Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors

This paper presents the results of a study about the effects of unbalanced voltages on the energy performance of three-phase induction motors. The principal contribution of this paper is that presents a detailed analysis of the influence of positive and negative sequence voltage components and the a...

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Autores:
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Lopez, Ivan D.
Ferreira E., Fernando J.T.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4624
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4624
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Efficiency
Energy performance
Induction motors
Losses
Power factor
Voltage unbalance
Eficiencia
Rendimiento energético
Motores de induccion
Pérdidas
Factor de potencia
Desequilibrio de voltaje
Rights
openAccess
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
id RCUC2_91931a1fdfcb79883f247cb8aae6cdcb
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4624
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Los voltajes desequilibrados afectan el rendimiento energético de los motores de inducción
title Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
spellingShingle Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
Efficiency
Energy performance
Induction motors
Losses
Power factor
Voltage unbalance
Eficiencia
Rendimiento energético
Motores de induccion
Pérdidas
Factor de potencia
Desequilibrio de voltaje
title_short Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
title_full Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
title_fullStr Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
title_full_unstemmed Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
title_sort Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Lopez, Ivan D.
Ferreira E., Fernando J.T.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Lopez, Ivan D.
Ferreira E., Fernando J.T.
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Efficiency
Energy performance
Induction motors
Losses
Power factor
Voltage unbalance
Eficiencia
Rendimiento energético
Motores de induccion
Pérdidas
Factor de potencia
Desequilibrio de voltaje
topic Efficiency
Energy performance
Induction motors
Losses
Power factor
Voltage unbalance
Eficiencia
Rendimiento energético
Motores de induccion
Pérdidas
Factor de potencia
Desequilibrio de voltaje
description This paper presents the results of a study about the effects of unbalanced voltages on the energy performance of three-phase induction motors. The principal contribution of this paper is that presents a detailed analysis of the influence of positive and negative sequence voltage components and the angle between them on several characteristics such as: line currents, losses, efficiency and power factor under different voltage unbalanced conditions. A three-phase induction motor of 3 HP was used as a case study. The results of the investigation show that the positive sequence voltage must be considered together with the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) or percent voltage unbalance (PVU) index to evaluate the performance of the induction motor. It is also shown that the behavior of the motor load influences on the positive sequence parameters next to the voltage, while in the case of negative sequence only influences the negative sequence voltage.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-05-07
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-21T14:01:28Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-21T14:01:28Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2088-8708
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
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url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4624
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dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] M. Sulaiman, Z. Salleh, and R. Omar, “Effects of parameters variation in fuzzy based induction motor drives”, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 272-280, Nov. 2015. [2] V. Sousa, P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, E. C. Quispe and M. Balbis, "Estimating induction motor efficiency under nocontrolled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages," in Proceedings CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON), 2015, pp. 567-572. [3] V. S. Santos, P. V Felipe and J. G. Sarduy, ”Bacterial foraging algorithm application for induction motor field efficiency estimation under unbalanced voltages” Measurement, vol. 46, no.7, pp. 2232-2237, Aug. 2013. [4] S. M. Ahmed, H. Abu-Rub, S. S. Refaat and A. Iqbal, “Diagnosis of stator turn-to-turn fault and stator voltage unbalance fault using ANFIS,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 129-135, Feb. 2015. [5] M. Al-Badri, P. Pillay and P. Angers, "A novel in situ efficiency estimation algorithm for three-phase induction motors operating with distorted unbalanced voltages," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 5338-5347, 2017. [6] G. J. Retter, “Matrix and Space-Phasor Theory of Electrical Machines”, Académiai Kiadó, 1987, p. 411. [7] A. Siddique, G.S. Yadava and B. Singh, “Effect of voltage unbalance on induction motors”, in Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, 2004, pp. 26-29. [8] J. R. Linders, “Effect of power supply variations on ac motor characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-8, no. 4, pp. 383-400, July/August 1972. [9] “IEC Rotating Electrical Machines - Part 26: Effects on unbalanced voltages on the performance of induction motors”, IEC Standard 60034-26, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [10] M.A. de Armas, J. Gomez, “Análisis generalizado de los motores asíncronos con alimentación desbalanceada o no mediante la teoría de los campos rotatorios,” Energética, no. 39, pp. 5-11, 2008. [11] Y. J. Wang, “Analysis of effects of three-phase voltage unbalance on induction motors with emphasis on the angle of the complex voltage unbalance factor,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 270-275, Sept. 2001. [12] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour, and P. Pillay, “Influence of unbalanced voltage on the steady-state performance of a threephase squirrel-cage induction motor,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 657-662, 2004.[13] A. Costa, and X. M. Lopez Fernandez, “Effects of unbalanced power supply on efficient performance of three phase induction motors”, in Proceedings XL International Symposium on Electrical Machines SME’2004, 2004, pp. 15-18. [14] “NEMA Motors and Generators”, Standard Publication ANSI/NEMA MG1-2003, Revision 1-2004, Publishing by NEMA, Rosslyn, USA, 2003. [15] A. M. S. Mendes, E. C. Quispe, X. M. López-Fernández, and A. J. Marques Cardoso, “Influence of the positive sequence voltage on the temperature of three-phase induction motors,” in Proceedings XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010, 2010, pp. 1-6. [16] E. C. Quispe, X. M. López-Fernández, A. M. S. Mendes, A. J. Marques Cardoso and J. A. Palacios, “Experimental Study of the effect of positive sequence voltage on the derating of three-phase induction motors under voltage unbalance”, in Proceedings 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2011, pp. 908-912. [17] M. Jannati, T. Sutikno, N. R. N. Idris and M. J. A. Aziz, “Modeling of balanced and unbalanced three-phase induction motor under balanced and unbalanced supply based on winding function method,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 644-655, Aug. 2015. [18] E. C. Quispe, “Efectos del desequilibrio de tensiones sobre la operación del motor de inducción trifásico. Énfasis en la caracterización del desequilibrio de tensiones y el efecto sobre la potencia nominal,” Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Univ. Del Valle, Colombia, 2012. [19] S.E.M. de Oliveira, “Operation of three-phase induction connected to one-phase supply,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 713-718, Dec. 1990. [20] P.C. Cochran, “Polyphase induction motors: analysis, desing and application”, Copyright 1989 by Marcel Dekker, Inc., Print in USA, New York, 1989. p. 678. [21] M. Kostic, and A. Nicolic, “Negative consequence of motor voltage asymmetry and its influence to the unefficient energy usage,” WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 547-552, Aug. 2010. [22] E. C. Quispe, X. M. Lopez-Fernandez, A. M. S. Mendes, A. J. Marquez-Cardoso and J. A. Palacios. “Influence of the positive sequence voltage on the derating of three-phase induction motors under voltage unbalance”, in Proceedings 2013 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2013, pp. 100-105. [23] E. C. Quispe, “Una visión integral para el uso racional de la energía en la aplicación de los motores eléctricos de inducción,” Revista El Hombre y la Maquina, No. 20-21, pp. 52-59, Jul/Dic 2003. [24] A. Eltom, and M.A. Aziz, “The economics of energy efficient motors during unbalanced voltage condition”, in Proceedings of the Inaugural IEEE Power Engineering Society PES Conference and Exposition in Africa, 2005, pp. 378-384. [25] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour, and P. Pillay, “Influence of unbalanced voltage supply of three phase squirrel cage induction motor and economic analysis,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 289-302, Feb, 2006
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spelling Quispe, Enrique CiroLopez, Ivan D.Ferreira E., Fernando J.T.Sousa Santos, Vladimir2019-05-21T14:01:28Z2019-05-21T14:01:28Z2018-05-072088-8708https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4624Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper presents the results of a study about the effects of unbalanced voltages on the energy performance of three-phase induction motors. The principal contribution of this paper is that presents a detailed analysis of the influence of positive and negative sequence voltage components and the angle between them on several characteristics such as: line currents, losses, efficiency and power factor under different voltage unbalanced conditions. A three-phase induction motor of 3 HP was used as a case study. The results of the investigation show that the positive sequence voltage must be considered together with the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) or percent voltage unbalance (PVU) index to evaluate the performance of the induction motor. It is also shown that the behavior of the motor load influences on the positive sequence parameters next to the voltage, while in the case of negative sequence only influences the negative sequence voltage.Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio sobre los efectos de los voltajes desequilibrados en el rendimiento energético de los motores de inducción trifásicos. La principal contribución de este documento es que presenta un análisis detallado de la influencia de los componentes de voltaje de secuencia positiva y negativa y el ángulo entre ellos en varias características, tales como: corrientes de línea, pérdidas, eficiencia y factor de potencia en diferentes condiciones de desequilibrio de voltaje. Se utilizó un motor de inducción trifásico de 3 HP como estudio de caso. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que la tensión de secuencia positiva debe considerarse junto con el factor de desequilibrio de tensión (VUF) o el porcentaje de desequilibrio de tensión (PVU) para evaluar el rendimiento del motor de inducción. También se muestra que el comportamiento de la carga del motor influye en los parámetros de secuencia positiva junto a la tensión, mientras que en el caso de secuencia negativa solo influye en la tensión de secuencia negativa.Quispe, Enrique Ciro-82fa64db-e560-4049-85e9-ee34bf04f8f7-0Lopez, Ivan D.-517234fa-3f8a-41a0-b56c-d29bb2440562-0Ferreira E., Fernando J.T.-e9784d00-4680-4907-a578-2fc39ed7760d-0Sousa Santos, Vladimir-0000-0001-8808-1914-600engInternational Journal Of Electrical And Computer EngineeringAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2EfficiencyEnergy performanceInduction motorsLossesPower factorVoltage unbalanceEficienciaRendimiento energéticoMotores de induccionPérdidasFactor de potenciaDesequilibrio de voltajeUnbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motorsLos voltajes desequilibrados afectan el rendimiento energético de los motores de inducciónArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] M. Sulaiman, Z. Salleh, and R. Omar, “Effects of parameters variation in fuzzy based induction motor drives”, Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 272-280, Nov. 2015. [2] V. Sousa, P. R. Viego, J. R. Gómez, E. C. Quispe and M. Balbis, "Estimating induction motor efficiency under nocontrolled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages," in Proceedings CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON), 2015, pp. 567-572. [3] V. S. Santos, P. V Felipe and J. G. Sarduy, ”Bacterial foraging algorithm application for induction motor field efficiency estimation under unbalanced voltages” Measurement, vol. 46, no.7, pp. 2232-2237, Aug. 2013. [4] S. M. Ahmed, H. Abu-Rub, S. S. Refaat and A. Iqbal, “Diagnosis of stator turn-to-turn fault and stator voltage unbalance fault using ANFIS,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 129-135, Feb. 2015. [5] M. Al-Badri, P. Pillay and P. Angers, "A novel in situ efficiency estimation algorithm for three-phase induction motors operating with distorted unbalanced voltages," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 5338-5347, 2017. [6] G. J. Retter, “Matrix and Space-Phasor Theory of Electrical Machines”, Académiai Kiadó, 1987, p. 411. [7] A. Siddique, G.S. Yadava and B. Singh, “Effect of voltage unbalance on induction motors”, in Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, 2004, pp. 26-29. [8] J. R. Linders, “Effect of power supply variations on ac motor characteristics,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. IA-8, no. 4, pp. 383-400, July/August 1972. [9] “IEC Rotating Electrical Machines - Part 26: Effects on unbalanced voltages on the performance of induction motors”, IEC Standard 60034-26, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [10] M.A. de Armas, J. Gomez, “Análisis generalizado de los motores asíncronos con alimentación desbalanceada o no mediante la teoría de los campos rotatorios,” Energética, no. 39, pp. 5-11, 2008. [11] Y. J. Wang, “Analysis of effects of three-phase voltage unbalance on induction motors with emphasis on the angle of the complex voltage unbalance factor,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 270-275, Sept. 2001. [12] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour, and P. Pillay, “Influence of unbalanced voltage on the steady-state performance of a threephase squirrel-cage induction motor,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 657-662, 2004.[13] A. Costa, and X. M. Lopez Fernandez, “Effects of unbalanced power supply on efficient performance of three phase induction motors”, in Proceedings XL International Symposium on Electrical Machines SME’2004, 2004, pp. 15-18. [14] “NEMA Motors and Generators”, Standard Publication ANSI/NEMA MG1-2003, Revision 1-2004, Publishing by NEMA, Rosslyn, USA, 2003. [15] A. M. S. Mendes, E. C. Quispe, X. M. López-Fernández, and A. J. Marques Cardoso, “Influence of the positive sequence voltage on the temperature of three-phase induction motors,” in Proceedings XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM 2010, 2010, pp. 1-6. [16] E. C. Quispe, X. M. López-Fernández, A. M. S. Mendes, A. J. Marques Cardoso and J. A. Palacios, “Experimental Study of the effect of positive sequence voltage on the derating of three-phase induction motors under voltage unbalance”, in Proceedings 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2011, pp. 908-912. [17] M. Jannati, T. Sutikno, N. R. N. Idris and M. J. A. Aziz, “Modeling of balanced and unbalanced three-phase induction motor under balanced and unbalanced supply based on winding function method,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 644-655, Aug. 2015. [18] E. C. Quispe, “Efectos del desequilibrio de tensiones sobre la operación del motor de inducción trifásico. Énfasis en la caracterización del desequilibrio de tensiones y el efecto sobre la potencia nominal,” Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Univ. Del Valle, Colombia, 2012. [19] S.E.M. de Oliveira, “Operation of three-phase induction connected to one-phase supply,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 713-718, Dec. 1990. [20] P.C. Cochran, “Polyphase induction motors: analysis, desing and application”, Copyright 1989 by Marcel Dekker, Inc., Print in USA, New York, 1989. p. 678. [21] M. Kostic, and A. Nicolic, “Negative consequence of motor voltage asymmetry and its influence to the unefficient energy usage,” WSEAS Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 547-552, Aug. 2010. [22] E. C. Quispe, X. M. Lopez-Fernandez, A. M. S. Mendes, A. J. Marquez-Cardoso and J. A. Palacios. “Influence of the positive sequence voltage on the derating of three-phase induction motors under voltage unbalance”, in Proceedings 2013 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2013, pp. 100-105. [23] E. C. Quispe, “Una visión integral para el uso racional de la energía en la aplicación de los motores eléctricos de inducción,” Revista El Hombre y la Maquina, No. 20-21, pp. 52-59, Jul/Dic 2003. [24] A. Eltom, and M.A. Aziz, “The economics of energy efficient motors during unbalanced voltage condition”, in Proceedings of the Inaugural IEEE Power Engineering Society PES Conference and Exposition in Africa, 2005, pp. 378-384. [25] J. Faiz, H. Ebrahimpour, and P. Pillay, “Influence of unbalanced voltage supply of three phase squirrel cage induction motor and economic analysis,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 289-302, Feb, 2006PublicationORIGINALUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdfUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdfapplication/pdf425471https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4da82d58-f5fd-4bd8-85b5-2519d83820cd/download55333d812b93e8e60c7ccc467ea55bb3MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c406df9d-e34d-4ac7-8040-94567293e36d/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4517c0ac-32fe-47fd-979e-91a6e9a9d664/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdf.jpgUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg67087https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/071de800-520f-4e3b-8b0d-c6d30f9815cd/downloadcf82f7375dd2e9e664dac997e58ab6f4MD55TEXTUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdf.txtUnbalanced Voltages Impacts.pdf.txttext/plain35518https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/64b11be6-0ac0-4e6d-80fa-03aebe92b0a0/downloade5ef94e699cc2dd3044bf8daf068372aMD5611323/4624oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/46242024-09-17 10:49:34.547http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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