Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims

Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international...

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Autores:
Parra Barrera, Sandra
Moyano, Nieves
Boldova Pasamar, Miguel Ángel
Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8368
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8368
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Sexual violence
Regulatory framework
Criminal legislation
Rights
Procedural guarantees
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
title Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
spellingShingle Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
Sexual violence
Regulatory framework
Criminal legislation
Rights
Procedural guarantees
title_short Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
title_full Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
title_fullStr Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
title_full_unstemmed Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
title_sort Protection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victims
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Parra Barrera, Sandra
Moyano, Nieves
Boldova Pasamar, Miguel Ángel
Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Parra Barrera, Sandra
Moyano, Nieves
Boldova Pasamar, Miguel Ángel
Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Sexual violence
Regulatory framework
Criminal legislation
Rights
Procedural guarantees
topic Sexual violence
Regulatory framework
Criminal legislation
Rights
Procedural guarantees
description Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects Colombian women against sexual violence, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine criminal legislation on crimes of sexual violence in Colombia with a dual purpose: first, to analyze procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence; second, to determine obstacles for victims of sexual violence in accordance with the legal framework. We used a legal interpretation method to perform an analysis and interpret the law. The results found that, although sexual violence is considered a type of crime, procedural guarantees are not effective as victims encounter serious obstacles with negative consequences, such as the violation of fundamental human rights.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-11T12:57:35Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-11T12:57:35Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-04-15
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
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language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. United Nations General Assembly. Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women; United Nations: Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.
2. Gil, M. Sexual violence as an attack against the dignity of women. RDUNED 2015, 17, 813–832. [CrossRef]
3. United Nations General Assembly. In Proceedings of the Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4–15 September 1995; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 1995.
4. Council of Europe. In Proceedings of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, Istanbul, Turkey, 5 November 2011; Available online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/fulllist/-/conventions/treaty/210 (accessed on 15 January 2021).
5. Basile, K.C.; Smith, S.G. Sexual violence victimization of women: Prevalence, characteristics, and the role of public health and prevention. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2011, 5, 407–417. [CrossRef]
6. Fernández-Fuertes, A.A.; Fernández-Rouco, N.; Lázaro-Visa, S.; Gómez-Pérez, E. Myths about sexual aggression, sexual assertiveness and sexual violence in adolescent romantic relationships. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8744. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
7. United Nations General Assembly. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Transform Our World: The 2030; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015.
8. Diario Oficial 47.193. Law 1257, from December 4th 2008 Whereby Norms of Awareness, Prevention and Punishment of Forms of Violence and Discrimination against Women are Issued, the Penal Codes, Penal Procedure, Law 294 of 1996 are Reformed and Other Provisions are Issued. Available online: https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/LAW_1257_DE_2008_Colombia.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2021).
9. Monge-Fernández, A. Women and Criminal Law: Need for Reform from a Gender Perspective? Bosch, J.M., Ed.; Bosch Penal: Barcelona, Spain, 2020.
10. Boletín Oficial del Estado 313. Organic Law 1/2004, of December 28, on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2004-21760 (accessed on 15 January 2021).
11. Faraldo, P.; Avale, M. The Woolf. A before and after in the Regulation of Sexual Crimes in Spain; Tirant lo Blanch: Valencia, Spain, 2018.
12. Miller, A.M. Sexuality, violence against women, and human rights: Women make demands and ladies get protection. Health Hum. Rights 2004, 7, 16–47. [CrossRef]
13. World Health Organization. Violence against Women: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence against Women Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence have Serious Short- and Long-Term Physical, Mental and Sexual and Reproductive Health Problems for Survivors: Fact Sheet. 2014. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112325/WHO_RHR_14.1 1_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 15 January 2021).
14. Struckman-Johnson, C.; Struckman-Jhonson, D.; Anderson, P.B. Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won’t take no for an answer. J. Sex Res. 2003, 40, 76–86. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
15. World Health Organization. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. 2013. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 15 January 2021).
16. UNICEF. A Familiar Face: Violence in the Lives of Children and Adolescents. 2017. Available online: https://data.unicef.org/ resources/a-familiar-face/# (accessed on 19 January 2021).
17. Bott, S.; Guedes, A.; Goodwin, M.; Mendoza, J.A. Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis of Population-Based Data from 12 Countries; Pan American Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
18. National Survey of Demography and Health, Executive Summary: Colombia. 2015. Available online: https://www.dhsprogram. com/pubs/pdf/FR334/FR334.pdf (accessed on 19 January 2021).
19. Institute of Legal Medicine. Data for Life; Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science: Bogotá, Colombia, 2018.
20. Office of the Attorney General of the Nation. Accusatory Oral Penal System; Office of the Attorney General of the Nation: Bogotá, Colombia, 2020. Available online: https://www.datos.gov.co/Justicia-y-Derecho/Conteo-de-V-ctimas/sft7-9im5 (accessed on 19 January 2021).
21. Parra-Barrera, S.M.; Sánchez-Fuentes, M.M. Legal framework of sexual violence: Sexual consent and risk of secondary victimization in Colombia. In Cartography of Micromachisms: Dynamics and Symbolic Violence; Panarese, P., Martínez, N., Suárez, J.C., Eds.; Dykinson: Madrid, Spain, 2020; pp. 351–364.
22. Bogen, K.W.; Bleiweiss, K.; Orchowski, L.M. Sexual violence is# NotOkay: Social reactions to disclosures of sexual victimization on twitter. Psychol. Violence 2019, 9, 127–137.
23. Sigurdardottir, S.; Halldorsdottir, S. Persistent Suffering: The Serious Consequences of Sexual Violence against Women and Girls, Their Search for Inner Healing and the Significance of the# MeToo Movement. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1849–1862.
24. Brookmeyer, K.A.; Beltran, O.; Abad, N. Understanding the effects of forced sex on sexually transmitted disease acquisition and sexually transmitted disease care: Findings from the national survey of family growth (2011–2013). Sex. Transm. Dis. 2017, 44, 613–618.
25. El-Serag, R.; Thurston, R.C. Matters of the heart and mind: Interpersonal violence and cardiovascular disease in women. Am. Heart J. 2020, 9, e015479.
26. Gonzalez, J.M.; Jetelina, K.K.; Olague, S.; Wondrack, J.G. Violence against women increases cancer diagnoses: Results from a meta-analytic review. Prev. Med. 2018, 114, 168–179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Cook, J.M.; Dinnen, S.; O’Donnell, C. Older women survivors of physical and sexual violence: A systematic review of the quantitative literature. J. Women’s Health 2011, 20, 1075–1081.
28. Schnittker, J. Sexual violence and major depression among women: Evidence for reciprocal relationships. Soc. Curr. 2019, 6, 575–589. [CrossRef]
29. Chandan, J.S.; Thomas, T.; Bradbury-Jones, C.; Russell, R.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Nirantharakumar, K.; Taylor, J. Female survivors of intimate partner violence and risk of depression, anxiety and serious mental illness. Brit. J. Psychiatry 2020, 217, 562–567.
30. Oram, S.; Khalifeh, H.; Howard, L.M. Violence against women and mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 2017, 4, 159–170.
31. Bows, H. Sexual violence against older people: A review of the empirical literature. Trauma Violence Abus. 2018, 19, 567–583.
32. Ba, I.; Bhopal, R.S. Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: A systematic review (1981–2014). Public Health 2017, 142, 121–135.
33. Walker, H.E.; Freud, J.S.; Ellis, R.A.; Fraine, S.M.; Wilson, L.C. The prevalence of sexual revictimization: A meta-analytic review. Trauma Violence Abus. 2019, 20, 67–80. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
34. United Nations General Assembly. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; United Nations General Assembly: New York, NY, USA, 1979.
35. Diario Oficial 35794. Law 51, June 2nd 1981, through Which the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is Approved. Available online: http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Lawes/1605470 (accessed on 1 February 2021).
36. United Nations General Assembly. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; United Nations General Assembly: New York, NY, USA, 1984.
37. Diario Oficial 37737. Law 70, from December 15 from 1986 by which the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is approved. Available online: http://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp? ruta=Lawes/1620301 (accessed on 1 February 2021).
38. Diario Oficial 42171. Law 248, from December 29 1995, through which the Inter-American Convention of Belém do Pará to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women is Ratified. Available online: https://www.defensoria.gov.co/public/ Normograma%202013_html/Normas/Law_248_1995.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2021).
39. Organization of American States. A-61: Inter-American Convention to Prevent, Punish and Eradicate Violence against Women; Organization of American States: Belém do Para, Brazil, 1994.
40. Feteris, E.T. Legal Argumentation and Legal Interpretation. In Fundamentals of Legal Argumentation; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 1–21.
41. Diario Oficial 23316. Law 95, from April 24 1936, Penal Code. Available online: https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument. asp?id=1791348 (accessed on 26 February 2021).
42. Diario Oficial 35461. Decree—Law 100 from 23 1980, from 23 1980, Penal Code. Available online: https://normograma.info/ men/docs/pdf/codigo_penal_1980.pdf (accessed on 26 February 2021).
43. Law 360 from 1997, from February 7 1997, by Means of Which Some Rules of Title XI of Book II of the Decree-Law 100 from 1980 (Penal Code), Relative to Crimes against Sexual Freedom and Modesty, and Article 417 of Decree 2700 of 1991 (Criminal Procedure Code) is Added and Other Provisions are Issued. Available online: https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/1997 _col_Law360.pdf (accessed on 26 February 2021).
44. Diario Oficial 44097. Law 599 from 2000, from August 31 2004, Penal Code. Available online: http://www.oas.org/juridico/ spanish/mesicic2_col_Law_599_2000.pdf (accessed on 26 February 2021).
45. Diario Oficial 47059. Law 1236 from 2008, from July 23rd 2008, by Means of Which Some Articles of the Penal Code related to Crimes of Violence are Modified. Available online: http://www.oas.org/dil/esp/Law_1236_de_2008_Colombia.pdf (accessed on 26 February 2021).
46. Diario Oficial 49186. Law 1719, from June 18 2014, by Which Some Articles of Laws 599 of 2000, 906 of 2004 are Modified and Measures are Adopted to Guarantee Access to Justice for Victims of Sexual Violence, Especially Sexual Violence on the Occasion of the Armed Conflict, and Other Provisions. Available online: http://www.suin.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Lawes/1687214 (accessed on 26 February 2021).
47. Diario Oficial 45658. Law 906 de 2004, from August 31 2004, Code of Criminal Procedure. Available online: http://www.suinjuriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Lawes/1670249 (accessed on 26 February 2021).
48. Judgment of Guardianship of the Constitutional Court of May 20, 2019, Judgment T-211/2019. Available online: https: //www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2019/T-211-19.htm#:~{}:text=T%2D211%2D19%20Corte%20Constitucional%20de% 20Colombia&text=Referencia%3A%20Expediente%20T%2D7.069.,a%20las%20V%C3%ADctimas%20%E2%80%93%20UARIV% 2D.&text=Bogot%C3%A1%2C%20veinte%20(20)%20de,dos%20mil%20diecinueve%20(2019) (accessed on 15 February 2021).
49. Judgment of Guardianship of the Constitutional Court of May 9, 2018, Judgment T-126 de 2018. Available online: https: //www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2018/t-126-18.htm#:~{}:text=T%2D126%2D18%20Corte%20Constitucional%20 de%20Colombia&text=Tratados%20internacionales%20de%20derechos%20humanos,la%20violencia%20contra%20la%20mujer (accessed on 18 February 2021).
50. Judgment of Guardianship of the Constitutional Court of July 3 2015, Judgment T-418 de 2015. Available online: https:// www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/2015/T-418-15.htm#:~{}:text=T%2D418%2D15%20Corte%20Constitucional%20de% 20Colombia&text=Las%20personas%20que%20hayan%20sufrido,de%20su%20condici%C3%B3n%20de%20v%C3%ADctimas (accessed on 20 February 2021).
51. Political Constitution. Political Constitution from Colombia; Lawyer: Bogotá, Colombia, 1991.
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53. Baca, E.; Echeburúa, E.; Tamarit, J.M. Handbook of Criminology; Tirant lo Blanch: Valencia, Spain, 2006.
54. Albertin, P. Psychology of criminal victimization. In Criminal Psychology; Soria, M., Saíz, D., Eds.; Pearson Educación: Madrid, Spain, 2006; pp. 245–274.
55. González, J. The justification of the sentences and sound criticism. Rev. Chil. Derecho 2006, 33, 93–107.
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spelling Parra Barrera, SandraMoyano, NievesBoldova Pasamar, Miguel ÁngelSánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar2021-06-11T12:57:35Z2021-06-11T12:57:35Z2021-04-151660-46011661-7827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8368https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084171Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Sexual violence is a type of gender-based violence (GBV), as it is one of the different types of violence that is exerted against women. Sexual violence infringes fundamental human rights, and denies women’s dignity and self-determination, personal development, and well-being. Despite international treaties and a regulatory framework that legally protects Colombian women against sexual violence, it is necessary to know the effectiveness of this regulatory framework in Colombia. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to examine criminal legislation on crimes of sexual violence in Colombia with a dual purpose: first, to analyze procedural guarantees for women victims of sexual violence; second, to determine obstacles for victims of sexual violence in accordance with the legal framework. We used a legal interpretation method to perform an analysis and interpret the law. The results found that, although sexual violence is considered a type of crime, procedural guarantees are not effective as victims encounter serious obstacles with negative consequences, such as the violation of fundamental human rights.Parra Barrera, Sandra-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-0056-4389-600Moyano, Nieves-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-5416-9464-600Boldova Pasamar, Miguel Ángel-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-0930-5823-600Sánchez-Fuentes, María del Mar-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-3657-4981-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthopen accesshttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4171Sexual violenceRegulatory frameworkCriminal legislationRightsProcedural guaranteesProtection against sexual violence in the colombian legal framework: obstacles and consequences for women victimsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. United Nations General Assembly. Declaration of the Elimination of Violence against Women; United Nations: Geneva, Switzerland, 1993.2. Gil, M. Sexual violence as an attack against the dignity of women. RDUNED 2015, 17, 813–832. [CrossRef]3. United Nations General Assembly. In Proceedings of the Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, China, 4–15 September 1995; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 1995.4. Council of Europe. In Proceedings of the Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, Istanbul, Turkey, 5 November 2011; Available online: https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/fulllist/-/conventions/treaty/210 (accessed on 15 January 2021).5. Basile, K.C.; Smith, S.G. Sexual violence victimization of women: Prevalence, characteristics, and the role of public health and prevention. Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 2011, 5, 407–417. [CrossRef]6. Fernández-Fuertes, A.A.; Fernández-Rouco, N.; Lázaro-Visa, S.; Gómez-Pérez, E. Myths about sexual aggression, sexual assertiveness and sexual violence in adolescent romantic relationships. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8744. [CrossRef] [PubMed]7. United Nations General Assembly. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Transform Our World: The 2030; United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2015.8. Diario Oficial 47.193. Law 1257, from December 4th 2008 Whereby Norms of Awareness, Prevention and Punishment of Forms of Violence and Discrimination against Women are Issued, the Penal Codes, Penal Procedure, Law 294 of 1996 are Reformed and Other Provisions are Issued. Available online: https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/LAW_1257_DE_2008_Colombia.pdf (accessed on 15 January 2021).9. Monge-Fernández, A. Women and Criminal Law: Need for Reform from a Gender Perspective? Bosch, J.M., Ed.; Bosch Penal: Barcelona, Spain, 2020.10. Boletín Oficial del Estado 313. Organic Law 1/2004, of December 28, on Comprehensive Protection Measures against Gender Violence. Available online: https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2004-21760 (accessed on 15 January 2021).11. Faraldo, P.; Avale, M. The Woolf. A before and after in the Regulation of Sexual Crimes in Spain; Tirant lo Blanch: Valencia, Spain, 2018.12. Miller, A.M. Sexuality, violence against women, and human rights: Women make demands and ladies get protection. Health Hum. Rights 2004, 7, 16–47. [CrossRef]13. World Health Organization. Violence against Women: Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence against Women Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence have Serious Short- and Long-Term Physical, Mental and Sexual and Reproductive Health Problems for Survivors: Fact Sheet. 2014. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/112325/WHO_RHR_14.1 1_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed on 15 January 2021).14. Struckman-Johnson, C.; Struckman-Jhonson, D.; Anderson, P.B. Tactics of sexual coercion: When men and women won’t take no for an answer. J. Sex Res. 2003, 40, 76–86. [CrossRef] [PubMed]15. World Health Organization. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence. 2013. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf?sequence=1 (accessed on 15 January 2021).16. UNICEF. A Familiar Face: Violence in the Lives of Children and Adolescents. 2017. Available online: https://data.unicef.org/ resources/a-familiar-face/# (accessed on 19 January 2021).17. Bott, S.; Guedes, A.; Goodwin, M.; Mendoza, J.A. Violence against Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Comparative Analysis of Population-Based Data from 12 Countries; Pan American Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Washington, DC, USA, 2012.18. National Survey of Demography and Health, Executive Summary: Colombia. 2015. Available online: https://www.dhsprogram. com/pubs/pdf/FR334/FR334.pdf (accessed on 19 January 2021).19. Institute of Legal Medicine. Data for Life; Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Science: Bogotá, Colombia, 2018.20. Office of the Attorney General of the Nation. Accusatory Oral Penal System; Office of the Attorney General of the Nation: Bogotá, Colombia, 2020. Available online: https://www.datos.gov.co/Justicia-y-Derecho/Conteo-de-V-ctimas/sft7-9im5 (accessed on 19 January 2021).21. Parra-Barrera, S.M.; Sánchez-Fuentes, M.M. Legal framework of sexual violence: Sexual consent and risk of secondary victimization in Colombia. In Cartography of Micromachisms: Dynamics and Symbolic Violence; Panarese, P., Martínez, N., Suárez, J.C., Eds.; Dykinson: Madrid, Spain, 2020; pp. 351–364.22. Bogen, K.W.; Bleiweiss, K.; Orchowski, L.M. 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