Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings
As part of the design process of a chiller plant, one of the final stages is the energy testing of the system in relation to future operating conditions. Recent studies have suggested establishing robust solutions, but a conservative approach still prevails at this stage. However, the results of som...
- Autores:
-
Díaz Torres, Yamile
Gullo, Paride
Hernández Herrera, Hernán
Torres del Toro, Migdalia
Reyes Calvo, Roy
Silva Ortega, Jorge I
Gómez Sarduy, Julio
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10518
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10518
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Chiller plant
Co-design
Traditional staging
Optimal chiller loading
Optimal chiller sequencing
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| title |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| spellingShingle |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings Chiller plant Co-design Traditional staging Optimal chiller loading Optimal chiller sequencing |
| title_short |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| title_full |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| title_fullStr |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| title_sort |
Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildings |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Torres, Yamile Gullo, Paride Hernández Herrera, Hernán Torres del Toro, Migdalia Reyes Calvo, Roy Silva Ortega, Jorge I Gómez Sarduy, Julio |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Díaz Torres, Yamile Gullo, Paride Hernández Herrera, Hernán Torres del Toro, Migdalia Reyes Calvo, Roy Silva Ortega, Jorge I Gómez Sarduy, Julio |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Chiller plant Co-design Traditional staging Optimal chiller loading Optimal chiller sequencing |
| topic |
Chiller plant Co-design Traditional staging Optimal chiller loading Optimal chiller sequencing |
| description |
As part of the design process of a chiller plant, one of the final stages is the energy testing of the system in relation to future operating conditions. Recent studies have suggested establishing robust solutions, but a conservative approach still prevails at this stage. However, the results of some recent studies suggest the application of a new co-design (control–design) approach. The present research involves a comparative analysis between the use of conventional staging and the co-design approach in the design phase of a chiller plant. This paper analyzes the energy consumption estimations of six different chiller plant combinations for a Cuban hotel. For the conservative approach using on/off traditional staging, the results suggest that the best option would be the adoption of a chiller plant featuring a symmetrical configuration. However, the outcomes related to the co-design approach suggest that the best option would be an asymmetrical configuration. The energy savings results were equal to 24.8% and the resulting coefficient of performance (COP) was 59.7% greater than that of the symmetrical configuration. This research lays firm foundations for the correct choice and design of a suitable chiller plant configuration for a selected hotel, allowing for significant energy savings in the tourism sector. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-09-26T20:25:43Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-09-26T20:25:43Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-04-28 |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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Díaz Torres, Y.; Gullo, P.; Hernández Herrera, H.; Torres del Toro, M.; Reyes Calvo, R.; Silva Ortega, J.I.; Gómez arduy, J. Energy Performance Comparison of a Chiller Plant Using the Conventional Staging and the Co-Design Approach in the Early Design Phase of Hotel Buildings. Energies 2023, 16, 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093782 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10518 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/en16093782 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1996-1073 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Díaz Torres, Y.; Gullo, P.; Hernández Herrera, H.; Torres del Toro, M.; Reyes Calvo, R.; Silva Ortega, J.I.; Gómez arduy, J. Energy Performance Comparison of a Chiller Plant Using the Conventional Staging and the Co-Design Approach in the Early Design Phase of Hotel Buildings. Energies 2023, 16, 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093782 10.3390/en16093782 1996-1073 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10518 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Energies |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Fang, X.; Jin, X.; Du, Z.; Wang, Y.; Shi, W. Evaluation of the design of chilled water system based on the optimal operation performance of equipments. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2017, 113, 435–448. [CrossRef] 2. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 2017; ISBN 10: 1939200598. 3. Díaz Torres, Y.; Álvarez Guerra Plasencia, A.; Viego Felipe, P.; Crespo Sanchez, G.; Diaz Gonzalez, M. Chiller plant design. Review of the aspects that involve its efficient design. Ing. Energética 2020, 41, e1711. 4. Taylor, S. Fundamentals of Design and Control of Central Chilled-Water Plans (I-P); Atlanta ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 2017; ISBN 978-1-939200-67-9. 5. Cheng, Q.; Wang, S.; Yan, C. Sequential Monte Carlo simulation for robust optimal design of cooling water system with quantified uncertainty and reliability. Energy 2016, 118, 489–501. [CrossRef] 6. Yan, C.; Cheng, Q.; Cai, H. Life-Cycle optimization of a chiller plant with quantified analysis of uncertainty and reliability in commercial buildings. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1548. [CrossRef] 7. Huang, P.; Huang, G.; Augenbroe, G.; Li, S. Optimal configuration of multiple-chiller plants under cooling load uncertainty for different climate effects and building types. Energy Build. 2018, 158, 684–697. [CrossRef] 8. Li, H.; Wang, S.; Xiao, F. Probabilistic optimal design and on-site adaptive commissioning of building air-conditioning systems concerning uncertainties. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 2725–2730. [CrossRef] 9. Sun, Y.; Wang, S.; Huang, G. Chiller sequencing control with enhanced robustness for energy efficient operation. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 1246–1255. [CrossRef] 10. Gang, W.; Wang, S.; Xiao, F.; Gao, D.-c. Robust optimal design cooling systems considering cooling load uncertainty and equipment reliability. Appl. Energy 2015, 159, 265–275. [CrossRef] 11. Gang, W.; Wang, S.; Yan, C.; Xiao, F. Robust optimal design of building cooling systems concerning uncertainties using mini-max regret theory. Sci. Technol. Built Environ. 2015, 21, 789–799. [CrossRef] 12. Cheng, Q.; Yan, C.; Wang, S. Robust Optimal Design of Chiller Plants Based on Cooling Load Distribution. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 1354–1359. [CrossRef] 13. Niu, J.; Tian, Z.; Lu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lan, B. A robust optimization model for designing the building cooling source under cooling load uncertainty. Appl. Energy 2019, 241, 390–403. [CrossRef] 14. Chen, Y.; Yang, C.; Pan, X.; Yan, D. Desing and operation optimization of multi-chiller plants based on energy performance simulation. Energy Build. 2020, 222, 110100. [CrossRef] 15. Bhattacharya, A.; Vasisht, S.; Adetola, V.; Huang, S.; Sharma, H.; Vrabie, D. Control co-design of commercial building chiller plant using Bayesian optimization. Energy Build. 2021, 246, 111077. [CrossRef] 16. Garcia-Sanz, M. Control co-design: An engineering game changer. Adv. Control. Appl. Eng. Ind. Syst. 2019, 1, e18. [CrossRef] 17. Rampazzo, M. A static moving boundary modelling approach for simulation of indirect evaporative free cooling systems. Appl. Energy 2019, 250, 1719–1728. 18. Masburah, R.; Sinha, S.; Lochan, R.; Dey, S.; Zhu, Q. Co-Designing Intelligent Control of Building HVAC and Microgrids. DSD 2021: Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design. 2021. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9556332 (accessed on 20 December 2021). 19. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Calvo, R.; Herrera, H.; Gomez, S.; Guerra, M.; Silva, J. Procedure to obtain the optimal distribution cooling capacity of an air-condensed chiller plant for a hotel facility conceptual design. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 622–637. [CrossRef] 20. Díaz Torres, Y.R.; Hernandez, H.; Torres, M.; Alvarez-Guerra, M.; Gullo, P.; Silva, I. Statistical- mathematical procedure to determine the cooling distribution of a chiller plant. Energy Rep. 2022, 8, 512–526. [CrossRef] 21. Thangavelu, S.R.; Myat, A.; Khambadkone, A. Energy optimization methodology of multi-chiller plant in commercial buildings. Energy 2017, 123, 64–76. [CrossRef] 22. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Valdivia-Noda, Y.; Monteagudo-Yanes, J.P.; Miranda-Torres, Y. Application of building energy simulation in the validation of operational strategies of HVAC systems on a tropical hotel. Ing. Mecánica 2017, 20, 31–38. 23. TRNSYS 16; Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison: Madison, WI, USA, 2006; Volume 5, Mathematical Reference. 24. ASHRAE 55; Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. ASHRAE: Washington, DC, USA, 2010. 25. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Santana-Justiz, M.; Francisco-Pedro, G.J.; Daniel-Álvarez, L.; Miranda-Torres, Y.; Guerra-Plascencia, M.Á. Methodology for the preparation and selection of black box mathematical models for the energy simulation of screw type chillers. Ing. Mecánica 2020, 23, e612. 26. White, H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 1980, 48, 817–838. [CrossRef] 27. Breusch, T.S.; Pagan, A. The Review of Economic Studies. In Econometrics Issue; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1980; Volume 47, pp. 239–253. 28. Jarque, C.M.; Bera, A.K. A test for normality of observations and regression residuals. Int. Stat. Rev. 1987, 55, 163–172. [CrossRef] 29. Catrini, P.; Piacentino, A.; Cardona, F.; Ciulla, G. Exergoeconomic analysis as support in decision-making for the design and operation of multiple chiller in air conditioning applications. Energy Convers. Manag. 2020, 220, 113051. [CrossRef] 30. Teimourzadeh, H.; Jabari, F.; Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B. An augmented group search optimization algorithm for optimal cooling-load dispatch in multi-chiller plants. Comput. Electr. Eng. 2020, 85, 106434. [CrossRef] 31. Ho, W.T.; Yu, F.W. Improved model and optimization for the energy performance of chiller syste with diverse component staging. Energy 2021, 217, 119376. [CrossRef] 32. Chang, Y.-C.; Lin, F.-A.; Lin, C.H. Optimal Chillers sequencing by branch and bound method for saving energy. Energy Convers. Manag. 2005, 46, 2158–2172. [CrossRef] 33. Witkoswski, K.; Haering, P.; Seidelt, S.; Pini, N. Role of thermal technologies for enhancing flexibility in multi-energy systems through sector coupling: Technical suitability and expected developments. IET Energy Syst. Integr. 2020, 2, 69–79. [CrossRef] 34. Acerbi, A.; Rampazzo, M.; De Nicolao, G. Na exact algorithm for the optimal chiller loading problem and its application to the OptimalChiller Sequencing Problem. Energies 2020, 13, 6372. [CrossRef] 35. Satué, M.; Arahal, M.; Acedo, L.; Ortega, M. Economic versus energetic model predictive control of a cold production plant with thermal energy storage. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2022, 210, 118309. [CrossRef] 36. Qiu, S.; Zhang, W.; Li, J.; Chen, J.; Li, Z.; Li, Z. A chiller operation strategy based on multiple-objetive optimization. Energy Procedia 2018, 152, 318–323. [CrossRef] 37. Zheng, Z.; Li, J.; Duan, P. Optimal chiller loading by improved artificial fish swarm algorithm for energy saving. Math. Comput. Simul. 2019, 155, 227–243. [CrossRef] 38. Norma Cubana NC 217: 2002; Climatización. Especificaciones de Diseños. Temperaturas en Locales Climatizados. Norma Cubana: Havana, Cuba, 2002. 39. Guerra, M.A.; Cabello, J.; Sousa, V.; Sagastume, A.; Monteagudo, Y.; Lapido, M.; Lara, B. Forescasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels. In Proceedings of the IX International Conference for Renewable Energy, Energy Saving and Energy Education (CIER 2017); Centro de Estudio de Tecnologias Energeticas Renovables CETER: Havana, Cuba, 2017; p. 1CD-ROM. 40. Valdivia, Y.; Álvarez Guerra, M.; Gómez, J.; Luc, H.; Vandecasteele, C. Sanitary hot water production from heat recovery in hotel buildings in Cuba. Ing. Energética 2019, 40, 234–244. 41. E-View 12 Student Version. Available online: https://www.eviews.com/home.html (accessed on 14 February 2023). 42. METEONORM, 2020. Global Meteorological Database for Engineers, Planners and Education. Available online: www.meteonorm. com/pages/en/meteonorm.php (accessed on 10 July 2022). 43. MATLAB Simulink. 2018. Available online: https://www.mathworks.com/help/simulink/release-notes-R2018a.html (accessed on 14 February 2023). 44. Norma Cubana NC 220-3:2009; Edificaciones-Requisitos de diseño para la eficiencia energética-Parte 3: Sistemas y Equipamiento de Calefacción, Ventilación y Aire Acondicionado. Oficina Nacional de Normalización (NC): Havana, Cuba, 2009. |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Díaz Torres, Yamile509726c8fa439124c7ebc8aacd26ef12Gullo, Paride4b588a40d21e2b123fe764a8e33cc7be600Hernández Herrera, Hernán368f702324432a4013403d8c819e2e2eTorres del Toro, Migdalia1479544beb27f7e671651f09e271992fReyes Calvo, Roy78045fb2f4c669c5c1dedd4aad597912Silva Ortega, Jorge I398d7040aeff9fde787d72ea917797e2600Gómez Sarduy, Julio28b5ca366390353cda3ab476754568422023-09-26T20:25:43Z2023-09-26T20:25:43Z2023-04-28Díaz Torres, Y.; Gullo, P.; Hernández Herrera, H.; Torres del Toro, M.; Reyes Calvo, R.; Silva Ortega, J.I.; Gómez arduy, J. Energy Performance Comparison of a Chiller Plant Using the Conventional Staging and the Co-Design Approach in the Early Design Phase of Hotel Buildings. Energies 2023, 16, 3782. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093782https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1051810.3390/en160937821996-1073Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/As part of the design process of a chiller plant, one of the final stages is the energy testing of the system in relation to future operating conditions. Recent studies have suggested establishing robust solutions, but a conservative approach still prevails at this stage. However, the results of some recent studies suggest the application of a new co-design (control–design) approach. The present research involves a comparative analysis between the use of conventional staging and the co-design approach in the design phase of a chiller plant. This paper analyzes the energy consumption estimations of six different chiller plant combinations for a Cuban hotel. For the conservative approach using on/off traditional staging, the results suggest that the best option would be the adoption of a chiller plant featuring a symmetrical configuration. However, the outcomes related to the co-design approach suggest that the best option would be an asymmetrical configuration. The energy savings results were equal to 24.8% and the resulting coefficient of performance (COP) was 59.7% greater than that of the symmetrical configuration. This research lays firm foundations for the correct choice and design of a suitable chiller plant configuration for a selected hotel, allowing for significant energy savings in the tourism sector.23 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/9/3782Energy performance comparison of a chiller plant using the conventional staging and the co-design approach in the early design phase of hotel buildingsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Energies1. Fang, X.; Jin, X.; Du, Z.; Wang, Y.; Shi, W. Evaluation of the design of chilled water system based on the optimal operation performance of equipments. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2017, 113, 435–448. [CrossRef]2. ASHRAE. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook; ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 2017; ISBN 10: 1939200598.3. Díaz Torres, Y.; Álvarez Guerra Plasencia, A.; Viego Felipe, P.; Crespo Sanchez, G.; Diaz Gonzalez, M. Chiller plant design. Review of the aspects that involve its efficient design. Ing. Energética 2020, 41, e1711.4. Taylor, S. Fundamentals of Design and Control of Central Chilled-Water Plans (I-P); Atlanta ASHRAE: Peachtree Corners, GA, USA, 2017; ISBN 978-1-939200-67-9.5. Cheng, Q.; Wang, S.; Yan, C. Sequential Monte Carlo simulation for robust optimal design of cooling water system with quantified uncertainty and reliability. Energy 2016, 118, 489–501. [CrossRef]6. Yan, C.; Cheng, Q.; Cai, H. Life-Cycle optimization of a chiller plant with quantified analysis of uncertainty and reliability in commercial buildings. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1548. [CrossRef]7. Huang, P.; Huang, G.; Augenbroe, G.; Li, S. Optimal configuration of multiple-chiller plants under cooling load uncertainty for different climate effects and building types. Energy Build. 2018, 158, 684–697. [CrossRef]8. Li, H.; Wang, S.; Xiao, F. Probabilistic optimal design and on-site adaptive commissioning of building air-conditioning systems concerning uncertainties. Energy Procedia 2019, 158, 2725–2730. [CrossRef]9. Sun, Y.; Wang, S.; Huang, G. Chiller sequencing control with enhanced robustness for energy efficient operation. Energy Build. 2009, 41, 1246–1255. [CrossRef]10. Gang, W.; Wang, S.; Xiao, F.; Gao, D.-c. Robust optimal design cooling systems considering cooling load uncertainty and equipment reliability. Appl. Energy 2015, 159, 265–275. [CrossRef]11. Gang, W.; Wang, S.; Yan, C.; Xiao, F. Robust optimal design of building cooling systems concerning uncertainties using mini-max regret theory. Sci. Technol. Built Environ. 2015, 21, 789–799. [CrossRef]12. Cheng, Q.; Yan, C.; Wang, S. Robust Optimal Design of Chiller Plants Based on Cooling Load Distribution. Energy Procedia 2015, 75, 1354–1359. [CrossRef]13. Niu, J.; Tian, Z.; Lu, Y.; Zhao, H.; Lan, B. A robust optimization model for designing the building cooling source under cooling load uncertainty. Appl. Energy 2019, 241, 390–403. [CrossRef]14. Chen, Y.; Yang, C.; Pan, X.; Yan, D. Desing and operation optimization of multi-chiller plants based on energy performance simulation. Energy Build. 2020, 222, 110100. [CrossRef]15. Bhattacharya, A.; Vasisht, S.; Adetola, V.; Huang, S.; Sharma, H.; Vrabie, D. Control co-design of commercial building chiller plant using Bayesian optimization. Energy Build. 2021, 246, 111077. [CrossRef]16. Garcia-Sanz, M. Control co-design: An engineering game changer. Adv. Control. Appl. Eng. Ind. Syst. 2019, 1, e18. [CrossRef]17. Rampazzo, M. A static moving boundary modelling approach for simulation of indirect evaporative free cooling systems. Appl. Energy 2019, 250, 1719–1728.18. Masburah, R.; Sinha, S.; Lochan, R.; Dey, S.; Zhu, Q. Co-Designing Intelligent Control of Building HVAC and Microgrids. DSD 2021: Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design. 2021. Available online: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9556332 (accessed on 20 December 2021).19. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Calvo, R.; Herrera, H.; Gomez, S.; Guerra, M.; Silva, J. Procedure to obtain the optimal distribution cooling capacity of an air-condensed chiller plant for a hotel facility conceptual design. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 622–637. [CrossRef]20. Díaz Torres, Y.R.; Hernandez, H.; Torres, M.; Alvarez-Guerra, M.; Gullo, P.; Silva, I. Statistical- mathematical procedure to determine the cooling distribution of a chiller plant. Energy Rep. 2022, 8, 512–526. [CrossRef]21. Thangavelu, S.R.; Myat, A.; Khambadkone, A. Energy optimization methodology of multi-chiller plant in commercial buildings. Energy 2017, 123, 64–76. [CrossRef]22. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Valdivia-Noda, Y.; Monteagudo-Yanes, J.P.; Miranda-Torres, Y. Application of building energy simulation in the validation of operational strategies of HVAC systems on a tropical hotel. Ing. Mecánica 2017, 20, 31–38.23. TRNSYS 16; Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison: Madison, WI, USA, 2006; Volume 5, Mathematical Reference.24. ASHRAE 55; Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. ASHRAE: Washington, DC, USA, 2010.25. Díaz-Torres, Y.; Santana-Justiz, M.; Francisco-Pedro, G.J.; Daniel-Álvarez, L.; Miranda-Torres, Y.; Guerra-Plascencia, M.Á. Methodology for the preparation and selection of black box mathematical models for the energy simulation of screw type chillers. Ing. Mecánica 2020, 23, e612.26. White, H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 1980, 48, 817–838. [CrossRef]27. Breusch, T.S.; Pagan, A. The Review of Economic Studies. 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Oficina Nacional de Normalización (NC): Havana, Cuba, 2009.231916Chiller plantCo-designTraditional stagingOptimal chiller loadingOptimal chiller sequencingORIGINALEnergy Performance Comparison of a Chiller Plant Using the Conventional Staging and the Co-Design Approach in the Early Design Phase of Hotel Buildings.pdfEnergy Performance Comparison of a Chiller Plant Using the Conventional Staging and the Co-Design Approach in the Early Design Phase of Hotel Buildings.pdfArtículosapplication/pdf3584501https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/10518/1/Energy%20Performance%20Comparison%20of%20a%20Chiller%20Plant%20Using%20the%20Conventional%20Staging%20and%20the%20Co-Design%20Approach%20in%20the%20Early%20Design%20Phase%20of%20Hotel%20Buildings.pdfa95d85136e82e0d263e559be36ce5439MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/10518/2/license.txt2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52open accessTEXTEnergy Performance 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Thumbnailimage/jpeg15566https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/10518/4/Energy%20Performance%20Comparison%20of%20a%20Chiller%20Plant%20Using%20the%20Conventional%20Staging%20and%20the%20Co-Design%20Approach%20in%20the%20Early%20Design%20Phase%20of%20Hotel%20Buildings.pdf.jpg1bcaf0354d0e8872a848842b01c32513MD54open access11323/10518oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/105182023-09-27 03:03:19.176An error occurred on the license name.|||https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La 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corporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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