph. Flow 1997, 23, 815–829. [CrossRef]20. Li, H.; Yang, D.; Cheng, M.X. Sensitivity analysis of capacitance sensor with helical shaped surface plates. CIESC J. 2011, 62, 2292–2297.21. Tollefsen, J.; Hammer, E.A. Capacitance sensor design for reducing errors in phase concentration measurements. Flow Meas. Instrum. 1998, 9, 25–32. [CrossRef]22. Jaworek, A.; Krupa, A. Gas/liquid ratio measurements by rf resonance capacitance sensor. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 2004, 113, 133–139. [CrossRef]23. Dos Reis, E.; da Silva Cunha, D. Experimental study on different configurations of capacitive sensors for measuring the volumetric concentration in two-phase flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2014, 37, 127–134. [CrossRef]24. Kendoush, A.A.; Sarkis, Z.A. Improving the accuracy of the capacitance method for void fraction measurement. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 1995, 11, 321–326. [CrossRef]25. Abouelwafa, M.S.; Kendall, E.J. The use of capacitance sensors for phase percentage determination in multiphase pipelines. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 1980, 29, 24–27. [CrossRef]26. Ahmed, H. Capacitance sensors for void-fraction measurements and flow-pattern identification in air–oil two-phase flow. IEEE Sens. J. 2006, 6, 1153–1163. [CrossRef]27. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.T.; Nazemi, E.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Phan, N.H.; Corniani, E.; Tran, H.N.; Duong, V.H.; Roshani, G.H. Performance comparison of capacitance-based flowmeter with gamma-ray attenuation-based two-phase flowmeter for determining volume fractions in an annular flow regime’s component. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2021, 136, 24–27. [CrossRef]28. Wang, X.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.; Tang, K.; Hu, H. Sectional void fraction measurement of gas-water two-phase flow by using a capacitive array sensor. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2020, 74, 101788. [CrossRef]29. Krupa, A.; Lackowski, M.; Jaworek, A. Capacitance sensor for measuring void fraction in small channels. Measurement 2021, 175, 109046. [CrossRef]30. He, D.; Chen, S.; Bai, B. Void fraction measurement of stratified gas-liquid flow based on multi-wire capacitance probe. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 2019, 102, 61–73. [CrossRef]31. Shahsavari, M.H.; Veisi, A.; Roshani, G.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. An Experimental and Simulation Study for Comparison of the Sensitivity of Different Non-Destructive Capacitive Sensors in a Stratified Two-Phase Flow Regime. Electronics 2023, 12, 1284. [CrossRef]32. Zych, M.; Petryka, L.; K ˛epi ´nski, J.; Hanus, R.; Bujak, T.; Puskarczyk, E. Radioisotope investigations of compound two-phase flows in an open channel. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2014, 35, 11–15. [CrossRef]33. Chen, X.; Zheng, J.; Jiang, J.; Peng, H.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, L. Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of a Multistage Multiphase Separation System. Separations 2022, 9, 405. [CrossRef]34. Rushd, S.; Gazder, U.; Qureshi, H.J.; Arifuzzaman, M. Advanced Machine Learning Applications to Viscous Oil-Water Multi-Phase Flow. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4871. [CrossRef]35. Veisi, A.; Shahsavari, M.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. Experimental Study of Void Fraction Measurement Using a Capacitance-Based Sensor and ANN in Two-Phase Annular Regimes for Different Fluids. Axioms 2023, 12, 66. [CrossRef]36. Ssebadduka, R.; Le, N.N.; Nguele, R.; Alade, O.; Sugai, Y. Artificial Neural Network Model Prediction of Bitumen/Light Oil Mixture Viscosity under Reservoir Temperature and Pressure Conditions as a Superior Alternative to Empirical Models. Energies 2021, 14, 8520. [CrossRef]37. Mayet, A.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Narozhnyy, I.M.; Alhashim, H.H.; Nazemi, E.; Indrupskiy, I.M. Proposing a high-precision petroleum pipeline monitoring system for identifying the type and amount of oil products using extraction of frequency characteristics and a MLP neural network. Mathematics 2022, 10, 2916. [CrossRef]38. Artyukhov, A.V.; Isaev, A.A.; Drozdov, A.N.; Gorbyleva, Y.A.; Nurgalieva, K.S. The rod string loads variation during short-term annular gas extraction. Energies 2022, 15, 5045. [CrossRef]39. Isaev, A.A.; Aliev, M.M.O.; Drozdov, A.N.; Gorbyleva, Y.A.; Nurgalieva, K.S. Improving the efficiency of curved wells’ operation by means of progressive cavity pumps. Energies 2022, 15, 4259. [CrossRef]40. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Extraction of time-domain characteristics and selection of effective features using correlation analysis to increase the accuracy of petroleum fluid monitoring systems. Energies 2022, 15, 1986. [CrossRef]41. Alanazi, A.K.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Nesic, S.; Guerrero, J.W.G.; Abo-Dief, H.M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Application of neural network and time-domain feature extraction techniques for determining volumetric percentages and the type of two-phase flow regimes independent of scale layer thickness. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 1336. [CrossRef]42. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Faraj, R.H.; Phan, N.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Proposing a gamma radiation based intelligent system for simultaneous analyzing and detecting type and amount of petroleum by-products. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2021, 53, 1277–1283. [CrossRef]43. Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Khazaei, A.; Zych, M.; Nazemi, E.; Mosorov, V. Density and velocity determination for single-phase flow based on radiotracer technique and neural networks. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2018, 61, 9–14. [CrossRef]44. Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, E.; Roshani, M.M. Intelligent recognition of gas-oil-water three-phase flow regime and determination of volume fraction using radial basis function. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2017, 54, 39–45. [CrossRef]45. Roshani, G.H.; Roshani, S.; Nazemi, E.; Roshani, S. Online measuring density of oil products in annular regime of gas-liquid two-phase flows. Measurement 2018, 296–301. [CrossRef]46. Iliyasu, A.M.; Fouladinia, F.; Salama, S.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hirota, K. Intelligent Measurement of Void Fractions in Homogeneous Regime of Two-Phase Flows Independent of the Liquid Phase Density Changes. Fractal Fract. 2023, 7, 179. [CrossRef]47. Esteva, A.; Robicquet, A.; Ramsundar, B.; Kuleshov, V.; DePristo, M.; Chou, K.; Cui, C.; Corrado, G.; Thrun, S.; Dean, J. A guide to deep learning in healthcare. Nat. Med. 2019, 25, 24–29. [CrossRef]48. Li, J.; Yang, Z.; Li, W.; Li, Y. A survey on deep learning in finance. Neural Comput. Appl. 2020, 3385–3407.49. Rahimi, E.; Nguyen, T. Retail analytics: A review and future research directions. J. Retail. Consum. Serv. 2018, 170–181.50. Zhang, Z.; Liu, J.; Shen, Z.; Huang, J. A survey on deep learning for traffic prediction. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2019, 99, 3536–3553.51. Kovanovic, V.; Joksimovic, S.; Gaševic, D.; Siemens, G.; Hatala, M. Applications of machine learning in education. J. Educ. Technol. Soc. 2018, 33–47.52. Rezvan, S.; Moradi, M.J.; Dabiri, H.; Daneshvar, K.; Karakouzian, M.; Farhangi, V. Application of Machine Learning to Predict the Mechanical Characteristics of Concrete Containing Recycled Plastic-Based Materials. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 2033. [CrossRef]53. Roshani, G.; Feghhi, S.; Mahmoudi-Aznaveh, A.; Nazemi, E.; Adineh-Vand, A. Precise volume fraction prediction in oil–water–gas multiphase flows by means of gamma-ray attenuation and artificial neural networks using one detector. Measurement 2014, 51, 34–41. [CrossRef]54. Gallant, A.R.; White, H. On learning the derivatives of an unknown mapping with multilayer feedforward networks. Neural Netw. 1992, 5, 129–138. [CrossRef]55. Salgado, C.M.; Brandão, L.E.; Schirru, R.; Pereira, C.M.; da Silva, A.X.; Ramos, R. Prediction of volume fractions in three-phase flows using nuclear technique and artificial neural network. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2009, 67, 1812–1818. [CrossRef]56. Levenberg, K. A method for the solution of certain non-linear problems in least squares. Q. Appl. Math. 1944, 2, 164–168. [CrossRef]57. Marquardt, D.W. An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math. 1963, 11, 431–441. [CrossRef]141311Capacitance sensorConcave sensorRing sensorTwo-phase flowHomogenous regimeArtificial neural network (ANN)Void fraction measuringPublicationORIGINALUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdfUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf2625206https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6d419b9a-354b-49b6-ba35-7ed888303468/downloaddfb503b961b147505cce7e61c057fdcfMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f4f53433-c6cf-412c-9311-08f8b1dbe766/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdf.txtUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain53957https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0f744bc6-7224-41ee-860c-a285d68c5553/download18dcaa952b69047de607223edeea2d7eMD53THUMBNAILUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdf.jpgUsing ANN and Combined Capacitive Sensors to Predict the Void Fraction for a Two-Phase Homogeneous Fluid Independent of the Liquid Phase Type.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16426https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8cfe114f-a520-456f-8abe-2202e897905e/downloadc1c8d0b6995dd7d9fcd4385c6ea7c2f1MD5411323/10216oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/102162024-09-17 14:06:36.669https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.coTEEgT0JSQSAoVEFMIFkgQ09NTyBTRSBERUZJTkUgTcOBUyBBREVMQU5URSkgU0UgT1RPUkdBIEJBSk8gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIERFIEVTVEEgTElDRU5DSUEgUMOaQkxJQ0EgREUgQ1JFQVRJVkUgQ09NTU9OUyAo4oCcTFBDQ+KAnSBPIOKAnExJQ0VOQ0lB4oCdKS4gTEEgT0JSQSBFU1TDgSBQUk9URUdJREEgUE9SIERFUkVDSE9TIERFIEFVVE9SIFkvVSBPVFJBUyBMRVlFUyBBUExJQ0FCTEVTLiBRVUVEQSBQUk9ISUJJRE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSIFVTTyBRVUUgU0UgSEFHQSBERSBMQSBPQlJBIFFVRSBOTyBDVUVOVEUgQ09OIExBIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gUEVSVElORU5URSBERSBDT05GT1JNSURBRCBDT04gTE9TIFTDiVJNSU5PUyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFkgREUgTEEgTEVZIERFIERFUkVDSE8gREUgQVVUT1IuCgpNRURJQU5URSBFTCBFSkVSQ0lDSU8gREUgQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBERSBMT1MgREVSRUNIT1MgUVVFIFNFIE9UT1JHQU4gRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSwgVVNURUQgQUNFUFRBIFkgQUNVRVJEQSBRVUVEQVIgT0JMSUdBRE8gRU4gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIFFVRSBTRSBTRcORQUxBTiBFTiBFTExBLiBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBDT05DRURFIEEgVVNURUQgTE9TIERFUkVDSE9TIENPTlRFTklET1MgRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBDT05ESUNJT05BRE9TIEEgTEEgQUNFUFRBQ0nDk04gREUgU1VTIFRFUk1JTk9TIFkgQ09ORElDSU9ORVMuCjEuIERlZmluaWNpb25lcwoKYS4JT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgZXMgdW5hIG9icmEsIHRhbCBjb21vIHVuYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gcGVyacOzZGljYSwgdW5hIGFudG9sb2fDrWEsIG8gdW5hIGVuY2ljbG9wZWRpYSwgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgZW4gc3UgdG90YWxpZGFkLCBzaW4gbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiBhbGd1bmEsIGp1bnRvIGNvbiB1biBncnVwbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBjb250cmlidWNpb25lcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5ZW4gb2JyYXMgc2VwYXJhZGFzIGUgaW5kZXBlbmRpZW50ZXMgZW4gc8OtIG1pc21hcywgc2UgaW50ZWdyYW4gZW4gdW4gdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8uIFVuYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBubyBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgKGNvbW8gc2UgZGVmaW5lIGFiYWpvKSBwYXJhIGxvcyBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiBhcXVlbGxhIHByb2R1Y2lkYSBwb3IgdW4gZ3J1cG8gZGUgYXV0b3JlcywgZW4gcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIHNpbiBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcywganVudG8gY29uIHVuYSBjaWVydGEgY2FudGlkYWQgZGUgb3RyYXMgY29udHJpYnVjaW9uZXMsIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllbiBlbiBzw60gbWlzbW9zIHRyYWJham9zIHNlcGFyYWRvcyBlIGluZGVwZW5kaWVudGVzLCBxdWUgc29uIGludGVncmFkb3MgYWwgdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8sIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gcHVibGljYWNpb25lcyBwZXJpw7NkaWNhcywgYW50b2xvZ8OtYXMgbyBlbmNpY2xvcGVkaWFzLgoKYi4JT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSBzaWduaWZpY2EgdW5hIG9icmEgYmFzYWRhIGVuIGxhIG9icmEgb2JqZXRvIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBlbiDDqXN0YSB5IG90cmFzIG9icmFzIHByZWV4aXN0ZW50ZXMsIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gdHJhZHVjY2lvbmVzLCBhcnJlZ2xvcyBtdXNpY2FsZXMsIGRyYW1hdGl6YWNpb25lcywg4oCcZmljY2lvbmFsaXphY2lvbmVz4oCdLCB2ZXJzaW9uZXMgcGFyYSBjaW5lLCDigJxncmFiYWNpb25lcyBkZSBzb25pZG/igJ0sIHJlcHJvZHVjY2lvbmVzIGRlIGFydGUsIHJlc8O6bWVuZXMsIGNvbmRlbnNhY2lvbmVzLCBvIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJhIGVuIGxhIHF1ZSBsYSBvYnJhIHB1ZWRhIHNlciB0cmFuc2Zvcm1hZGEsIGNhbWJpYWRhIG8gYWRhcHRhZGEsIGV4Y2VwdG8gYXF1ZWxsYXMgcXVlIGNvbnN0aXR1eWFuIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSwgbGFzIHF1ZSBubyBzZXLDoW4gY29uc2lkZXJhZGFzIHVuYSBvYnJhIGRlcml2YWRhIHBhcmEgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiAoUGFyYSBldml0YXIgZHVkYXMsIGVuIGVsIGNhc28gZGUgcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2VhIHVuYSBjb21wb3NpY2nDs24gbXVzaWNhbCBvIHVuYSBncmFiYWNpw7NuIHNvbm9yYSwgcGFyYSBsb3MgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIGxhIHNpbmNyb25pemFjacOzbiB0ZW1wb3JhbCBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIGNvbiB1bmEgaW1hZ2VuIGVuIG1vdmltaWVudG8gc2UgY29uc2lkZXJhcsOhIHVuYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhIHBhcmEgbG9zIGZpbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEpLgoKYy4JTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIGVzIGVsIGluZGl2aWR1byBvIGxhIGVudGlkYWQgdGl0dWxhciBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgcXVlIG9mcmVjZSBsYSBPYnJhIGVuIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYS4KCmQuCUF1dG9yIG9yaWdpbmFsLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gcXVlIGNyZcOzIGxhIE9icmEuCgplLglPYnJhLCBlcyBhcXVlbGxhIG9icmEgc3VzY2VwdGlibGUgZGUgcHJvdGVjY2nDs24gcG9yIGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGRlIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgQXV0b3IgeSBxdWUgZXMgb2ZyZWNpZGEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhCgpmLglVc3RlZCwgZXMgZWwgaW5kaXZpZHVvIG8gbGEgZW50aWRhZCBxdWUgZWplcmNpdGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBhbCBhbXBhcm8gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IHF1ZSBjb24gYW50ZXJpb3JpZGFkIG5vIGhhIHZpb2xhZG8gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGxhIG1pc21hIHJlc3BlY3RvIGEgbGEgT2JyYSwgbyBxdWUgaGF5YSBvYnRlbmlkbyBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGV4cHJlc2EgcG9yIHBhcnRlIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGFsIGFtcGFybyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHBlc2UgYSB1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBhbnRlcmlvci4KCjIuIERlcmVjaG9zIGRlIFVzb3MgSG9ucmFkb3MgeSBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBMZWdhbGVzLgpOYWRhIGVuIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcG9kcsOhIHNlciBpbnRlcnByZXRhZG8gY29tbyB1bmEgZGlzbWludWNpw7NuLCBsaW1pdGFjacOzbiBvIHJlc3RyaWNjacOzbiBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGVyaXZhZG9zIGRlbCB1c28gaG9ucmFkbyB5IG90cmFzIGxpbWl0YWNpb25lcyBvIGV4Y2VwY2lvbmVzIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlbCBhdXRvciBiYWpvIGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGxlZ2FsIHZpZ2VudGUgbyBkZXJpdmFkbyBkZSBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RyYSBub3JtYSBxdWUgc2UgbGUgYXBsaXF1ZS4KCjMuIENvbmNlc2nDs24gZGUgbGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCkJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG90b3JnYSBhIFVzdGVkIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBtdW5kaWFsLCBsaWJyZSBkZSByZWdhbMOtYXMsIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSB5IHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIHRvZG8gZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgZXN0b3MgZGVyZWNob3Mgc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSB0YWwgeSBjb21vIHNlIGluZGljYSBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246CgphLglSZXByb2R1Y2lyIGxhIE9icmEsIGluY29ycG9yYXIgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiB1bmEgbyBtw6FzIE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHkgcmVwcm9kdWNpciBsYSBPYnJhIGluY29ycG9yYWRhIGVuIGxhcyBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLgoKYi4JRGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgbyBmb25vZ3JhbWFzIGRlIGxhcyBPYnJhcywgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgaW5jbHV5w6luZG9sYXMgY29tbyBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYXMgZW4gT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcywgc2Vnw7puIGNvcnJlc3BvbmRhLgoKYy4JRGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgZGUgbGFzIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyBxdWUgc2UgZ2VuZXJlbiwgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYS4KTG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG1lbmNpb25hZG9zIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcHVlZGVuIHNlciBlamVyY2lkb3MgZW4gdG9kb3MgbG9zIG1lZGlvcyB5IGZvcm1hdG9zLCBhY3R1YWxtZW50ZSBjb25vY2lkb3MgbyBxdWUgc2UgaW52ZW50ZW4gZW4gZWwgZnV0dXJvLiBMb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgYW50ZXMgbWVuY2lvbmFkb3MgaW5jbHV5ZW4gZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHJlYWxpemFyIGRpY2hhcyBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgcXVlIHNlYW4gdMOpY25pY2FtZW50ZSBuZWNlc2FyaWFzIHBhcmEgZWplcmNlciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZW4gb3RybyBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG9zLCBwZXJvIGRlIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIHVzdGVkIG5vIGVzdMOhIGF1dG9yaXphZG8gcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBvYnJhcyBkZXJpdmFkYXMuIFRvZG9zIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBubyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZXhwcmVzYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBxdWVkYW4gcG9yIGVzdGUgbWVkaW8gcmVzZXJ2YWRvcywgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBwZXJvIHNpbiBsaW1pdGFyc2UgYSBhcXVlbGxvcyBxdWUgc2UgbWVuY2lvbmFuIGVuIGxhcyBzZWNjaW9uZXMgNChkKSB5IDQoZSkuCgo0LiBSZXN0cmljY2lvbmVzLgpMYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvdG9yZ2FkYSBlbiBsYSBhbnRlcmlvciBTZWNjacOzbiAzIGVzdMOhIGV4cHJlc2FtZW50ZSBzdWpldGEgeSBsaW1pdGFkYSBwb3IgbGFzIHNpZ3VpZW50ZXMgcmVzdHJpY2Npb25lczoKCmEuCVVzdGVkIHB1ZWRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIsIGV4aGliaXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgbyBwb25lciBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBsYSBPYnJhIHPDs2xvIGJham8gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIHkgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBpbmNsdWlyIHVuYSBjb3BpYSBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhIG8gZGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pdmVyc2FsIGRlIFJlY3Vyc29zIGRlIGxhIG1pc21hIGNvbiBjYWRhIGNvcGlhIGRlIGxhIE9icmEgcXVlIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWEsIGV4aGliYSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRlIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBwb25nYSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYS4gTm8gZXMgcG9zaWJsZSBvZnJlY2VyIG8gaW1wb25lciBuaW5ndW5hIGNvbmRpY2nDs24gc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSBxdWUgYWx0ZXJlIG8gbGltaXRlIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIG8gZWwgZWplcmNpY2lvIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVzdGluYXRhcmlvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gZXN0ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8uIE5vIGVzIHBvc2libGUgc3VibGljZW5jaWFyIGxhIE9icmEuIFVzdGVkIGRlYmUgbWFudGVuZXIgaW50YWN0b3MgdG9kb3MgbG9zIGF2aXNvcyBxdWUgaGFnYW4gcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBhIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSBhIGxhIGNsw6F1c3VsYSBkZSBsaW1pdGFjacOzbiBkZSBnYXJhbnTDrWFzLiBVc3RlZCBubyBwdWVkZSBkaXN0cmlidWlyLCBleGhpYmlyIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGFyIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIG8gcG9uZXIgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBjb24gYWxndW5hIG1lZGlkYSB0ZWNub2zDs2dpY2EgcXVlIGNvbnRyb2xlIGVsIGFjY2VzbyBvIGxhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBkZSBlbGxhIGRlIHVuYSBmb3JtYSBxdWUgc2VhIGluY29uc2lzdGVudGUgY29uIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLiBMbyBhbnRlcmlvciBzZSBhcGxpY2EgYSBsYSBPYnJhIGluY29ycG9yYWRhIGEgdW5hIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhLCBwZXJvIGVzdG8gbm8gZXhpZ2UgcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhIGFwYXJ0ZSBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIG1pc21hIHF1ZWRlIHN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLiBTaSBVc3RlZCBjcmVhIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgcHJldmlvIGF2aXNvIGRlIGN1YWxxdWllciBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBkZWJlLCBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcG9zaWJsZSwgZWxpbWluYXIgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIHJlZmVyZW5jaWEgYSBkaWNobyBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBvIGFsIEF1dG9yIE9yaWdpbmFsLCBzZWfDum4gbG8gc29saWNpdGFkbyBwb3IgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgeSBjb25mb3JtZSBsbyBleGlnZSBsYSBjbMOhdXN1bGEgNChjKS4KCmIuCVVzdGVkIG5vIHB1ZWRlIGVqZXJjZXIgbmluZ3VubyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcXVlIGxlIGhhbiBzaWRvIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiBsYSBTZWNjacOzbiAzIHByZWNlZGVudGUgZGUgbW9kbyBxdWUgZXN0w6luIHByaW5jaXBhbG1lbnRlIGRlc3RpbmFkb3MgbyBkaXJlY3RhbWVudGUgZGlyaWdpZG9zIGEgY29uc2VndWlyIHVuIHByb3ZlY2hvIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLiBFbCBpbnRlcmNhbWJpbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHBvciBvdHJhcyBvYnJhcyBwcm90ZWdpZGFzIHBvciBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgeWEgc2VhIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1biBzaXN0ZW1hIHBhcmEgY29tcGFydGlyIGFyY2hpdm9zIGRpZ2l0YWxlcyAoZGlnaXRhbCBmaWxlLXNoYXJpbmcpIG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIG5vIHNlcsOhIGNvbnNpZGVyYWRvIGNvbW8gZXN0YXIgZGVzdGluYWRvIHByaW5jaXBhbG1lbnRlIG8gZGlyaWdpZG8gZGlyZWN0YW1lbnRlIGEgY29uc2VndWlyIHVuIHByb3ZlY2hvIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLCBzaWVtcHJlIHF1ZSBubyBzZSByZWFsaWNlIHVuIHBhZ28gbWVkaWFudGUgdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIGVuIHJlbGFjacOzbiBjb24gZWwgaW50ZXJjYW1iaW8gZGUgb2JyYXMgcHJvdGVnaWRhcyBwb3IgZWwgZGVyZWNobyBkZSBhdXRvci4KCmMuCVNpIHVzdGVkIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWUsIGV4aGliZSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgZW4gZm9ybWEgZGlnaXRhbCBsYSBPYnJhIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgdSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RhIHRvZGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSB5IHByb3BvcmNpb25hciwgZGUgZm9ybWEgcmF6b25hYmxlIHNlZ8O6biBlbCBtZWRpbyBvIG1hbmVyYSBxdWUgVXN0ZWQgZXN0w6kgdXRpbGl6YW5kbzogKGkpIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8gKG8gc2V1ZMOzbmltbywgc2kgZnVlcmUgYXBsaWNhYmxlKSwgeS9vIChpaSkgZWwgbm9tYnJlIGRlIGxhIHBhcnRlIG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBxdWUgZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgeS9vIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGh1YmllcmVuIGRlc2lnbmFkbyBwYXJhIGxhIGF0cmlidWNpw7NuICh2LmcuLCB1biBpbnN0aXR1dG8gcGF0cm9jaW5hZG9yLCBlZGl0b3JpYWwsIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbikgZW4gbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBzZXJ2aWNpb3MgbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBmb3JtYXMgcmF6b25hYmxlczsgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHNpIGVzdMOhIHByb3Zpc3RvOyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcmF6b25hYmxlbWVudGUgZmFjdGlibGUgeSwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8sIGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pZm9ybWUgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgKFVuaWZvcm0gUmVzb3VyY2UgSWRlbnRpZmllcikgcXVlIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGVzcGVjaWZpY2EgcGFyYSBzZXIgYXNvY2lhZG8gY29uIGxhIE9icmEsIHNhbHZvIHF1ZSB0YWwgVVJJIG5vIHNlIHJlZmllcmEgYSBsYSBub3RhIHNvYnJlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBvIGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGxpY2VuY2lhbWllbnRvIGRlIGxhIE9icmE7IHkgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSB1bmEgT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSwgYXRyaWJ1aXIgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gaWRlbnRpZmljYW5kbyBlbCB1c28gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBsYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhICh2LmcuLCAiVHJhZHVjY2nDs24gRnJhbmNlc2EgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIiBvICJHdWnDs24gQ2luZW1hdG9ncsOhZmljbyBiYXNhZG8gZW4gbGEgT2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwiKS4gVGFsIGNyw6lkaXRvIHB1ZWRlIHNlciBpbXBsZW1lbnRhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hIHJhem9uYWJsZTsgZW4gZWwgY2Fzbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIGRlIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyB1IE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHRhbCBjcsOpZGl0byBhcGFyZWNlcsOhLCBjb21vIG3DrW5pbW8sIGRvbmRlIGFwYXJlY2UgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gYXV0b3IgY29tcGFyYWJsZSB5IGRlIHVuYSBtYW5lcmEsIGFsIG1lbm9zLCB0YW4gZGVzdGFjYWRhIGNvbW8gZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgb3RybyBhdXRvciBjb21wYXJhYmxlLgoKZC4JUGFyYSBldml0YXIgdG9kYSBjb25mdXNpw7NuLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBhY2xhcmEgcXVlLCBjdWFuZG8gbGEgb2JyYSBlcyB1bmEgY29tcG9zaWNpw7NuIG11c2ljYWw6CgppLglSZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGludGVycHJldGFjacOzbiB5IGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gYmFqbyBsaWNlbmNpYXMgZ2VuZXJhbGVzLiBFbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZXhjbHVzaXZvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIG8gbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgeSBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBzZWEgaW5kaXZpZHVhbG1lbnRlIG8gYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIHVuYSBzb2NpZWRhZCBkZSBnZXN0acOzbiBjb2xlY3RpdmEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgU0FZQ08pLCBsYXMgcmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIG8gcG9yIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbyBXZWJjYXN0KSBsaWNlbmNpYWRhIGJham8gbGljZW5jaWFzIGdlbmVyYWxlcywgc2kgbGEgaW50ZXJwcmV0YWNpw7NuIG8gZWplY3VjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBvcmllbnRhZGEgcG9yIG8gZGlyaWdpZGEgYSBsYSBvYnRlbmNpw7NuIGRlIHVuYSB2ZW50YWphIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLgoKaWkuCVJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgRm9ub2dyYW1hcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBpbmRpdmlkdWFsbWVudGUgbyBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW5hIHNvY2llZGFkIGRlIGdlc3Rpw7NuIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbmV4b3MgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCBsb3MgY29uc2FncmFkb3MgcG9yIGxhIFNBWUNPKSwgdW5hIGFnZW5jaWEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgbXVzaWNhbGVzIG8gYWxnw7puIGFnZW50ZSBkZXNpZ25hZG8sIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGN1YWxxdWllciBmb25vZ3JhbWEgcXVlIFVzdGVkIGNyZWUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAo4oCcdmVyc2nDs24gY292ZXLigJ0pIHkgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHNpIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBvIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXNhIHZlcnNpw7NuIGNvdmVyIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZGEgbyBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCgplLglHZXN0acOzbiBkZSBEZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBBdXRvciBzb2JyZSBJbnRlcnByZXRhY2lvbmVzIHkgRWplY3VjaW9uZXMgRGlnaXRhbGVzIChXZWJDYXN0aW5nKS4gUGFyYSBldml0YXIgdG9kYSBjb25mdXNpw7NuLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBhY2xhcmEgcXVlLCBjdWFuZG8gbGEgb2JyYSBzZWEgdW4gZm9ub2dyYW1hLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZXhjbHVzaXZvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIHdlYmNhc3QpIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3RhciwgaW5kaXZpZHVhbG1lbnRlIG8gYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIHVuYSBzb2NpZWRhZCBkZSBnZXN0acOzbiBjb2xlY3RpdmEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgQUNJTlBSTyksIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgd2ViY2FzdCksIHN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBkaXNwb3NpY2lvbmVzIGFwbGljYWJsZXMgZGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGRlIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgQXV0b3IsIHNpIGVzdGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCgo1LiBSZXByZXNlbnRhY2lvbmVzLCBHYXJhbnTDrWFzIHkgTGltaXRhY2lvbmVzIGRlIFJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KQSBNRU5PUyBRVUUgTEFTIFBBUlRFUyBMTyBBQ09SREFSQU4gREUgT1RSQSBGT1JNQSBQT1IgRVNDUklUTywgRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgT0ZSRUNFIExBIE9CUkEgKEVOIEVMIEVTVEFETyBFTiBFTCBRVUUgU0UgRU5DVUVOVFJBKSDigJxUQUwgQ1VBTOKAnSwgU0lOIEJSSU5EQVIgR0FSQU5Uw41BUyBERSBDTEFTRSBBTEdVTkEgUkVTUEVDVE8gREUgTEEgT0JSQSwgWUEgU0VBIEVYUFJFU0EsIElNUEzDjUNJVEEsIExFR0FMIE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBPVFJBLCBJTkNMVVlFTkRPLCBTSU4gTElNSVRBUlNFIEEgRUxMQVMsIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgREUgVElUVUxBUklEQUQsIENPTUVSQ0lBQklMSURBRCwgQURBUFRBQklMSURBRCBPIEFERUNVQUNJw5NOIEEgUFJPUMOTU0lUTyBERVRFUk1JTkFETywgQVVTRU5DSUEgREUgSU5GUkFDQ0nDk04sIERFIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIERFRkVDVE9TIExBVEVOVEVTIE8gREUgT1RSTyBUSVBPLCBPIExBIFBSRVNFTkNJQSBPIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIEVSUk9SRVMsIFNFQU4gTyBOTyBERVNDVUJSSUJMRVMgKFBVRURBTiBPIE5PIFNFUiBFU1RPUyBERVNDVUJJRVJUT1MpLiBBTEdVTkFTIEpVUklTRElDQ0lPTkVTIE5PIFBFUk1JVEVOIExBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gREUgR0FSQU5Uw41BUyBJTVBMw41DSVRBUywgRU4gQ1VZTyBDQVNPIEVTVEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBQVUVERSBOTyBBUExJQ0FSU0UgQSBVU1RFRC4KCjYuIExpbWl0YWNpw7NuIGRlIHJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KQSBNRU5PUyBRVUUgTE8gRVhJSkEgRVhQUkVTQU1FTlRFIExBIExFWSBBUExJQ0FCTEUsIEVMIExJQ0VOQ0lBTlRFIE5PIFNFUsOBIFJFU1BPTlNBQkxFIEFOVEUgVVNURUQgUE9SIERBw5FPIEFMR1VOTywgU0VBIFBPUiBSRVNQT05TQUJJTElEQUQgRVhUUkFDT05UUkFDVFVBTCwgUFJFQ09OVFJBQ1RVQUwgTyBDT05UUkFDVFVBTCwgT0JKRVRJVkEgTyBTVUJKRVRJVkEsIFNFIFRSQVRFIERFIERBw5FPUyBNT1JBTEVTIE8gUEFUUklNT05JQUxFUywgRElSRUNUT1MgTyBJTkRJUkVDVE9TLCBQUkVWSVNUT1MgTyBJTVBSRVZJU1RPUyBQUk9EVUNJRE9TIFBPUiBFTCBVU08gREUgRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBPIERFIExBIE9CUkEsIEFVTiBDVUFORE8gRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgSEFZQSBTSURPIEFEVkVSVElETyBERSBMQSBQT1NJQklMSURBRCBERSBESUNIT1MgREHDkU9TLiBBTEdVTkFTIExFWUVTIE5PIFBFUk1JVEVOIExBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gREUgQ0lFUlRBIFJFU1BPTlNBQklMSURBRCwgRU4gQ1VZTyBDQVNPIEVTVEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBQVUVERSBOTyBBUExJQ0FSU0UgQSBVU1RFRC4KCjcuIFTDqXJtaW5vLgoKYS4JRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gdmlydHVkIGRlIGVsbGEgdGVybWluYXLDoW4gYXV0b23DoXRpY2FtZW50ZSBzaSBVc3RlZCBpbmZyaW5nZSBhbGd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBlc3RhYmxlY2lkYSBlbiBlbGxhLiBTaW4gZW1iYXJnbywgbG9zIGluZGl2aWR1b3MgbyBlbnRpZGFkZXMgcXVlIGhhbiByZWNpYmlkbyBPYnJhcyBEZXJpdmFkYXMgbyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzIGRlIFVzdGVkIGRlIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLCBubyB2ZXLDoW4gdGVybWluYWRhcyBzdXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLCBzaWVtcHJlIHF1ZSBlc3RvcyBpbmRpdmlkdW9zIG8gZW50aWRhZGVzIHNpZ2FuIGN1bXBsaWVuZG8gw61udGVncmFtZW50ZSBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLiBMYXMgU2VjY2lvbmVzIDEsIDIsIDUsIDYsIDcsIHkgOCBzdWJzaXN0aXLDoW4gYSBjdWFscXVpZXIgdGVybWluYWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCgpiLglTdWpldGEgYSBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgeSB0w6lybWlub3MgYW50ZXJpb3JlcywgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYXF1w60gZXMgcGVycGV0dWEgKGR1cmFudGUgZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIGRlIGxhIG9icmEpLiBObyBvYnN0YW50ZSBsbyBhbnRlcmlvciwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGEgcHVibGljYXIgeS9vIGVzdHJlbmFyIGxhIE9icmEgYmFqbyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBkaWZlcmVudGVzIG8gYSBkZWphciBkZSBkaXN0cmlidWlybGEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIGVuIGN1YWxxdWllciBtb21lbnRvOyBlbiBlbCBlbnRlbmRpZG8sIHNpbiBlbWJhcmdvLCBxdWUgZXNhIGVsZWNjacOzbiBubyBzZXJ2aXLDoSBwYXJhIHJldm9jYXIgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvIHF1ZSBkZWJhIHNlciBvdG9yZ2FkYSAsIGJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhKSwgeSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhIGNvbnRpbnVhcsOhIGVuIHBsZW5vIHZpZ29yIHkgZWZlY3RvIGEgbWVub3MgcXVlIHNlYSB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgY29tbyBzZSBleHByZXNhIGF0csOhcy4gTGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcmV2b2NhZGEgY29udGludWFyw6Egc2llbmRvIHBsZW5hbWVudGUgdmlnZW50ZSB5IGVmZWN0aXZhIHNpIG5vIHNlIGxlIGRhIHTDqXJtaW5vIGVuIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBpbmRpY2FkYXMgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZS4KCjguIFZhcmlvcy4KCmEuCUNhZGEgdmV6IHF1ZSBVc3RlZCBkaXN0cmlidXlhIG8gcG9uZ2EgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBvIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgb2ZyZWNlcsOhIGFsIGRlc3RpbmF0YXJpbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgZW4gbG9zIG1pc21vcyB0w6lybWlub3MgeSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYSBVc3RlZCBiYWpvIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCgpiLglTaSBhbGd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcmVzdWx0YSBpbnZhbGlkYWRhIG8gbm8gZXhpZ2libGUsIHNlZ8O6biBsYSBsZWdpc2xhY2nDs24gdmlnZW50ZSwgZXN0byBubyBhZmVjdGFyw6EgbmkgbGEgdmFsaWRleiBuaSBsYSBhcGxpY2FiaWxpZGFkIGRlbCByZXN0byBkZSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHksIHNpbiBhY2Npw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBwb3IgcGFydGUgZGUgbG9zIHN1amV0b3MgZGUgZXN0ZSBhY3VlcmRvLCBhcXXDqWxsYSBzZSBlbnRlbmRlcsOhIHJlZm9ybWFkYSBsbyBtw61uaW1vIG5lY2VzYXJpbyBwYXJhIGhhY2VyIHF1ZSBkaWNoYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gc2VhIHbDoWxpZGEgeSBleGlnaWJsZS4KCmMuCU5pbmfDum4gdMOpcm1pbm8gbyBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBzZSBlc3RpbWFyw6EgcmVudW5jaWFkYSB5IG5pbmd1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBkZSBlbGxhIHNlcsOhIGNvbnNlbnRpZGEgYSBtZW5vcyBxdWUgZXNhIHJlbnVuY2lhIG8gY29uc2VudGltaWVudG8gc2VhIG90b3JnYWRvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIHkgZmlybWFkbyBwb3IgbGEgcGFydGUgcXVlIHJlbnVuY2llIG8gY29uc2llbnRhLgoKZC4JRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZWZsZWphIGVsIGFjdWVyZG8gcGxlbm8gZW50cmUgbGFzIHBhcnRlcyByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEgYXF1w60gbGljZW5jaWFkYS4gTm8gaGF5IGFycmVnbG9zLCBhY3VlcmRvcyBvIGRlY2xhcmFjaW9uZXMgcmVzcGVjdG8gYSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBubyBlc3TDqW4gZXNwZWNpZmljYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgbm8gc2UgdmVyw6EgbGltaXRhZG8gcG9yIG5pbmd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBxdWUgcHVlZGEgc3VyZ2lyIGVuIGFsZ3VuYSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGVtYW5hZGEgZGUgVXN0ZWQuIEVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbm8gcHVlZGUgc2VyIG1vZGlmaWNhZGEgc2luIGVsIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIG11dHVvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IFVzdGVkLgo= |