The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries
In recent years, the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the massive consumption of fossil energy have been increasing year by year, resulting in more and more obvious greenhouse effect, and the occurrence of climate disasters around the world has become more and more frequent. This study analyses...
- Autores:
-
Cervantes Galvan, Lisette Paola
Aslam Bhatti, Uzair
Carmona, Carlos Javier
Simancas Trujillo, Ricardo Antonio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10002
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10002
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Middle-income trap
Latin America
ARDL model
Economic growth
CO2 emission
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| title |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| spellingShingle |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries Middle-income trap Latin America ARDL model Economic growth CO2 emission |
| title_short |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| title_full |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| title_fullStr |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| title_sort |
The nexus between co2 emission, economic growth, trade openness: evidences from middle-income trap countries |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Cervantes Galvan, Lisette Paola Aslam Bhatti, Uzair Carmona, Carlos Javier Simancas Trujillo, Ricardo Antonio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Cervantes Galvan, Lisette Paola Aslam Bhatti, Uzair Carmona, Carlos Javier Simancas Trujillo, Ricardo Antonio |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Middle-income trap Latin America ARDL model Economic growth CO2 emission |
| topic |
Middle-income trap Latin America ARDL model Economic growth CO2 emission |
| description |
In recent years, the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the massive consumption of fossil energy have been increasing year by year, resulting in more and more obvious greenhouse effect, and the occurrence of climate disasters around the world has become more and more frequent. This study analyses the long-term effects of economic growth, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross domestic product (GDP) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Latin American countries that are in the middle-income trap (MIT). Using annual time-series data for the period 2000–2020, the results of middle-income countries of Latin America are compared with higher-income countries (Singapore, the United States, and South Korea) and an upper-middle-income country, China. Specifically, we examine the role of sector value addition to GDP on the CO2 emission nexus for middle-income economies, controlling for the effects on GDP, FDI, and trade. Using regression and path analysis (multiple regression) we find that for higher-income countries FDI, GDP and trade are the important variables that have a strong positive impact on CO2 emission, but that positive impact is weak in MIT countries, which makes this study significant as it highlights important variables needed for MIT countries to remain focused. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model results also explore that FDI, GDP growth and trade variables can significantly accelerate the environmental quality by CO2 emission, while tourism/travel services and education do not much impact the environment. Hence, our paper provides solid ground for developing a sustainable and pro-growth policy for MIT countries because they are plagued by the decline or stagnation of economic growth. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
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2022-07-13 |
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2023-04-25T16:59:03Z |
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2023-04-25T16:59:03Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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Galvan LPC, Bhatti UA, Campo CC and Trujillo RAS (2022) The Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness: Evidences From Middle-Income Trap Countries. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:938776. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.938776 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10002 |
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10.3389/fenvs.2022.938776 |
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2296-665X |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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Galvan LPC, Bhatti UA, Campo CC and Trujillo RAS (2022) The Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness: Evidences From Middle-Income Trap Countries. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:938776. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.938776 10.3389/fenvs.2022.938776 2296-665X Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10002 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 Frontiers Media S.A. All rights reservedhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Cervantes Galvan, Lisette PaolaAslam Bhatti, UzairCarmona, Carlos JavierSimancas Trujillo, Ricardo Antonio2023-04-25T16:59:03Z2023-04-25T16:59:03Z2022-07-13Galvan LPC, Bhatti UA, Campo CC and Trujillo RAS (2022) The Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness: Evidences From Middle-Income Trap Countries. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:938776. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.938776https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1000210.3389/fenvs.2022.9387762296-665XCorporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/In recent years, the carbon dioxide emissions generated by the massive consumption of fossil energy have been increasing year by year, resulting in more and more obvious greenhouse effect, and the occurrence of climate disasters around the world has become more and more frequent. This study analyses the long-term effects of economic growth, trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross domestic product (GDP) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Latin American countries that are in the middle-income trap (MIT). Using annual time-series data for the period 2000–2020, the results of middle-income countries of Latin America are compared with higher-income countries (Singapore, the United States, and South Korea) and an upper-middle-income country, China. Specifically, we examine the role of sector value addition to GDP on the CO2 emission nexus for middle-income economies, controlling for the effects on GDP, FDI, and trade. Using regression and path analysis (multiple regression) we find that for higher-income countries FDI, GDP and trade are the important variables that have a strong positive impact on CO2 emission, but that positive impact is weak in MIT countries, which makes this study significant as it highlights important variables needed for MIT countries to remain focused. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model results also explore that FDI, GDP growth and trade variables can significantly accelerate the environmental quality by CO2 emission, while tourism/travel services and education do not much impact the environment. 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Res. 24 (21), 17616–17625. doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9392-816110Middle-income trapLatin AmericaARDL modelEconomic growthCO2 emissionPublicationORIGINALThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdfThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf2505935https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c98c1aee-7ab7-4ceb-b5d4-0d0786f7eeef/download16610c8454be90dd0b63b5068a7b46edMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7d3f7dbd-0460-4339-b01c-6413d8f6cecb/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdf.txtThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain68424https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/dc4c18a7-cf35-4390-a171-f00e07532c43/download65dc2a20a0fc13da5ea17492d8c3fcf1MD53THUMBNAILThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdf.jpgThe Nexus Between CO2 Emission, Economic Growth, Trade Openness.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15943https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/23ea888e-e7e9-46c6-b578-c1dd1f47eb74/downloadaabbb46a3a046b736c9927c9f67049f2MD5411323/10002oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/100022024-09-17 10:49:30.059https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2023 Frontiers Media S.A. 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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