Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).

Storms have always been natural events that severely affect the population and the morphology of beaches. Sea level rise (SLR) is a phenomenon that induces many impacts in any coastal zone, from the loss of marine ecosystems to the retreat of the coastline. Under these concepts, conditions of some e...

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Autores:: Acendra Fontalvo, Orlando José
Pérez Sánchez, Modesto

Tipo de recurso:: Trabajo de grado de pregrado

Fecha de publicación:: 2023

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: spa

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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
title	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
spellingShingle	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia). Sea level rise Storms Numerical model Hydrodynamics Morphodynamics Aumento del nivel del mar Tormentas Modelo numérico Hidrodinámica Morfodinámica
title_short	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
title_full	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
title_fullStr	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
title_sort	Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Acendra Fontalvo, Orlando José Pérez Sánchez, Modesto
dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv	Cueto, Jairo
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Acendra Fontalvo, Orlando José Pérez Sánchez, Modesto
dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv	Ospino, Oscar
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Sea level rise Storms Numerical model Hydrodynamics Morphodynamics
topic	Sea level rise Storms Numerical model Hydrodynamics Morphodynamics Aumento del nivel del mar Tormentas Modelo numérico Hidrodinámica Morfodinámica
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv	Aumento del nivel del mar Tormentas Modelo numérico Hidrodinámica Morfodinámica
description	Storms have always been natural events that severely affect the population and the morphology of beaches. Sea level rise (SLR) is a phenomenon that induces many impacts in any coastal zone, from the loss of marine ecosystems to the retreat of the coastline. Under these concepts, conditions of some events (Hurricane Lenny 1999 and Cold Front 2010) and the SLR in current and future conditions (2025 and 2050) were evaluated in Puerto Velero and Bocatatocino beaches of the Department of Atlantico, with the objective of evaluating the morphodynamic responses to these extreme events, using the XBeach numerical model. Twelve case studies were carried out, 6 for each beach and each extreme event has a modeling with different SLR levels. The numerical model used equations such as wave energy balance and sediment transport for each of the profiles. The results show variations in the morphodynamics of the beaches, being present in all cases the impact of erosion, changes in the hydrodynamics of gravitational and infragravitational waves, among others. The cold front, in comparison to Hurricane Lenny, ended up being the extreme event with the greatest impact on the beaches, due to the duration of its interaction with both beaches; on the other hand, the SLR conditions show variations in hydrodynamic and morphological aspects from the conditions of the year 2025.
publishDate	2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-04T17:24:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-07-04T17:24:13Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2023
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Trabajo de grado - Pregrado
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10293
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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url	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10293 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	spa
language	spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Aagaard, T., & Bryan, K. R. (2003). Observations of infragravity wave frequency selection. Continental Shelf Research, 23(10), 1019–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00082-7 Aagaard, T., & Greenwood, B. (2008). Infragravity wave contribution to surf zone sediment transport — The role of advection. Marine Geology, 251(1–2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARGEO.2008.01.017 Andrade, C. A., & Barton, E. D. (2000). Eddy development and motion in the Caribbean Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 105(C11), 26191–26201. https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000300 Battjes, J. A., Bakkenes, H. J., Janssen, T. T., & van Dongeren, A. R. (2004). Shoaling of subharmonic gravity waves. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 109(C2), 2009. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC001863 Bertin, X., Li, K., Roland, A., Zhang, Y. J., Breilh, J. F., & Chaumillon, E. (2014). A modeling-based analysis of the flooding associated with Xynthia, central Bay of Biscay. Coastal Engineering, 94(212), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COASTALENG.2014.08.013 Christina Nuñez. (n.d.). ¿Qué es el aumento del nivel del mar? \| National Geographic. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.es/medio-ambiente/que-es-el-aumento-del-nivel-del-mar. Correa, I. D., Alcántara-Carrió, J., & González R, D. A. (2005). Historical and recent shore erosion along the Colombian Caribbean coast. Journal of Coastal Research, SPEC. ISSUE 49, 52–57 Cueto, J. E., Otero Díaz, L. J., Ospino-Ortiz, S. R., & Torres-Freyermuth, A. (2022). The role of morphodynamics in predicting coastal flooding from storms on a dissipative beach with sea level rise conditions. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 22(3), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.5194/NHESS-22-713-2022 de Beer, A. F., McCall, R. T., Long, J. W., Tissier, M. F. S., & Reniers, A. J. H. M. (2021). Simulating wave runup on an intermediate–reflective beach using a wave-resolving and a wave-averaged version of XBeach. Coastal Engineering, 163, 103788. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COASTALENG.2020.103788 Dhanalakshmi, S., Kankara, R. S., & Chenthamil Selvan, S. (2019). Impact assessment of sea level rise over coastal landforms: a case study of Cuddalore coast, south-east coast of India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78(16), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12665-019-8463-1/FIGURES/9 Fernández-Montblanc, T., Duo, E., & Ciavola, P. (2020). Dune reconstruction and revegetation as a potential measure to decrease coastal erosion and flooding under extreme storm conditions. Ocean & Coastal Management, 188, 105075. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2019.105075 Ferrucho-Maloof, I. E., Otero-Díaz, L. J., & Cueto-Fonseca, J. E. (2022). Recent changes in the coastline between Bocas de Ceniza and Puerto Velero (Atlántico, Colombia). Boletin de Geologia, 44(3), 159–178. https://doi.org/10.18273/revbol.v44n3-2022007 FitzGerald, D. M., Fenster, M. S., Argow, B. A., & Buynevich, I. v. (2008). Coastal impacts due to sea-level rise. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36, 601–647. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.EARTH.35.031306.140139 Fraser, C., Bernatchez, P., & Dugas, S. (2017). Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk Development of a GIS coastal land-use planning tool for coastal erosion adaptation based on the exposure of buildings and infrastructure to coastal erosion, Québec, Canada Development of a GIS coastal land-use planning tool for coastal erosion adaptation based on the exposure of buildings and infrastructure to coastal erosion, Qu ebec, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2017.1294114 Galappatti, G., & Vreugdenhil, C. B. (1985). A depth-integrated model for suspended sediment transport. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 23(4), 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221688509499345 Gornitz, V. (1991). Global coastal hazards from future sea level rise. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 89(4), 379-398. Griggs, G. (2010). The effects of armoring shorelines—The California experience. Puget Sound Shorelines and the Impacts of Armoring - Proceedings of a State of the Science Workshop, May 2009, January 2010, 77–84. Hassan, A., & Hassaan, M. A. (2020). Potential impact of sea level rise on the geomorphology of Kuwait state coastline. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 13(21), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12517-020-06084-1/FIGURES/13 Hector Reyes Bonilla, S. C. D. C. G. (2020, August). El incremento del nivel del mar: afectación en costas mexicanas. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344390672_El_incremento_del_nivel_del_mar_afectacion_en_costas_mexicanas Hernández-Valdés, K., & Córdova-López, L. F. (2016). Calibration and Validation of a Mathematical Model for the Simulation of the Morphological Changes during Extreme Events in a Caribbean Beach. 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In The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.012 Kron, W. (2013). Coasts: The high-risk areas of the world. Natural Hazards, 66(3), 1363–1382. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11069-012-0215-4/FIGURES/7 Leo, K. L., Gillies, C. L., Fitzsimons, J. A., Hale, L. Z., & Beck, M. W. (2019). Coastal habitat squeeze: A review of adaptation solutions for saltmarsh, mangrove and beach habitats. Ocean & Coastal Management, 175, 180–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2019.03.019 Li, Y., Zhang, C., Song, J., Chi, S., Zhao, S., Qi, H., & Shi, J. (2022). Tide-modulated wave characteristics and breaking regimes in the intertidal zone of a dissipative beach. Ocean Engineering, 266, 113055. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCEANENG.2022.113055 Longuet-Higgins, M. S., & Stewart, R. w. (1964). Radiation stresses in water waves; a physical discussion, with applications. Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts, 11(4), 529–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(64)90001-4 Melius, M. L., & Caldwell, M. R. (2015). California Coastal Armoring Report: Managing Coastal Armoring and Climate Change Adaptation in the 21st Century. California Coastal Armoring Report, 54. Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Pekel, J.-F., Voukouvalas, E., & Feyen, L. (2018). Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion. 8, 12876. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30904-w Munk, W. (1949). Surf Beasts (Volumen 30). American Geophysical Union. Munk, W. (1950). ORIGIN AND GENERATION OF WAVES. In Coastal Engineering Proceedings. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.1 Nativí-Merchán, S., Caiza-Quinga, R., Saltos-Andrade, I., Martillo-Bustamante, C., Andrade-García, G., Quiñonez, M., Cervantes, E., & Cedeño, J. (2021). Coastal erosion assessment using remote sensing and computational numerical model. Case of study: Libertador Bolivar, Ecuador. Ocean & Coastal Management, 214, 105894. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2021.105894 Olivero, W., Guillén, K., Sánchez, D., Gómez, C., & Contreras, A. (2016). Valoración Integral Del Servicio De Control De. http://cinto.invemar.org.co/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/d80dc8e6-f776-42cc-b041-5fe7de7c4a8f/Valoración Integral Del Servicio De Control De Erosión Que Presta El Manglar En El DMI Cispata?ticket=TICKET_2e991d69523147fb9b212b56e5fdb2b7722cb31a Oppenheimer, M., Glavovic, B. C., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A. K., Biesbroek, R., Buchanan, M. K., Abe-Ouchi, A., Gupta, K., Pereira, J., Glavovic, B., Hinkel, J., van de Wal, R., Magnan, A., Abd-Elgawad, A., Cai, R., Cifuentes-Jara, M., Pörtner, H., Roberts, D., … Weyer, N. (2019). Ricardo Safra de Campos (UK), Gonéri Le Cozannet (France), Catia Domingues (Australia). AJ Smit (South Africa). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157964.006 Ordaz Hernández, A., Hernández Santana, J. R., Estévez Cruz, E., Díaz Guanche, C., & Méndez Linares, A. P. (2016). Morfodinámica costera en la playa Bailén, costa sur del occidente de Cuba, entre los años 2003-2013. Investigaciones Geográficas, Boletín Del Instituto de Geografía, 2016(91), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.14350/RIG.47086 Orejarena-Rondón, A. F., Sayol, J. M., Marcos, M., Otero, L., Restrepo, J. C., Hernández-Carrasco, I., & Orfila, A. (2019). Coastal Impacts Driven by Sea-Level Rise in Cartagena de Indias. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(October). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00614 Ortiz, J. C. (2007). Huracanes y tormentas tropicales en el mar Caribe colombiano desde 1900. CIOH. https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.162 Ortiz Royero, J. C. (2009). Aplicación de un modelo paramétrico de vientos y un modelo de oleaje espectral para el estudio del oleaje máximo generado por el huracán Lenny en las costas del Caribe colombiano en 1999. Boletín Científico CIOH, 27, 29–36. https://doi.org/10.26640/01200542.27.29_36 Ortiz-Royero, J. C., Otero, L. J., Restrepo, J. C., Ruiz, J., & Cadena, M. (2013a). Characterization and effects of cold frontsin the Colombian Caribbean Coast andtheir relationship to extreme wave events. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 1, 3659–3687. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-1-3659-2013 Ortiz-Royero, J. C., Otero, L. J., Restrepo, J. C., Ruiz, J., & Cadena, M. (2013b). Cold fronts in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and their relationship to extreme wave events. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2797–2804. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2797-2013 Ortiz-Royero, J. C., Otero, L. J., Restrepo, J. C., Ruiz, J., & Cadena, M. (2013c). Cold fronts in the Colombian Caribbean Sea and their relationship to extreme wave events. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 13(11), 2797–2804. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-2797-2013 Osorio, A. F., Mesa, J. C., Bernal, G. R., & Montoya, R. D. (2009). Reconstrucción de cuarenta años de datos de oleaje en el mar Caribe colombiano empleando el modelo WWIIITM y diferentes fuentes de datos. Boletín Científico CIOH, 27, 37–56. https://doi.org/10.26640/22159045.200 Otero, L. J., Ortiz-Royero, J. C., Ruiz-Merchan, J. K., Higgins, A. E., & Henriquez, S. A. (2016). Storms or cold fronts: ¿What is really responsible for the extreme waves regime in the Colombian Caribbean coastal region? Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 16(2), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-391-2016 Pereira, C. I., Madrid, D. A., Correa, I. D., Pranzini, E., & Botero, C. M. (2019). An evaluation of human interventions in the anthropogenically disturbed Caribbean Coast of Colombia. Anthropocene, 27, 100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANCENE.2019.100215 Pérez, L. G., Ferrer, J. J., Bermejo, Á. I., Mejía, Y. K., Romero, G. F., & Álvarez-Silva, Ó. (2022). Advances in the study of coastal processes in the continental Colombian Caribbean coast. 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JGRC, 109(C1), C01030. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JC001586 Restrepo, J. C., Otero, L., Herrera, E., & Osorio, A. F. (2012). Erosión Costera en el Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo. In Entorno Ambiental del Parque Nacional Natural Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo (Issue January). Roelvink, D., Reniers, A., van Dongeren, A., van Thiel de Vries, J., McCall, R., & Lescinski, J. (2009). Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier islands. Coastal Engineering, 56(11–12), 1133–1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COASTALENG.2009.08.006 Roy, B., Penha-Lopes, G. P., Uddin, M. S., Kabir, M. H., Lourenço, T. C., & Torrejano, A. (2022). Sea level rise induced impacts on coastal areas of Bangladesh and local-led community-based adaptation. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 73, 102905. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2022.102905 Sheik Mujabar, P., & Chandrasekar, N. (2013). Coastal erosion hazard and vulnerability assessment for southern coastal Tamil Nadu of India by using remote sensing and GIS. Natural Hazards, 69, 1295-1314., 69. Soulsby, R. (1997). Dynamics of marine sands. T. Telford London, UK Spencer, N., Strobl, E., & Campbell, A. (2022). Sea level rise under climate change: Implications for beach tourism in the Caribbean. Ocean & Coastal Management, 225, 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2022.106207 Van Rijn, L. C. (2007). Unified View of Sediment Transport by Current and Waves, Part I, II, III and IV. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133, 133, 649-689 (part I & part II); 761-793 (part II. Van Rijn, L. C. (2011). Coastal erosion and control. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.05.004 Vidal, C., Losada, M. A., & Medina, R. (1995). Modelos de morfodinámica de playas. Proyectos y construcción de playas artificiales y regeneración de playas. Ingeniería Del Agua, 2 (abril), 55–74. Wdowinski, S., Bray, R., Kirtman, B. P., & Wu, Z. (2016). Increasing flooding hazard in coastal communities due to rising sea level: Case study of Miami Beach, Florida. Ocean & Coastal Management, 126, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.OCECOAMAN.2016.03.002
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spelling	Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cueto, JairoAcendra Fontalvo, Orlando JoséPérez Sánchez, ModestoOspino, Oscar2023-07-04T17:24:13Z2023-07-04T17:24:13Z2023https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10293Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Storms have always been natural events that severely affect the population and the morphology of beaches. Sea level rise (SLR) is a phenomenon that induces many impacts in any coastal zone, from the loss of marine ecosystems to the retreat of the coastline. Under these concepts, conditions of some events (Hurricane Lenny 1999 and Cold Front 2010) and the SLR in current and future conditions (2025 and 2050) were evaluated in Puerto Velero and Bocatatocino beaches of the Department of Atlantico, with the objective of evaluating the morphodynamic responses to these extreme events, using the XBeach numerical model. Twelve case studies were carried out, 6 for each beach and each extreme event has a modeling with different SLR levels. The numerical model used equations such as wave energy balance and sediment transport for each of the profiles. The results show variations in the morphodynamics of the beaches, being present in all cases the impact of erosion, changes in the hydrodynamics of gravitational and infragravitational waves, among others. The cold front, in comparison to Hurricane Lenny, ended up being the extreme event with the greatest impact on the beaches, due to the duration of its interaction with both beaches; on the other hand, the SLR conditions show variations in hydrodynamic and morphological aspects from the conditions of the year 2025.Las tormentas siempre han sido eventos naturales que representan afectaciones severas para la población y la morfología de las playas. El aumento del nivel del mar (SLR) es un fenómeno que en induce muchos impactos en cualquier zona costera, desde la perdida de ecosistemas marinos hasta el retroceso de la línea de costa. Bajo estos conceptos, se evaluaron condiciones de algunos eventos (Huracán Lenny 1999 y Frente frío 2010) y el SLR en condiciones actuales y futuras (2025 y 2050) en las playas Puerto Velero y Bocatocino del departamento del atlántico, con el objetivo de evaluar las respuestas morfodinámicas ante estos eventos extremos, utilizando el modelo numérico XBeach. Se realizaron 12 casos de estudio, 6 para cada playa y cada evento extremo tiene una modelación con los diferentes niveles del SLR. El modelo numérico utilizo ecuaciones como la del balance de energía del oleaje y el transporte de sedimentos de cada uno de los perfiles. En los resultados se evidencian variaciones en la morfodinámica de las playas, estando presente en todos los casos el impacto de la erosión, cambios en la hidrodinámica del oleaje gravitatorio e infragravitatorio, entre otras. El frente frío en comparación al huracán Lenny, termino siendo el evento extremo con mayores afectaciones en las playas, debido a la duración que este tuvo en interacción con ambas playas, por otra parte, las condiciones del SLR muestran variaciones en aspectos hidrodinámicos y morfológicos a partir de las condiciones del año 2025.Lista de tablas y figuras 9 -- Introducción 11-- Descripción general del problema 13 -- Justificación 15 -- Objetivos 17 -- General 17 -- Específicos 17 -- Antecedentes 18 -- Investigaciones internacionales 18 -- Investigaciones en el Caribe Colombiano 19-- Marco teórico 21 -- Aumento del nivel del mar 21-- Dilatación térmica 21 -- Disminución de los glaciares y los casquetes polares 21 -- La pérdida de hielo de Groenlandia y la Antártida Occidental 21-- Tipos de Playa 22 -- Playa disipativa 22-- Playa reflejante 23 -- Estados de playas intermedios 23-- Morfodinámica de las playas 25 -- Oleaje 25-- Tormentas 27 -- Modelo numérico 27 -- Área de estudio 30 -- Metodología 33-- Casos de estudios 33-- Modelación numérica 35 -- Resultados 37 -- Bocatocino 37 -- Lenny 1999 37 -- Frente Frio 2010 42 -- Puerto Velero 47 -- Lenny 1999 47 -- Frente Frio 2010 51 -- Discusiones 56 -- Conclusiones 61 -- Recomendaciones 64 -- Referencias 66 --Ingeniero(a) AmbientalPregrado75 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaCivil y AmbientalBarranquilla, ColombiaIngeniería AmbientalEvaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).Trabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionColombiaAtlánticoAagaard, T., & Bryan, K. 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y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


Evaluación del impacto del aumento del nivel del mar y tormentas en las playas arenosas puerto velero y bocatocino del departamento del Atlántico (Colombia).

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