Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study

Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communica...

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Autores:
Alvis Guzman, Nelson Rafael
Additional Authors
Tipo de recurso:
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Fecha de publicación:
2018
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/1703
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
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dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
title Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
spellingShingle Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
Question
Findings
Meaning
title_short Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
title_full Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
title_fullStr Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
title_full_unstemmed Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
title_sort Global, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease Study
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Alvis Guzman, Nelson Rafael
Additional Authors
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Alvis Guzman, Nelson Rafael
Additional Authors
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Question
Findings
Meaning
topic Question
Findings
Meaning
description Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-22T14:20:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-22T14:20:13Z
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dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Seventieth World Health Assembly. Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha /pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R12-en.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2018. 2. United Nations. 2011 High Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. http://www.un.org/en/ga /ncdmeeting2011/. Accessed May 15, 2018. 3. World Health Organization. Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan /en/. Accessed May 15, 2018. 4. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals. Published January 2016. https: //sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. Accessed September 1, 2016. 5. GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1423-1459. doi:10.1016 /S0140-6736(17)32336-X 6. Horton R. Offline: NCDs—why are we failing? Lancet. 2017;390(10092):346. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)31919-0 7. Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, et al; Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(4): 524-548. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688 8. GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100): 1151-1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 9. GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1260-1344. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)32130-X 10. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017; 390(10100):1211-1259. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17) 32154-2 11. GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100): 1345-1422. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8 12. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963): 117-171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 13. Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:1. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-1 14. GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and lifeexpectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1084-1150. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)31833-0 15. Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, et al; Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(4): 505-527. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735 16. Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49(15):3262-3273. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.024 17. Tsu V, Jerónimo J. Saving the world’s women from cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(26): 2509-2511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1604113 18. Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer. 2016;122(9):1312-1337. doi:10 .1002/cncr.29936 19. Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, et al; Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12): 1683-1691. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055 20. Praud D, Rota M, Rehm J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(6):1380-1387. doi:10.1002/ijc.29890 21. Jha P, Peto R. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370(1):60-68. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1308383 22. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide thyroid-cancer epidemic? the increasing impact of overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(7):614-617. doi:10.1056 /NEJMp1604412 23. Anderson BO, Duggan C. Resource-stratified guidelines for cancer management: correction and commentary.J Glob Oncol. 2016;3(1):84-88. doi:10 .1200/JGO.2016.006213
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spelling Alvis Guzman, Nelson RafaelAdditional Authors2018-11-22T14:20:13Z2018-11-22T14:20:13Z2018-1123742445https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1703Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Importance: The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective: To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review: Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings: In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, -1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined.Alvis Guzman, Nelson Rafael-0000-0001-9458-864X-600Additional Authors-c2a53f46-b116-4602-9638-94e960da2989-0engJAMA OncologyAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2QuestionFindingsMeaningGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years Of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, And Disability-Adjusted Life-Years For 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 To 2016: A Systematic Analysis For The Global Burden Of Disease StudyArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Seventieth World Health Assembly. Cancer prevention and control in the context of an integrated approach. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha /pdf_files/WHA70/A70_R12-en.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2018. 2. United Nations. 2011 High Level Meeting on Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. http://www.un.org/en/ga /ncdmeeting2011/. Accessed May 15, 2018. 3. World Health Organization. Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013-2020. http://www.who.int/nmh/events/ncd_action_plan /en/. Accessed May 15, 2018. 4. United Nations. Sustainable Development Goals. Published January 2016. https: //sustainabledevelopment.un.org/. Accessed September 1, 2016. 5. GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1423-1459. doi:10.1016 /S0140-6736(17)32336-X 6. Horton R. Offline: NCDs—why are we failing? Lancet. 2017;390(10092):346. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)31919-0 7. Fitzmaurice C, Allen C, Barber RM, et al; Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 32 cancer groups, 1990 to 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(4): 524-548. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5688 8. GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100): 1151-1210. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9 9. GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1260-1344. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)32130-X 10. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017; 390(10100):1211-1259. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17) 32154-2 11. GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100): 1345-1422. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32366-8 12. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963): 117-171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 13. Foreman KJ, Lozano R, Lopez AD, Murray CJ. Modeling causes of death: an integrated approach using CODEm. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:1. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-10-1 14. GBD 2016 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and lifeexpectancy, 1970-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1084-1150. doi:10.1016/S0140 -6736(17)31833-0 15. Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, et al; Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013.JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(4): 505-527. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.0735 16. Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Plummer M, Franceschi S, Bray F. Worldwide trends in cervical cancer incidence: impact of screening against changes in disease risk factors. Eur J Cancer. 2013; 49(15):3262-3273. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.024 17. Tsu V, Jerónimo J. Saving the world’s women from cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(26): 2509-2511. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1604113 18. Ryerson AB, Eheman CR, Altekruse SF, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2012, featuring the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Cancer. 2016;122(9):1312-1337. doi:10 .1002/cncr.29936 19. Akinyemiju T, Abera S, Ahmed M, et al; Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12): 1683-1691. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055 20. Praud D, Rota M, Rehm J, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality attributable to alcohol consumption. Int J Cancer. 2016;138(6):1380-1387. doi:10.1002/ijc.29890 21. Jha P, Peto R. Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370(1):60-68. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1308383 22. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Bray F, Wild CP, Plummer M, Dal Maso L. Worldwide thyroid-cancer epidemic? the increasing impact of overdiagnosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(7):614-617. doi:10.1056 /NEJMp1604412 23. Anderson BO, Duggan C. Resource-stratified guidelines for cancer management: correction and commentary.J Glob Oncol. 2016;3(1):84-88. doi:10 .1200/JGO.2016.006213PublicationORIGINALGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdfGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdfapplication/pdf12333967https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/a39f714e-a72e-4d86-917e-40cad33ffde9/downloadb48486e1c632c46a03bff962699ca4adMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6b00188a-d826-4b25-972e-c465782c874b/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdf.jpgGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg54853https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/42b11e9a-1ce4-41a0-964e-fa91358a009f/downloadf628561ac121cb2b5c52f3f5bc2d548cMD54TEXTGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdf.txtGlobal, Regional, And National Cancer.pdf.txttext/plain101486https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d3bf00cd-42af-4f6b-a537-04de81a7ceb2/download230ba949b82f08c678d47afb8c6e899fMD5511323/1703oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/17032024-09-17 12:49:27.89open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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