Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia
Ecotourism is grounded in the concept of socio-environmental sustainability. However, the literature needs more clarification on the determinants of ex ante determinants for community participation in ecotourism in coastal lagoon ecosystems. This paper aims to analyze community-based ecosystem manag...
- Autores:
-
Pineda, F.
Padilla, J.
Granobles-Torres, J.C.
Echeverri-Rubio, A.
Botero, C.M.
Suarez, A.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10480
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10480
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Coastal ecosystem
Community participation
Local perceptions
Swamp mallorquín
Willingness to participate
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_86415f4cfa986d8a1cdce373ba9eb83c |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10480 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| title |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia Coastal ecosystem Community participation Local perceptions Swamp mallorquín Willingness to participate |
| title_short |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| title_full |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| title_sort |
Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Pineda, F. Padilla, J. Granobles-Torres, J.C. Echeverri-Rubio, A. Botero, C.M. Suarez, A. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Pineda, F. Padilla, J. Granobles-Torres, J.C. Echeverri-Rubio, A. Botero, C.M. Suarez, A. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Coastal ecosystem Community participation Local perceptions Swamp mallorquín Willingness to participate |
| topic |
Coastal ecosystem Community participation Local perceptions Swamp mallorquín Willingness to participate |
| description |
Ecotourism is grounded in the concept of socio-environmental sustainability. However, the literature needs more clarification on the determinants of ex ante determinants for community participation in ecotourism in coastal lagoon ecosystems. This paper aims to analyze community-based ecosystem management through participation in ecotourism. After a case study design, a survey-like method was used to identify the social willingness to engage in ecotourism and the benefits that the participants preferred as a result of participating. The results show that most respondents believe that ecotourism would promote environmental conservation in the area and also considered their participation essential to ensure the success of ecotourism. Therefore, this research emphasizes the importance of identifying local perceptions of ecotourism before its implementation, evaluates the willingness of locals to participate in this strategy to highlight community agency, and investigates how participation could be achieved. These results are useful for future research and studies on the willingness to take part in ecotourism studies and the understanding of the relationship between society and ecosystems. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-09-12T18:34:13Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-09-12T18:34:13Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
F. Pineda, J. Padilla, J.C. Granobles-Torres, A. Echeverri-Rubio, C.M. Botero, A. Suarez, Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: A case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia, Environmental Challenges, Volume 11, 2023, 100713, ISSN 2667-0100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100713. |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2667-0100 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10480 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.envc.2023.100713 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
F. Pineda, J. Padilla, J.C. Granobles-Torres, A. Echeverri-Rubio, C.M. Botero, A. Suarez, Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: A case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia, Environmental Challenges, Volume 11, 2023, 100713, ISSN 2667-0100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100713. 2667-0100 10.1016/j.envc.2023.100713 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10480 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Environmental Challenges |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Angessa, A.T., Lemma, B., Yeshitela, K., &Endrias, M, 2022. Community perceptions towards the impacts of ecotourism development in the central highlands of Ethiopia: the case of Lake Wanchi and its adjacent landscapes. Heliyon 8 (2), e08924. Armitage, D., 2005. Adaptive capacity and community-based natural resource management. Environmentalmanagement 35 (6), 703–715. Arrieta, L., Rosa Muñoz, J., 2003. Estructura de la comunidad íctica de la Ciénaga de Mallorquín, Caribe colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 32, 231–242. Aweto, O., Fawole, O.P., Saayman, M., 2018. The effect of distance on community participation in ecotourism and conservation at Okomu National Park Nigeria. GeoJ. 1–15. Azis, S.S.A., Sipan, I., Sapri, M., Zafirah, A.M., 2018. Creating an innocuous mangrove ecosystem: understanding the influence of ecotourism products from Malaysian and international perspectives. Ocean Coast Manag. 165, 416–427. Bello, F.G., Lovelock, B., Carr, N., 2016. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: the case of Malawi. J. Ecotourism 16 (2), 131–151. Berkes, F., 2004. Rethinking community-based conservation. Conserv. Biol. 18 (3), 621–630. Bianco, S., Marcianò, C., 2018. Using an Hybrid AHP-SWOT Method to Build Participatory Ecotourism Development Strategies: the Case Study of the Cupe Valley Natural Reserve in Southern Italy. In: International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives. Springer, Cham, pp. 327–336. Black, R., Cobbinah, P.B., 2016. Local attitudes towards tourism and conservation in rural Botswana and Rwanda. J. Ecotourism 17 (1), 79–105. Brandt, J.S., Buckley, R.C., 2018. A global systematic review of empirical evidence of ecotourism impacts on forests in biodiversity hotspots. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 32, 112–118. Castro-Rodríguez, E., León-Luna, I., Pinedo-Hernández, J., 2018. Biogeochemistry of mangrove sediments in the Swamp of Mallorquin, Colombia. Reg. Stud. Marine Sci. 17, 38–46. Ceballos-Lascurain, H., 1987. The future of ecotourism. Mexico J. 13–14 January. Chen, B.X., Qiu, Z.M., 2017. Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve: a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, China. J. Mountain Sci. 14 (7), 1405–1418. Chirozva, C., 2015. Community agency and entrepreneurship in ecotourism planning and development in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. J. Ecotourism 14 (2–3), 185–203. Cobbinah, P.B., Black, R., Thwaites, R., 2015. Ecotourism implementation in the Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana: administrative framework and local community experiences. J. Ecotourism 14 (2–3), 223–242. Coria, J., Calfucura, E., 2012. Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecol. Econ. 73, 47–55. Daniel, J., 2012. Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines For Making Sampling Choices. Sage Publications. Das, M., Chatterjee, B., 2015. Ecotourism: a panacea or a predicament? Tour. Manag. Perspect. 14, 3–16. Del Cairo, C., Gómez Zúñiga, S., Ortega Martínez, J.E., Ortiz Gallego, D., Rodríguez Maldonado, A.C., Vélez Triana, J.S., and Vergara Gutiérrez, T. (2018). Dinámicas socioecológicas y ecoturismo comunitario: un análisis comparativo en el eje fluvial Guayabero-Guaviare. Donohoe, H.M., Needham, R.D., 2006. Ecotourism: the evolving contemporary definition. J. Ecotourism 5 (3), 192–210. Enriquez-Acevedo, T., Botero, C.M., Cantero-Rodelo, R., Pertuz, A., Suarez, A., 2018. Willingness to pay for Beach Ecosystem Services: the case study of three Colombian beaches. Ocean&Coastal Management 161, 96–104. Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Ríos-Mármol, M., Vivas-Aguas, J.L., 2016. Evaluación De La Calidad Ambiental De Los Manglares De La Ciénaga Mallorquín, Departamento Del Atlántico. Convenio CRA-INVEMAR No. 027 De 2015. Informe técnico final, Santa Marta, p. 32. Ghosh, P., Ghosh, A., 2018. Is ecotourism a panacea? Political ecology perspectives from the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India. GeoJournal 1–22. Hakim, L., 2017. Managing biodiversity for a competitive ecotourism industry in tropical developing countries: new opportunities in biological fields. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, 1908. AIP Publishing No. 1. Harun, R., Chiciudean, G., Sirwan, K., Arion, F., Muresan, I., 2018. Attitudes and Perceptions of the Local Community towards Sustainable Tourism Development in Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq. Sustainability 10 (9), 2991. He, Y., Huang, P., Xu, H., 2018. Simulation of a dynamical ecotourism system with low carbon activity: a case from western China. J. Environ. Manage. 206, 1243–1252. Hiwasaki, L., 2006. Community-based tourism: a pathway to sustainability for Japan’s protected areas. Soc. Nat. Resour. 19 (8), 675–692. Idziak, W., Majewski, J., Zmyślony, P., 2015. Community participation in sustainable rural tourism experience creation: a long-term appraisal and lessons from a thematic villages project in Poland. J. Sustain. Tourism 23 (8–9), 1341–1362. Iqbal, A., Ramachandran, S., Siow, M.L., Subramaniam, T., Afandi, S.H.M., 2022. Meaningful community participation for effective development of sustainabletourism: bibliometric analysis towards a quintuple helix model. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 39, 100523. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2022.100523. Jamal, T., Stronza, A., 2009. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. J. Sustain. Tourism 17 (2), 169–189. Jurowski, C., Gursoy, D., 2004. Distance effects on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Ann. Tourism Res. 31 (2), 296–312. Kuuder, C.J.W., 2012. Community-based ecotourism and livelihood enhancement in Sirigu, Ghana. Int. J. Human. Soc. Sci. 2 (18). Lanier, P., 2014. The positive impacts of ecotourism in protected areas. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 187. Lee, T.H., 2013. Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism management 34, 37–46. Lee, T.H., Jan, F.H., 2018. Ecotourism behavior of nature-based tourists: an integrative framework. J. Travel Res. 57 (6), 792–810. Lemahieu, A., Scott, L., Malherbe, W.S., Mahatante, P.T., Randrianarimanana, J.V., Aswani, S., 2018. Local perceptions of environmental changes in fishing communities of southwest Madagascar. Ocean Coast Manag 163, 209–221. Liu, X., Li, J., 2018. Host Perceptions of Tourism Impact and Stage of Destination Development in a Developing Country. Sustainability 10 (7), 2300. Luna-Cabrera, G.C., Narváez-Romo, A., Molina-Moreno, Á.A., 2020. Percepción de jóvenes rurales frente al ecoturismo en el Centro Ambiental Chimayoy, Municipio de Pasto, Colombia. Informacióntecnológica 31 (2), 229–238. Mäntymaa, E., Ovaskainen, V., Juutinen, A., Tyrväinen, L., 2018. Integrating nature-based tourism and forestry in private lands under heterogeneous visitor preferences for forest attributes. J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 61 (4), 724–746. McClanahan, B., Parra, T.S., &Brisman, A, 2019. Conflict, environment and transition: colombia, ecology and tourism after demobilisation. International J. Crime, Justice Soc. Democracy 8 (3), 74. Manzolli, R.P., Blanco, D., Portz, L., Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Ruiz Agudelo, C.A., Suarez, A., 2022. Large wood debris contributes to beach ecosystems but Colombian beachgoer’s do not recognize it. Sustainability 14 (13), 8140. Martini, U., Buffa, F., Notaro, S., 2017. Community Participation, Natural Resource Management and the Creation of Innovative Tourism Products: evidence from Italian Networks of Reserves in the Alps. Sustainability 9 (12), 2314. Matarrita-Cascante, D., Brennan, M.A., &Luloff, A.E, 2010. Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica. J. Sustain. Tourism 18 (6), 735–756. Mensah, I., Ernest, A., 2013. Community participation in ecotourism: the case of Bobiri Forest Reserve and butterfly sanctuary in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Am. J. Tourism Manag. 2 (A), 34–42. Mills, A.J., Durepos, G., Wiebe, E., 2010. Case study surveys. In: Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, 1. SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 125–126. doi:10.4135/9781412957397.n43. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2016. Resolución No.1478. Por medio de la cual se aprueba y actualiza la zonificación de los manglares de la unidad Ciénaga de Mallorquín, ubicada en jurisdicción de la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Atlántico (CRA) y se adoptan otras determinaciones Recuperado. Mossaz, A., Buckley, R.C., Castley, J.G., 2015. Ecotourism contributions to conservation of African big cats. J. Nature Conserv. 28, 112–118. Mountjoy, N.J., Whiles, M.R., Spyreas, G., Lovvorn, J.R., Seekamp, E., 2016. Assessing the efficacy of community-based natural resource management planning with a multi-watershed approach. Biol. Conserv. 201, 120–128. Nielsen-Pincus, M., Sussman, P., Bennett, D.E., Gosnell, H., Parker, R., 2017. The influence of place on the willingness to pay for ecosystem services. Soc Nat Resour 30 (12), 1423–1441. Okazaki, E., 2008. A community-based tourism model: its conception and use. Journal of sustainabletourism 16 (5), 511–529. Otzen, T., Manterola, C., 2017. Técnicas de Muestreo sobre una Población a Estudio. International Journal of Morphology 35 (1), 227–232. Palmer, N.J., Chuamuangphan, N., 2018. Governance and local participation in ecotourism: community-level ecotourism stakeholders in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. J. Ecotourism 17 (3), 320–337. Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/22231/. POMCA, (2006) Características socioeconómicas de las comunidades aledañas a la ciénaga de mallorquín. Plan de Ordenamiento y manejo de la cuenca Hidrográfica de la ciénaga de mallorquín Barranquilla. Recuperado de: http://www.crautonoma.gov.co/ documentos/mallorquin/diagnostico/CaractProductiva.pdf. PookhaoSonjai, N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M., Staiff, R., 2018. Community-based ecotourism: beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. J. Ecotourism 17 (3), 252–267. Pornprasit, P., Rurkkhum, S., 2019. Performance evaluation of community-based ecotourism: a case study in Satun province. Thailand. J. Ecotourism 18 (1), 42–59. Ramón-Hidalgo, A.E., Kozak, R.A., Harshaw, H.W., Tindall, D.B., 2017. Differential effects of cognitive and structural social capital on empowerment in two community ecotourism projects in Ghana. Soc Nat Resour 31 (1), 57–73. Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Jaafar, M., Kock, N., Ahmad, A.G., 2017. The effects of community factors on residents’ perceptions toward World Heritage Site inscription and sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25 (2), 198–216. Robledano, F., Esteve, M.A., Calvo, J.F., Martínez-Paz, J.M., Farinós, P., Carreño, M.F., … Zamora, A., 2018. Multi-criteriaassessment of a proposedecotourism, environmentaleducation and researchinfrastructure in a uniquelagoonecosystem: the Encañizadas del Mar Menor (Murcia, SE Spain). JournalforNatureConservation 43, 201–210. Romo, R., 2008. Redes Sociales De Los Pescadores Del Corregimiento La Playa en La Segunda Fase Del Proyecto Del Fondo Ambiental De Acuerdo Al Acceso a La Atención Primaria en Salud. Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla- Colombia Tesis de Posgrados en Maestría en Desarrollo Social). Sakata, H., &Prideaux, B, 2013. An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (6), 880–899. Schismenos, S., Zaimes, G.N., Iakovoglou, V., Emmanouloudis, D., 2018. Environmental sustainability and ecotourism of riparian and deltaic ecosystems: opportunities for rural Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Greece. International Journal of Environmental Studies 1–14. Stone, M.T., Nyaupane, G.P., 2016. Ecotourism influence on community needs and the functions of protected areas: a systems thinking approach. J. Ecotourism 16 (3), 222–246. Strong-Cvetich, N.J., Scorse, J., 2007. Ecotourism in post-conflict: A new Tool For Reconciliation. Monterey Institute of International Studies Available at. Stronza, A., Gordillo, J., 2008. Community views of ecotourism. Annals of tourism research 35 (2), 448–468. Stronza, A.L., Hunt, C.A., Fitzgerald, L.A., 2019. Ecotourism forconservation? Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 44, 229–253. Stronza, A., Pêgas, F., 2008. Ecotourism and conservation: two cases from Brazil andPeru. Human Dimens. Wildlife 13 (4), 263–279. doi:10.1080/10871200802187097. Suarez, A., Arias-Arévalo, P., Martinez-Mera, E., Granobles-Torres, J.C., Enríquez-Acevedo, T., 2018b. Involving victim population in environmentally sustainable strategies: an analysis for post-conflict Colombia. Sci. Total Environ. 643, 1223–1231. Trialfhianty, T.I., 2017. The role of the community in supporting coral reef restoration in Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia. J. Coastal Conserv. 21 (6), 873–882. Universidad del Norte, 2014a. Análisis Sobre El Manejo Integral Del Recurso Hídrico En La Ciénaga de Mallorquín, p. 16 Recuperado de. Universidad del Norte. (2014b). Informe 2. Recuperado de http://guayacan.uninorte.edu.co/servicios-a-la-comunidad/informe_2.pdf. UNIMAGDALENA y CRA. (2015). Definición de la ronda hídrica de la Ciénaga de Mallorquín y formulación del plan de manejo de manglares en el departamento del Atlántico. Comunidades de pescadores. Recuperado de: file:///E:/Users/Estudiante/ Downloads/INFORME_FINAL_CONVENIO_20.pdf Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1– 14. Velasco, A.M., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Martínez-Paz, J.M., Marcos, C., 2018. Ecosystem services and main environmental risks in a coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain): the public perception. J. Nature Conserv. 43, 180–189. |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
11 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
8 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.country.none.fl_str_mv |
Colombia |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier BV |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Netherlands |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010023000355 |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9942a626-77e8-4e71-ab50-fefe322335b2/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7b36ae83-0537-48c3-90fe-8b43ef2c6466/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/41fdbae7-1ad9-457e-a749-4216743025af/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ab1866dc-4abb-446c-a757-67b00ffb9171/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3835986477ee7ca6ac3c459d9d993307 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a cfd718c63516bfeb8ea495caded8c21b 0f7fb810945a61f92731b428cabded3c |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166875265105920 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Pineda, F.Padilla, J.Granobles-Torres, J.C.Echeverri-Rubio, A.Botero, C.M.Suarez, A.2023-09-12T18:34:13Z2023-09-12T18:34:13Z2023F. Pineda, J. Padilla, J.C. Granobles-Torres, A. Echeverri-Rubio, C.M. Botero, A. Suarez, Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: A case study in a coastal lagoon in Colombia, Environmental Challenges, Volume 11, 2023, 100713, ISSN 2667-0100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100713.2667-0100https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1048010.1016/j.envc.2023.100713Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Ecotourism is grounded in the concept of socio-environmental sustainability. However, the literature needs more clarification on the determinants of ex ante determinants for community participation in ecotourism in coastal lagoon ecosystems. This paper aims to analyze community-based ecosystem management through participation in ecotourism. After a case study design, a survey-like method was used to identify the social willingness to engage in ecotourism and the benefits that the participants preferred as a result of participating. The results show that most respondents believe that ecotourism would promote environmental conservation in the area and also considered their participation essential to ensure the success of ecotourism. Therefore, this research emphasizes the importance of identifying local perceptions of ecotourism before its implementation, evaluates the willingness of locals to participate in this strategy to highlight community agency, and investigates how participation could be achieved. These results are useful for future research and studies on the willingness to take part in ecotourism studies and the understanding of the relationship between society and ecosystems.8 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier BVNetherlandshttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010023000355Community preferences for participating in ecotourism: a case study in a coastal lagoon in ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85ColombiaEnvironmental ChallengesAngessa, A.T., Lemma, B., Yeshitela, K., &Endrias, M, 2022. Community perceptions towards the impacts of ecotourism development in the central highlands of Ethiopia: the case of Lake Wanchi and its adjacent landscapes. Heliyon 8 (2), e08924.Armitage, D., 2005. Adaptive capacity and community-based natural resource management. Environmentalmanagement 35 (6), 703–715.Arrieta, L., Rosa Muñoz, J., 2003. Estructura de la comunidad íctica de la Ciénaga de Mallorquín, Caribe colombiano. Bol. Invest. Mar. Cost. 32, 231–242.Aweto, O., Fawole, O.P., Saayman, M., 2018. The effect of distance on community participation in ecotourism and conservation at Okomu National Park Nigeria. GeoJ. 1–15.Azis, S.S.A., Sipan, I., Sapri, M., Zafirah, A.M., 2018. Creating an innocuous mangrove ecosystem: understanding the influence of ecotourism products from Malaysian and international perspectives. Ocean Coast Manag. 165, 416–427.Bello, F.G., Lovelock, B., Carr, N., 2016. Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: the case of Malawi. J. Ecotourism 16 (2), 131–151.Berkes, F., 2004. Rethinking community-based conservation. Conserv. Biol. 18 (3), 621–630.Bianco, S., Marcianò, C., 2018. Using an Hybrid AHP-SWOT Method to Build Participatory Ecotourism Development Strategies: the Case Study of the Cupe Valley Natural Reserve in Southern Italy. In: International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives. Springer, Cham, pp. 327–336.Black, R., Cobbinah, P.B., 2016. Local attitudes towards tourism and conservation in rural Botswana and Rwanda. J. Ecotourism 17 (1), 79–105.Brandt, J.S., Buckley, R.C., 2018. A global systematic review of empirical evidence of ecotourism impacts on forests in biodiversity hotspots. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 32, 112–118.Castro-Rodríguez, E., León-Luna, I., Pinedo-Hernández, J., 2018. Biogeochemistry of mangrove sediments in the Swamp of Mallorquin, Colombia. Reg. Stud. Marine Sci. 17, 38–46.Ceballos-Lascurain, H., 1987. The future of ecotourism. Mexico J. 13–14 January. Chen, B.X., Qiu, Z.M., 2017. Community attitudes toward ecotourism development and environmental conservation in nature reserve: a case of Fujian Wuyishan National Nature Reserve, China. J. Mountain Sci. 14 (7), 1405–1418.Chirozva, C., 2015. Community agency and entrepreneurship in ecotourism planning and development in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. J. Ecotourism 14 (2–3), 185–203.Cobbinah, P.B., Black, R., Thwaites, R., 2015. Ecotourism implementation in the Kakum Conservation Area, Ghana: administrative framework and local community experiences. J. Ecotourism 14 (2–3), 223–242.Coria, J., Calfucura, E., 2012. Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecol. Econ. 73, 47–55.Daniel, J., 2012. Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines For Making Sampling Choices. Sage Publications.Das, M., Chatterjee, B., 2015. Ecotourism: a panacea or a predicament? Tour. Manag. Perspect. 14, 3–16.Del Cairo, C., Gómez Zúñiga, S., Ortega Martínez, J.E., Ortiz Gallego, D., Rodríguez Maldonado, A.C., Vélez Triana, J.S., and Vergara Gutiérrez, T. (2018). Dinámicas socioecológicas y ecoturismo comunitario: un análisis comparativo en el eje fluvial Guayabero-Guaviare.Donohoe, H.M., Needham, R.D., 2006. Ecotourism: the evolving contemporary definition. J. Ecotourism 5 (3), 192–210.Enriquez-Acevedo, T., Botero, C.M., Cantero-Rodelo, R., Pertuz, A., Suarez, A., 2018. Willingness to pay for Beach Ecosystem Services: the case study of three Colombian beaches. Ocean&Coastal Management 161, 96–104.Garcés-Ordóñez, O., Ríos-Mármol, M., Vivas-Aguas, J.L., 2016. Evaluación De La Calidad Ambiental De Los Manglares De La Ciénaga Mallorquín, Departamento Del Atlántico. Convenio CRA-INVEMAR No. 027 De 2015. Informe técnico final, Santa Marta, p. 32.Ghosh, P., Ghosh, A., 2018. Is ecotourism a panacea? Political ecology perspectives from the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India. GeoJournal 1–22.Hakim, L., 2017. Managing biodiversity for a competitive ecotourism industry in tropical developing countries: new opportunities in biological fields. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, 1908. AIP Publishing No. 1.Harun, R., Chiciudean, G., Sirwan, K., Arion, F., Muresan, I., 2018. Attitudes and Perceptions of the Local Community towards Sustainable Tourism Development in Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq. Sustainability 10 (9), 2991.He, Y., Huang, P., Xu, H., 2018. Simulation of a dynamical ecotourism system with low carbon activity: a case from western China. J. Environ. Manage. 206, 1243–1252.Hiwasaki, L., 2006. Community-based tourism: a pathway to sustainability for Japan’s protected areas. Soc. Nat. Resour. 19 (8), 675–692.Idziak, W., Majewski, J., Zmyślony, P., 2015. Community participation in sustainable rural tourism experience creation: a long-term appraisal and lessons from a thematic villages project in Poland. J. Sustain. Tourism 23 (8–9), 1341–1362.Iqbal, A., Ramachandran, S., Siow, M.L., Subramaniam, T., Afandi, S.H.M., 2022. Meaningful community participation for effective development of sustainabletourism: bibliometric analysis towards a quintuple helix model. J. Outdoor Recreat. Tour. 39, 100523. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2022.100523.Jamal, T., Stronza, A., 2009. Collaboration theory and tourism practice in protected areas: stakeholders, structuring and sustainability. J. Sustain. Tourism 17 (2), 169–189.Jurowski, C., Gursoy, D., 2004. Distance effects on residents’ attitudes toward tourism. Ann. Tourism Res. 31 (2), 296–312.Kuuder, C.J.W., 2012. Community-based ecotourism and livelihood enhancement in Sirigu, Ghana. Int. J. Human. Soc. Sci. 2 (18).Lanier, P., 2014. The positive impacts of ecotourism in protected areas. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 187.Lee, T.H., 2013. Influence analysis of community resident support for sustainable tourism development. Tourism management 34, 37–46.Lee, T.H., Jan, F.H., 2018. Ecotourism behavior of nature-based tourists: an integrative framework. J. Travel Res. 57 (6), 792–810.Lemahieu, A., Scott, L., Malherbe, W.S., Mahatante, P.T., Randrianarimanana, J.V., Aswani, S., 2018. Local perceptions of environmental changes in fishing communities of southwest Madagascar. Ocean Coast Manag 163, 209–221.Liu, X., Li, J., 2018. Host Perceptions of Tourism Impact and Stage of Destination Development in a Developing Country. Sustainability 10 (7), 2300.Luna-Cabrera, G.C., Narváez-Romo, A., Molina-Moreno, Á.A., 2020. Percepción de jóvenes rurales frente al ecoturismo en el Centro Ambiental Chimayoy, Municipio de Pasto, Colombia. Informacióntecnológica 31 (2), 229–238.Mäntymaa, E., Ovaskainen, V., Juutinen, A., Tyrväinen, L., 2018. Integrating nature-based tourism and forestry in private lands under heterogeneous visitor preferences for forest attributes. J. Environ. Plann. Manage. 61 (4), 724–746.McClanahan, B., Parra, T.S., &Brisman, A, 2019. Conflict, environment and transition: colombia, ecology and tourism after demobilisation. International J. Crime, Justice Soc. Democracy 8 (3), 74.Manzolli, R.P., Blanco, D., Portz, L., Yanes, A., Zielinski, S., Ruiz Agudelo, C.A., Suarez, A., 2022. Large wood debris contributes to beach ecosystems but Colombian beachgoer’s do not recognize it. Sustainability 14 (13), 8140.Martini, U., Buffa, F., Notaro, S., 2017. Community Participation, Natural Resource Management and the Creation of Innovative Tourism Products: evidence from Italian Networks of Reserves in the Alps. Sustainability 9 (12), 2314.Matarrita-Cascante, D., Brennan, M.A., &Luloff, A.E, 2010. Community agency and sustainable tourism development: the case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica. J. Sustain. Tourism 18 (6), 735–756.Mensah, I., Ernest, A., 2013. Community participation in ecotourism: the case of Bobiri Forest Reserve and butterfly sanctuary in Ashanti Region of Ghana. Am. J. Tourism Manag. 2 (A), 34–42.Mills, A.J., Durepos, G., Wiebe, E., 2010. Case study surveys. In: Encyclopedia of Case Study Research, 1. SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 125–126. doi:10.4135/9781412957397.n43.Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2016. Resolución No.1478. Por medio de la cual se aprueba y actualiza la zonificación de los manglares de la unidad Ciénaga de Mallorquín, ubicada en jurisdicción de la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Atlántico (CRA) y se adoptan otras determinaciones Recuperado.Mossaz, A., Buckley, R.C., Castley, J.G., 2015. Ecotourism contributions to conservation of African big cats. J. Nature Conserv. 28, 112–118.Mountjoy, N.J., Whiles, M.R., Spyreas, G., Lovvorn, J.R., Seekamp, E., 2016. Assessing the efficacy of community-based natural resource management planning with a multi-watershed approach. Biol. Conserv. 201, 120–128.Nielsen-Pincus, M., Sussman, P., Bennett, D.E., Gosnell, H., Parker, R., 2017. The influence of place on the willingness to pay for ecosystem services. Soc Nat Resour 30 (12), 1423–1441.Okazaki, E., 2008. A community-based tourism model: its conception and use. Journal of sustainabletourism 16 (5), 511–529.Otzen, T., Manterola, C., 2017. Técnicas de Muestreo sobre una Población a Estudio. International Journal of Morphology 35 (1), 227–232.Palmer, N.J., Chuamuangphan, N., 2018. Governance and local participation in ecotourism: community-level ecotourism stakeholders in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. J. Ecotourism 17 (3), 320–337. Available from Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive (SHURA) at: http://shura.shu.ac.uk/22231/.POMCA, (2006) Características socioeconómicas de las comunidades aledañas a la ciénaga de mallorquín. Plan de Ordenamiento y manejo de la cuenca Hidrográfica de la ciénaga de mallorquín Barranquilla. Recuperado de: http://www.crautonoma.gov.co/ documentos/mallorquin/diagnostico/CaractProductiva.pdf.PookhaoSonjai, N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M., Staiff, R., 2018. Community-based ecotourism: beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. J. Ecotourism 17 (3), 252–267.Pornprasit, P., Rurkkhum, S., 2019. Performance evaluation of community-based ecotourism: a case study in Satun province. Thailand. J. Ecotourism 18 (1), 42–59.Ramón-Hidalgo, A.E., Kozak, R.A., Harshaw, H.W., Tindall, D.B., 2017. Differential effects of cognitive and structural social capital on empowerment in two community ecotourism projects in Ghana. Soc Nat Resour 31 (1), 57–73.Rasoolimanesh, S.M., Jaafar, M., Kock, N., Ahmad, A.G., 2017. The effects of community factors on residents’ perceptions toward World Heritage Site inscription and sustainable tourism development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25 (2), 198–216.Robledano, F., Esteve, M.A., Calvo, J.F., Martínez-Paz, J.M., Farinós, P., Carreño, M.F., … Zamora, A., 2018. Multi-criteriaassessment of a proposedecotourism, environmentaleducation and researchinfrastructure in a uniquelagoonecosystem: the Encañizadas del Mar Menor (Murcia, SE Spain). JournalforNatureConservation 43, 201–210.Romo, R., 2008. Redes Sociales De Los Pescadores Del Corregimiento La Playa en La Segunda Fase Del Proyecto Del Fondo Ambiental De Acuerdo Al Acceso a La Atención Primaria en Salud. Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla- Colombia Tesis de Posgrados en Maestría en Desarrollo Social).Sakata, H., &Prideaux, B, 2013. An alternative approach to community-based ecotourism: a bottom-up locally initiated non-monetised project in Papua New Guinea. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (6), 880–899.Schismenos, S., Zaimes, G.N., Iakovoglou, V., Emmanouloudis, D., 2018. Environmental sustainability and ecotourism of riparian and deltaic ecosystems: opportunities for rural Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. Greece. International Journal of Environmental Studies 1–14.Stone, M.T., Nyaupane, G.P., 2016. Ecotourism influence on community needs and the functions of protected areas: a systems thinking approach. J. Ecotourism 16 (3), 222–246.Strong-Cvetich, N.J., Scorse, J., 2007. Ecotourism in post-conflict: A new Tool For Reconciliation. Monterey Institute of International Studies Available at. Stronza, A., Gordillo, J., 2008. Community views of ecotourism. Annals of tourism research 35 (2), 448–468.Stronza, A.L., Hunt, C.A., Fitzgerald, L.A., 2019. Ecotourism forconservation? Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 44, 229–253.Stronza, A., Pêgas, F., 2008. Ecotourism and conservation: two cases from Brazil andPeru. Human Dimens. Wildlife 13 (4), 263–279. doi:10.1080/10871200802187097.Suarez, A., Arias-Arévalo, P., Martinez-Mera, E., Granobles-Torres, J.C., Enríquez-Acevedo, T., 2018b. Involving victim population in environmentally sustainable strategies: an analysis for post-conflict Colombia. Sci. Total Environ. 643, 1223–1231.Trialfhianty, T.I., 2017. The role of the community in supporting coral reef restoration in Pemuteran, Bali, Indonesia. J. Coastal Conserv. 21 (6), 873–882.Universidad del Norte, 2014a. Análisis Sobre El Manejo Integral Del Recurso Hídrico En La Ciénaga de Mallorquín, p. 16 Recuperado de.Universidad del Norte. (2014b). Informe 2. Recuperado de http://guayacan.uninorte.edu.co/servicios-a-la-comunidad/informe_2.pdf.UNIMAGDALENA y CRA. (2015). Definición de la ronda hídrica de la Ciénaga de Mallorquín y formulación del plan de manejo de manglares en el departamento del Atlántico. Comunidades de pescadores. Recuperado de: file:///E:/Users/Estudiante/ Downloads/INFORME_FINAL_CONVENIO_20.pdf Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 1– 14.Velasco, A.M., Pérez-Ruzafa, A., Martínez-Paz, J.M., Marcos, C., 2018. Ecosystem services and main environmental risks in a coastal lagoon (Mar Menor, Murcia, SE Spain): the public perception. J. Nature Conserv. 43, 180–189.11Coastal ecosystemCommunity participationLocal perceptionsSwamp mallorquínWillingness to participatePublicationORIGINALCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdfCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf976813https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9942a626-77e8-4e71-ab50-fefe322335b2/download3835986477ee7ca6ac3c459d9d993307MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7b36ae83-0537-48c3-90fe-8b43ef2c6466/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdf.txtCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain52918https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/41fdbae7-1ad9-457e-a749-4216743025af/downloadcfd718c63516bfeb8ea495caded8c21bMD53THUMBNAILCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdf.jpgCommunity preferences for participating in ecotourism.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15603https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ab1866dc-4abb-446c-a757-67b00ffb9171/download0f7fb810945a61f92731b428cabded3cMD5411323/10480oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/104802024-09-17 14:20:45.763https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.coTEEgT0JSQSAoVEFMIFkgQ09NTyBTRSBERUZJTkUgTcOBUyBBREVMQU5URSkgU0UgT1RPUkdBIEJBSk8gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIERFIEVTVEEgTElDRU5DSUEgUMOaQkxJQ0EgREUgQ1JFQVRJVkUgQ09NTU9OUyAo4oCcTFBDQ+KAnSBPIOKAnExJQ0VOQ0lB4oCdKS4gTEEgT0JSQSBFU1TDgSBQUk9URUdJREEgUE9SIERFUkVDSE9TIERFIEFVVE9SIFkvVSBPVFJBUyBMRVlFUyBBUExJQ0FCTEVTLiBRVUVEQSBQUk9ISUJJRE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSIFVTTyBRVUUgU0UgSEFHQSBERSBMQSBPQlJBIFFVRSBOTyBDVUVOVEUgQ09OIExBIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gUEVSVElORU5URSBERSBDT05GT1JNSURBRCBDT04gTE9TIFTDiVJNSU5PUyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFkgREUgTEEgTEVZIERFIERFUkVDSE8gREUgQVVUT1IuCgpNRURJQU5URSBFTCBFSkVSQ0lDSU8gREUgQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBERSBMT1MgREVSRUNIT1MgUVVFIFNFIE9UT1JHQU4gRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSwgVVNURUQgQUNFUFRBIFkgQUNVRVJEQSBRVUVEQVIgT0JMSUdBRE8gRU4gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIFFVRSBTRSBTRcORQUxBTiBFTiBFTExBLiBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBDT05DRURFIEEgVVNURUQgTE9TIERFUkVDSE9TIENPTlRFTklET1MgRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBDT05ESUNJT05BRE9TIEEgTEEgQUNFUFRBQ0nDk04gREUgU1VTIFRFUk1JTk9TIFkgQ09ORElDSU9ORVMuCjEuIERlZmluaWNpb25lcwoKYS4JT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgZXMgdW5hIG9icmEsIHRhbCBjb21vIHVuYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gcGVyacOzZGljYSwgdW5hIGFudG9sb2fDrWEsIG8gdW5hIGVuY2ljbG9wZWRpYSwgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgZW4gc3UgdG90YWxpZGFkLCBzaW4gbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiBhbGd1bmEsIGp1bnRvIGNvbiB1biBncnVwbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBjb250cmlidWNpb25lcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5ZW4gb2JyYXMgc2VwYXJhZGFzIGUgaW5kZXBlbmRpZW50ZXMgZW4gc8OtIG1pc21hcywgc2UgaW50ZWdyYW4gZW4gdW4gdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8uIFVuYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBubyBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgKGNvbW8gc2UgZGVmaW5lIGFiYWpvKSBwYXJhIGxvcyBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiBhcXVlbGxhIHByb2R1Y2lkYSBwb3IgdW4gZ3J1cG8gZGUgYXV0b3JlcywgZW4gcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIHNpbiBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcywganVudG8gY29uIHVuYSBjaWVydGEgY2FudGlkYWQgZGUgb3RyYXMgY29udHJpYnVjaW9uZXMsIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllbiBlbiBzw60gbWlzbW9zIHRyYWJham9zIHNlcGFyYWRvcyBlIGluZGVwZW5kaWVudGVzLCBxdWUgc29uIGludGVncmFkb3MgYWwgdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8sIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gcHVibGljYWNpb25lcyBwZXJpw7NkaWNhcywgYW50b2xvZ8OtYXMgbyBlbmNpY2xvcGVkaWFzLgoKYi4JT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSBzaWduaWZpY2EgdW5hIG9icmEgYmFzYWRhIGVuIGxhIG9icmEgb2JqZXRvIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBlbiDDqXN0YSB5IG90cmFzIG9icmFzIHByZWV4aXN0ZW50ZXMsIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gdHJhZHVjY2lvbmVzLCBhcnJlZ2xvcyBtdXNpY2FsZXMsIGRyYW1hdGl6YWNpb25lcywg4oCcZmljY2lvbmFsaXphY2lvbmVz4oCdLCB2ZXJzaW9uZXMgcGFyYSBjaW5lLCDigJxncmFiYWNpb25lcyBkZSBzb25pZG/igJ0sIHJlcHJvZHVjY2lvbmVzIGRlIGFydGUsIHJlc8O6bWVuZXMsIGNvbmRlbnNhY2lvbmVzLCBvIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJhIGVuIGxhIHF1ZSBsYSBvYnJhIHB1ZWRhIHNlciB0cmFuc2Zvcm1hZGEsIGNhbWJpYWRhIG8gYWRhcHRhZGEsIGV4Y2VwdG8gYXF1ZWxsYXMgcXVlIGNvbnN0aXR1eWFuIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSwgbGFzIHF1ZSBubyBzZXLDoW4gY29uc2lkZXJhZGFzIHVuYSBvYnJhIGRlcml2YWRhIHBhcmEgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiAoUGFyYSBldml0YXIgZHVkYXMsIGVuIGVsIGNhc28gZGUgcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2VhIHVuYSBjb21wb3NpY2nDs24gbXVzaWNhbCBvIHVuYSBncmFiYWNpw7NuIHNvbm9yYSwgcGFyYSBsb3MgZWZlY3RvcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIGxhIHNpbmNyb25pemFjacOzbiB0ZW1wb3JhbCBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIGNvbiB1bmEgaW1hZ2VuIGVuIG1vdmltaWVudG8gc2UgY29uc2lkZXJhcsOhIHVuYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhIHBhcmEgbG9zIGZpbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEpLgoKYy4JTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIGVzIGVsIGluZGl2aWR1byBvIGxhIGVudGlkYWQgdGl0dWxhciBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgcXVlIG9mcmVjZSBsYSBPYnJhIGVuIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYS4KCmQuCUF1dG9yIG9yaWdpbmFsLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gcXVlIGNyZcOzIGxhIE9icmEuCgplLglPYnJhLCBlcyBhcXVlbGxhIG9icmEgc3VzY2VwdGlibGUgZGUgcHJvdGVjY2nDs24gcG9yIGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGRlIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgQXV0b3IgeSBxdWUgZXMgb2ZyZWNpZGEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhCgpmLglVc3RlZCwgZXMgZWwgaW5kaXZpZHVvIG8gbGEgZW50aWRhZCBxdWUgZWplcmNpdGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBhbCBhbXBhcm8gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IHF1ZSBjb24gYW50ZXJpb3JpZGFkIG5vIGhhIHZpb2xhZG8gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGxhIG1pc21hIHJlc3BlY3RvIGEgbGEgT2JyYSwgbyBxdWUgaGF5YSBvYnRlbmlkbyBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGV4cHJlc2EgcG9yIHBhcnRlIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGFsIGFtcGFybyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHBlc2UgYSB1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBhbnRlcmlvci4KCjIuIERlcmVjaG9zIGRlIFVzb3MgSG9ucmFkb3MgeSBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBMZWdhbGVzLgpOYWRhIGVuIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcG9kcsOhIHNlciBpbnRlcnByZXRhZG8gY29tbyB1bmEgZGlzbWludWNpw7NuLCBsaW1pdGFjacOzbiBvIHJlc3RyaWNjacOzbiBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGVyaXZhZG9zIGRlbCB1c28gaG9ucmFkbyB5IG90cmFzIGxpbWl0YWNpb25lcyBvIGV4Y2VwY2lvbmVzIGEgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlbCBhdXRvciBiYWpvIGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGxlZ2FsIHZpZ2VudGUgbyBkZXJpdmFkbyBkZSBjdWFscXVpZXIgb3RyYSBub3JtYSBxdWUgc2UgbGUgYXBsaXF1ZS4KCjMuIENvbmNlc2nDs24gZGUgbGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCkJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG90b3JnYSBhIFVzdGVkIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBtdW5kaWFsLCBsaWJyZSBkZSByZWdhbMOtYXMsIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSB5IHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIHRvZG8gZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgZXN0b3MgZGVyZWNob3Mgc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSB0YWwgeSBjb21vIHNlIGluZGljYSBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246CgphLglSZXByb2R1Y2lyIGxhIE9icmEsIGluY29ycG9yYXIgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiB1bmEgbyBtw6FzIE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHkgcmVwcm9kdWNpciBsYSBPYnJhIGluY29ycG9yYWRhIGVuIGxhcyBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLgoKYi4JRGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgbyBmb25vZ3JhbWFzIGRlIGxhcyBPYnJhcywgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgaW5jbHV5w6luZG9sYXMgY29tbyBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYXMgZW4gT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcywgc2Vnw7puIGNvcnJlc3BvbmRhLgoKYy4JRGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgZGUgbGFzIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyBxdWUgc2UgZ2VuZXJlbiwgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYS4KTG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG1lbmNpb25hZG9zIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcHVlZGVuIHNlciBlamVyY2lkb3MgZW4gdG9kb3MgbG9zIG1lZGlvcyB5IGZvcm1hdG9zLCBhY3R1YWxtZW50ZSBjb25vY2lkb3MgbyBxdWUgc2UgaW52ZW50ZW4gZW4gZWwgZnV0dXJvLiBMb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgYW50ZXMgbWVuY2lvbmFkb3MgaW5jbHV5ZW4gZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHJlYWxpemFyIGRpY2hhcyBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgcXVlIHNlYW4gdMOpY25pY2FtZW50ZSBuZWNlc2FyaWFzIHBhcmEgZWplcmNlciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZW4gb3RybyBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG9zLCBwZXJvIGRlIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIHVzdGVkIG5vIGVzdMOhIGF1dG9yaXphZG8gcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBvYnJhcyBkZXJpdmFkYXMuIFRvZG9zIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBubyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZXhwcmVzYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBxdWVkYW4gcG9yIGVzdGUgbWVkaW8gcmVzZXJ2YWRvcywgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBwZXJvIHNpbiBsaW1pdGFyc2UgYSBhcXVlbGxvcyBxdWUgc2UgbWVuY2lvbmFuIGVuIGxhcyBzZWNjaW9uZXMgNChkKSB5IDQoZSkuCgo0LiBSZXN0cmljY2lvbmVzLgpMYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvdG9yZ2FkYSBlbiBsYSBhbnRlcmlvciBTZWNjacOzbiAzIGVzdMOhIGV4cHJlc2FtZW50ZSBzdWpldGEgeSBsaW1pdGFkYSBwb3IgbGFzIHNpZ3VpZW50ZXMgcmVzdHJpY2Npb25lczoKCmEuCVVzdGVkIHB1ZWRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIsIGV4aGliaXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgbyBwb25lciBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBsYSBPYnJhIHPDs2xvIGJham8gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIHkgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBpbmNsdWlyIHVuYSBjb3BpYSBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhIG8gZGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pdmVyc2FsIGRlIFJlY3Vyc29zIGRlIGxhIG1pc21hIGNvbiBjYWRhIGNvcGlhIGRlIGxhIE9icmEgcXVlIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWEsIGV4aGliYSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRlIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBwb25nYSBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYS4gTm8gZXMgcG9zaWJsZSBvZnJlY2VyIG8gaW1wb25lciBuaW5ndW5hIGNvbmRpY2nDs24gc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSBxdWUgYWx0ZXJlIG8gbGltaXRlIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIG8gZWwgZWplcmNpY2lvIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBsb3MgZGVzdGluYXRhcmlvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gZXN0ZSBkb2N1bWVudG8uIE5vIGVzIHBvc2libGUgc3VibGljZW5jaWFyIGxhIE9icmEuIFVzdGVkIGRlYmUgbWFudGVuZXIgaW50YWN0b3MgdG9kb3MgbG9zIGF2aXNvcyBxdWUgaGFnYW4gcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBhIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSBhIGxhIGNsw6F1c3VsYSBkZSBsaW1pdGFjacOzbiBkZSBnYXJhbnTDrWFzLiBVc3RlZCBubyBwdWVkZSBkaXN0cmlidWlyLCBleGhpYmlyIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGFyIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIG8gcG9uZXIgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBjb24gYWxndW5hIG1lZGlkYSB0ZWNub2zDs2dpY2EgcXVlIGNvbnRyb2xlIGVsIGFjY2VzbyBvIGxhIHV0aWxpemFjacOzbiBkZSBlbGxhIGRlIHVuYSBmb3JtYSBxdWUgc2VhIGluY29uc2lzdGVudGUgY29uIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLiBMbyBhbnRlcmlvciBzZSBhcGxpY2EgYSBsYSBPYnJhIGluY29ycG9yYWRhIGEgdW5hIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhLCBwZXJvIGVzdG8gbm8gZXhpZ2UgcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhIGFwYXJ0ZSBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIG1pc21hIHF1ZWRlIHN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLiBTaSBVc3RlZCBjcmVhIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgcHJldmlvIGF2aXNvIGRlIGN1YWxxdWllciBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBkZWJlLCBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcG9zaWJsZSwgZWxpbWluYXIgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgY3VhbHF1aWVyIHJlZmVyZW5jaWEgYSBkaWNobyBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBvIGFsIEF1dG9yIE9yaWdpbmFsLCBzZWfDum4gbG8gc29saWNpdGFkbyBwb3IgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgeSBjb25mb3JtZSBsbyBleGlnZSBsYSBjbMOhdXN1bGEgNChjKS4KCmIuCVVzdGVkIG5vIHB1ZWRlIGVqZXJjZXIgbmluZ3VubyBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgcXVlIGxlIGhhbiBzaWRvIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiBsYSBTZWNjacOzbiAzIHByZWNlZGVudGUgZGUgbW9kbyBxdWUgZXN0w6luIHByaW5jaXBhbG1lbnRlIGRlc3RpbmFkb3MgbyBkaXJlY3RhbWVudGUgZGlyaWdpZG9zIGEgY29uc2VndWlyIHVuIHByb3ZlY2hvIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLiBFbCBpbnRlcmNhbWJpbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHBvciBvdHJhcyBvYnJhcyBwcm90ZWdpZGFzIHBvciBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciwgeWEgc2VhIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1biBzaXN0ZW1hIHBhcmEgY29tcGFydGlyIGFyY2hpdm9zIGRpZ2l0YWxlcyAoZGlnaXRhbCBmaWxlLXNoYXJpbmcpIG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIG5vIHNlcsOhIGNvbnNpZGVyYWRvIGNvbW8gZXN0YXIgZGVzdGluYWRvIHByaW5jaXBhbG1lbnRlIG8gZGlyaWdpZG8gZGlyZWN0YW1lbnRlIGEgY29uc2VndWlyIHVuIHByb3ZlY2hvIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLCBzaWVtcHJlIHF1ZSBubyBzZSByZWFsaWNlIHVuIHBhZ28gbWVkaWFudGUgdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIGVuIHJlbGFjacOzbiBjb24gZWwgaW50ZXJjYW1iaW8gZGUgb2JyYXMgcHJvdGVnaWRhcyBwb3IgZWwgZGVyZWNobyBkZSBhdXRvci4KCmMuCVNpIHVzdGVkIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWUsIGV4aGliZSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgZW4gZm9ybWEgZGlnaXRhbCBsYSBPYnJhIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgdSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RhIHRvZGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSB5IHByb3BvcmNpb25hciwgZGUgZm9ybWEgcmF6b25hYmxlIHNlZ8O6biBlbCBtZWRpbyBvIG1hbmVyYSBxdWUgVXN0ZWQgZXN0w6kgdXRpbGl6YW5kbzogKGkpIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8gKG8gc2V1ZMOzbmltbywgc2kgZnVlcmUgYXBsaWNhYmxlKSwgeS9vIChpaSkgZWwgbm9tYnJlIGRlIGxhIHBhcnRlIG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBxdWUgZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgeS9vIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGh1YmllcmVuIGRlc2lnbmFkbyBwYXJhIGxhIGF0cmlidWNpw7NuICh2LmcuLCB1biBpbnN0aXR1dG8gcGF0cm9jaW5hZG9yLCBlZGl0b3JpYWwsIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbikgZW4gbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBzZXJ2aWNpb3MgbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBmb3JtYXMgcmF6b25hYmxlczsgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHNpIGVzdMOhIHByb3Zpc3RvOyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcmF6b25hYmxlbWVudGUgZmFjdGlibGUgeSwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8sIGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pZm9ybWUgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgKFVuaWZvcm0gUmVzb3VyY2UgSWRlbnRpZmllcikgcXVlIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGVzcGVjaWZpY2EgcGFyYSBzZXIgYXNvY2lhZG8gY29uIGxhIE9icmEsIHNhbHZvIHF1ZSB0YWwgVVJJIG5vIHNlIHJlZmllcmEgYSBsYSBub3RhIHNvYnJlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBvIGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGxpY2VuY2lhbWllbnRvIGRlIGxhIE9icmE7IHkgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSB1bmEgT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSwgYXRyaWJ1aXIgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gaWRlbnRpZmljYW5kbyBlbCB1c28gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBsYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhICh2LmcuLCAiVHJhZHVjY2nDs24gRnJhbmNlc2EgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIiBvICJHdWnDs24gQ2luZW1hdG9ncsOhZmljbyBiYXNhZG8gZW4gbGEgT2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwiKS4gVGFsIGNyw6lkaXRvIHB1ZWRlIHNlciBpbXBsZW1lbnRhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hIHJhem9uYWJsZTsgZW4gZWwgY2Fzbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIGRlIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyB1IE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHRhbCBjcsOpZGl0byBhcGFyZWNlcsOhLCBjb21vIG3DrW5pbW8sIGRvbmRlIGFwYXJlY2UgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gYXV0b3IgY29tcGFyYWJsZSB5IGRlIHVuYSBtYW5lcmEsIGFsIG1lbm9zLCB0YW4gZGVzdGFjYWRhIGNvbW8gZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgb3RybyBhdXRvciBjb21wYXJhYmxlLgoKZC4JUGFyYSBldml0YXIgdG9kYSBjb25mdXNpw7NuLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBhY2xhcmEgcXVlLCBjdWFuZG8gbGEgb2JyYSBlcyB1bmEgY29tcG9zaWNpw7NuIG11c2ljYWw6CgppLglSZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGludGVycHJldGFjacOzbiB5IGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gYmFqbyBsaWNlbmNpYXMgZ2VuZXJhbGVzLiBFbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZXhjbHVzaXZvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIG8gbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgeSBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBzZWEgaW5kaXZpZHVhbG1lbnRlIG8gYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIHVuYSBzb2NpZWRhZCBkZSBnZXN0acOzbiBjb2xlY3RpdmEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgU0FZQ08pLCBsYXMgcmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIG8gcG9yIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbyBXZWJjYXN0KSBsaWNlbmNpYWRhIGJham8gbGljZW5jaWFzIGdlbmVyYWxlcywgc2kgbGEgaW50ZXJwcmV0YWNpw7NuIG8gZWplY3VjacOzbiBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBvcmllbnRhZGEgcG9yIG8gZGlyaWdpZGEgYSBsYSBvYnRlbmNpw7NuIGRlIHVuYSB2ZW50YWphIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLgoKaWkuCVJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgRm9ub2dyYW1hcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBpbmRpdmlkdWFsbWVudGUgbyBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW5hIHNvY2llZGFkIGRlIGdlc3Rpw7NuIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbmV4b3MgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCBsb3MgY29uc2FncmFkb3MgcG9yIGxhIFNBWUNPKSwgdW5hIGFnZW5jaWEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgbXVzaWNhbGVzIG8gYWxnw7puIGFnZW50ZSBkZXNpZ25hZG8sIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGN1YWxxdWllciBmb25vZ3JhbWEgcXVlIFVzdGVkIGNyZWUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAo4oCcdmVyc2nDs24gY292ZXLigJ0pIHkgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHNpIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBvIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXNhIHZlcnNpw7NuIGNvdmVyIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZGEgbyBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCgplLglHZXN0acOzbiBkZSBEZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBBdXRvciBzb2JyZSBJbnRlcnByZXRhY2lvbmVzIHkgRWplY3VjaW9uZXMgRGlnaXRhbGVzIChXZWJDYXN0aW5nKS4gUGFyYSBldml0YXIgdG9kYSBjb25mdXNpw7NuLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBhY2xhcmEgcXVlLCBjdWFuZG8gbGEgb2JyYSBzZWEgdW4gZm9ub2dyYW1hLCBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBzZSByZXNlcnZhIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZXhjbHVzaXZvIGRlIGF1dG9yaXphciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIHdlYmNhc3QpIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3RhciwgaW5kaXZpZHVhbG1lbnRlIG8gYSB0cmF2w6lzIGRlIHVuYSBzb2NpZWRhZCBkZSBnZXN0acOzbiBjb2xlY3RpdmEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IgeSBkZXJlY2hvcyBjb25leG9zIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgQUNJTlBSTyksIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIChwb3IgZWplbXBsbywgd2ViY2FzdCksIHN1amV0YSBhIGxhcyBkaXNwb3NpY2lvbmVzIGFwbGljYWJsZXMgZGVsIHLDqWdpbWVuIGRlIERlcmVjaG8gZGUgQXV0b3IsIHNpIGVzdGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuCgo1LiBSZXByZXNlbnRhY2lvbmVzLCBHYXJhbnTDrWFzIHkgTGltaXRhY2lvbmVzIGRlIFJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KQSBNRU5PUyBRVUUgTEFTIFBBUlRFUyBMTyBBQ09SREFSQU4gREUgT1RSQSBGT1JNQSBQT1IgRVNDUklUTywgRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgT0ZSRUNFIExBIE9CUkEgKEVOIEVMIEVTVEFETyBFTiBFTCBRVUUgU0UgRU5DVUVOVFJBKSDigJxUQUwgQ1VBTOKAnSwgU0lOIEJSSU5EQVIgR0FSQU5Uw41BUyBERSBDTEFTRSBBTEdVTkEgUkVTUEVDVE8gREUgTEEgT0JSQSwgWUEgU0VBIEVYUFJFU0EsIElNUEzDjUNJVEEsIExFR0FMIE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBPVFJBLCBJTkNMVVlFTkRPLCBTSU4gTElNSVRBUlNFIEEgRUxMQVMsIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgREUgVElUVUxBUklEQUQsIENPTUVSQ0lBQklMSURBRCwgQURBUFRBQklMSURBRCBPIEFERUNVQUNJw5NOIEEgUFJPUMOTU0lUTyBERVRFUk1JTkFETywgQVVTRU5DSUEgREUgSU5GUkFDQ0nDk04sIERFIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIERFRkVDVE9TIExBVEVOVEVTIE8gREUgT1RSTyBUSVBPLCBPIExBIFBSRVNFTkNJQSBPIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIEVSUk9SRVMsIFNFQU4gTyBOTyBERVNDVUJSSUJMRVMgKFBVRURBTiBPIE5PIFNFUiBFU1RPUyBERVNDVUJJRVJUT1MpLiBBTEdVTkFTIEpVUklTRElDQ0lPTkVTIE5PIFBFUk1JVEVOIExBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gREUgR0FSQU5Uw41BUyBJTVBMw41DSVRBUywgRU4gQ1VZTyBDQVNPIEVTVEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBQVUVERSBOTyBBUExJQ0FSU0UgQSBVU1RFRC4KCjYuIExpbWl0YWNpw7NuIGRlIHJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KQSBNRU5PUyBRVUUgTE8gRVhJSkEgRVhQUkVTQU1FTlRFIExBIExFWSBBUExJQ0FCTEUsIEVMIExJQ0VOQ0lBTlRFIE5PIFNFUsOBIFJFU1BPTlNBQkxFIEFOVEUgVVNURUQgUE9SIERBw5FPIEFMR1VOTywgU0VBIFBPUiBSRVNQT05TQUJJTElEQUQgRVhUUkFDT05UUkFDVFVBTCwgUFJFQ09OVFJBQ1RVQUwgTyBDT05UUkFDVFVBTCwgT0JKRVRJVkEgTyBTVUJKRVRJVkEsIFNFIFRSQVRFIERFIERBw5FPUyBNT1JBTEVTIE8gUEFUUklNT05JQUxFUywgRElSRUNUT1MgTyBJTkRJUkVDVE9TLCBQUkVWSVNUT1MgTyBJTVBSRVZJU1RPUyBQUk9EVUNJRE9TIFBPUiBFTCBVU08gREUgRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBPIERFIExBIE9CUkEsIEFVTiBDVUFORE8gRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgSEFZQSBTSURPIEFEVkVSVElETyBERSBMQSBQT1NJQklMSURBRCBERSBESUNIT1MgREHDkU9TLiBBTEdVTkFTIExFWUVTIE5PIFBFUk1JVEVOIExBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gREUgQ0lFUlRBIFJFU1BPTlNBQklMSURBRCwgRU4gQ1VZTyBDQVNPIEVTVEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBQVUVERSBOTyBBUExJQ0FSU0UgQSBVU1RFRC4KCjcuIFTDqXJtaW5vLgoKYS4JRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gdmlydHVkIGRlIGVsbGEgdGVybWluYXLDoW4gYXV0b23DoXRpY2FtZW50ZSBzaSBVc3RlZCBpbmZyaW5nZSBhbGd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBlc3RhYmxlY2lkYSBlbiBlbGxhLiBTaW4gZW1iYXJnbywgbG9zIGluZGl2aWR1b3MgbyBlbnRpZGFkZXMgcXVlIGhhbiByZWNpYmlkbyBPYnJhcyBEZXJpdmFkYXMgbyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzIGRlIFVzdGVkIGRlIGNvbmZvcm1pZGFkIGNvbiBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhLCBubyB2ZXLDoW4gdGVybWluYWRhcyBzdXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLCBzaWVtcHJlIHF1ZSBlc3RvcyBpbmRpdmlkdW9zIG8gZW50aWRhZGVzIHNpZ2FuIGN1bXBsaWVuZG8gw61udGVncmFtZW50ZSBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YXMgbGljZW5jaWFzLiBMYXMgU2VjY2lvbmVzIDEsIDIsIDUsIDYsIDcsIHkgOCBzdWJzaXN0aXLDoW4gYSBjdWFscXVpZXIgdGVybWluYWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCgpiLglTdWpldGEgYSBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgeSB0w6lybWlub3MgYW50ZXJpb3JlcywgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYXF1w60gZXMgcGVycGV0dWEgKGR1cmFudGUgZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIGRlIGxhIG9icmEpLiBObyBvYnN0YW50ZSBsbyBhbnRlcmlvciwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGEgcHVibGljYXIgeS9vIGVzdHJlbmFyIGxhIE9icmEgYmFqbyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBsaWNlbmNpYSBkaWZlcmVudGVzIG8gYSBkZWphciBkZSBkaXN0cmlidWlybGEgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIGVuIGN1YWxxdWllciBtb21lbnRvOyBlbiBlbCBlbnRlbmRpZG8sIHNpbiBlbWJhcmdvLCBxdWUgZXNhIGVsZWNjacOzbiBubyBzZXJ2aXLDoSBwYXJhIHJldm9jYXIgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvIHF1ZSBkZWJhIHNlciBvdG9yZ2FkYSAsIGJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhKSwgeSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhIGNvbnRpbnVhcsOhIGVuIHBsZW5vIHZpZ29yIHkgZWZlY3RvIGEgbWVub3MgcXVlIHNlYSB0ZXJtaW5hZGEgY29tbyBzZSBleHByZXNhIGF0csOhcy4gTGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcmV2b2NhZGEgY29udGludWFyw6Egc2llbmRvIHBsZW5hbWVudGUgdmlnZW50ZSB5IGVmZWN0aXZhIHNpIG5vIHNlIGxlIGRhIHTDqXJtaW5vIGVuIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBpbmRpY2FkYXMgYW50ZXJpb3JtZW50ZS4KCjguIFZhcmlvcy4KCmEuCUNhZGEgdmV6IHF1ZSBVc3RlZCBkaXN0cmlidXlhIG8gcG9uZ2EgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBvIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgb2ZyZWNlcsOhIGFsIGRlc3RpbmF0YXJpbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgZW4gbG9zIG1pc21vcyB0w6lybWlub3MgeSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYSBVc3RlZCBiYWpvIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuCgpiLglTaSBhbGd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgcmVzdWx0YSBpbnZhbGlkYWRhIG8gbm8gZXhpZ2libGUsIHNlZ8O6biBsYSBsZWdpc2xhY2nDs24gdmlnZW50ZSwgZXN0byBubyBhZmVjdGFyw6EgbmkgbGEgdmFsaWRleiBuaSBsYSBhcGxpY2FiaWxpZGFkIGRlbCByZXN0byBkZSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHksIHNpbiBhY2Npw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBwb3IgcGFydGUgZGUgbG9zIHN1amV0b3MgZGUgZXN0ZSBhY3VlcmRvLCBhcXXDqWxsYSBzZSBlbnRlbmRlcsOhIHJlZm9ybWFkYSBsbyBtw61uaW1vIG5lY2VzYXJpbyBwYXJhIGhhY2VyIHF1ZSBkaWNoYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gc2VhIHbDoWxpZGEgeSBleGlnaWJsZS4KCmMuCU5pbmfDum4gdMOpcm1pbm8gbyBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBzZSBlc3RpbWFyw6EgcmVudW5jaWFkYSB5IG5pbmd1bmEgdmlvbGFjacOzbiBkZSBlbGxhIHNlcsOhIGNvbnNlbnRpZGEgYSBtZW5vcyBxdWUgZXNhIHJlbnVuY2lhIG8gY29uc2VudGltaWVudG8gc2VhIG90b3JnYWRvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIHkgZmlybWFkbyBwb3IgbGEgcGFydGUgcXVlIHJlbnVuY2llIG8gY29uc2llbnRhLgoKZC4JRXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZWZsZWphIGVsIGFjdWVyZG8gcGxlbm8gZW50cmUgbGFzIHBhcnRlcyByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEgYXF1w60gbGljZW5jaWFkYS4gTm8gaGF5IGFycmVnbG9zLCBhY3VlcmRvcyBvIGRlY2xhcmFjaW9uZXMgcmVzcGVjdG8gYSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBubyBlc3TDqW4gZXNwZWNpZmljYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgbm8gc2UgdmVyw6EgbGltaXRhZG8gcG9yIG5pbmd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBxdWUgcHVlZGEgc3VyZ2lyIGVuIGFsZ3VuYSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGVtYW5hZGEgZGUgVXN0ZWQuIEVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbm8gcHVlZGUgc2VyIG1vZGlmaWNhZGEgc2luIGVsIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIG11dHVvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IFVzdGVkLgo= |