Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We us...
- Autores:
-
Fullman, Nancy
Yearwood, Jamal
Abay, Solomon M
Abbafati, Cristiana
Abd-Allah, Foad
Abdela, Jemal
Abdelalim, Ahmed
Abebe, Zegeye
Abebo, Teshome Abuka
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2018
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4781
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4781
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Cobertura universal de salud
Acceso a atención de salud de calidad
Universal health coverage
Access to quality health care
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Medición del rendimiento en el Índice de acceso y calidad de la atención médica para 195 países y territorios y ubicaciones subnacionales seleccionadas: un análisis sistemático del Estudio de la carga mundial de la enfermedad 2016 |
title |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
spellingShingle |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 Cobertura universal de salud Acceso a atención de salud de calidad Universal health coverage Access to quality health care |
title_short |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
title_full |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
title_fullStr |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
title_sort |
Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Fullman, Nancy Yearwood, Jamal Abay, Solomon M Abbafati, Cristiana Abd-Allah, Foad Abdela, Jemal Abdelalim, Ahmed Abebe, Zegeye Abebo, Teshome Abuka Alvis-Guzman, Nelson |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Fullman, Nancy Yearwood, Jamal Abay, Solomon M Abbafati, Cristiana Abd-Allah, Foad Abdela, Jemal Abdelalim, Ahmed Abebe, Zegeye Abebo, Teshome Abuka Alvis-Guzman, Nelson |
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Cobertura universal de salud Acceso a atención de salud de calidad Universal health coverage Access to quality health care |
topic |
Cobertura universal de salud Acceso a atención de salud de calidad Universal health coverage Access to quality health care |
description |
Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016. |
publishDate |
2018 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2018 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-06-04T14:04:26Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-06-04T14:04:26Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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acceptedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4781 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4781 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv |
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-2 |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 WHO. The World Health Report 2000—health systems: improving performance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000. 2 WHO. Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007. 3 WHO. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Almaty: World Health Organization, 1978. 4 UN. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations, 2015. 5 WHO. The World Health Report 2010—health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010. 6 Nolte E, McKee M. Does health care save lives? Avoidable mortality revisited. London: The Nuffield Trust, 2004. 7 Nolte E, McKee M. Measuring the health of nations: analysis of mortality amenable to health care. BMJ 2003; 327: 1129. 8 Nolte E, McKee CM. Measuring the health of nations: updating an earlier analysis. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27: 58–71. 9 Nolte E, McKee M. Variations in amenable mortality—trends in 16 high-income nations. Health Policy 2011; 103: 47–52. 10 Mackenbach JP, Hoffmann R, Khoshaba B, et al. Using ‘amenable mortality’ as indicator of healthcare effectiveness in international comparisons: results of a validation study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67: 139–46. 11 Eurostat. Amenable and preventable deaths statistics. 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/ Amenable_and_preventable_deaths_statistics (accessed Jan 28, 2018). 12 Gay JG, Paris V, Devaux M, de Looper M. Mortality amenable to health care in 31 OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2011. 13 Radley DC, McCarthy D, Lippa JA, Hayes SL, Schoen C. Aiming higher: results from a scorecard on state health system performance, 2014. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund, 2014. 14 Hone T, Rasella D, Barreto M, Atun R, Majeed A, Millett C. Large reductions in amenable mortality associated with Brazil’s primary care expansion and strong health governance. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 36: 149–58. 15 Mackenbach JP, Hu Y, Artnik B, et al. Trends in inequalities in mortality amenable to health care in 17 European countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 36: 1110–18. 16 Schmidt H, Gostin LO, Emanuel EJ. Public health, universal health coverage, and Sustainable Development Goals: can they coexist? Lancet 2015; 386: 928–30. 17 Weber A, Clerc M. Deaths amenable to health care: Converging trends in the EU? Health Policy 2017; 121: 644–52. 18 Gusmano MK, Rodwin VG, Wang C, Weisz D, Luo L, Hua F. Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 4: 7–12. 19 Franco-Marina F, Lozano R, Villa B, Soliz P. La Mortalidad en México, 2000–2004: Muertes Evitables: magnitud, distribución y tendencias. México: Dirección General de Información en Salud, Secretaría de Salud, 2006. 20 Barber RM, Fullman N, Sorensen RJD, et al. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 390: 231–66. 21 Kruk ME, Kelley E, Syed SB, Tarp F, Addison T, Akachi Y. Measuring quality of health-care services: what is known and where are the gaps? Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95: 389. 22 Sunkara V, Hébert JR. The colorectal cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio as an indicator of global cancer screening and care. Cancer 2015; 121: 1563–69. 23 Mokdad AH, Ballestros K, Echko M, et al. The state of US health, 1990–2016: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US states. JAMA 2018; 319: 1444–72. 24 Dandona L, Dandona R, Kumar GA, et al. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2437–60. 25 ICMR, PHFI, IHME. India: Health of the Nation’s States— The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative. New Dehli: Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2017. 26 de Souza MdeFM, França EB, Cavalcante A. Burden of disease and health situation analysis: results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Brazil network. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20: 1–3. 27 Nomura S, Sakamoto H, Glenn S, et al. Population health and regional variations of disease burden in Japan, 1990–2015: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 390: 1521–38. 28 Gómez-Dantés H, Fullman N, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, et al. Dissonant health transition in the states of Mexico, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2016; 388: 2386–402. 29 Zhou M, Wang H, Zhu J, et al. Cause-specific mortality for 240 causes in China during 1990–2013: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2016; 387: 251–72. 30 Newton JN, Briggs ADM, Murray CJL, et al. Changes in health in England, with analysis by English regions and areas of deprivation, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015; 386: 2257–74. 31 Naghavi M, Abajobir AA, Abbafati C, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151–210. 32 Gakidou E, Afshin A, Abajobir AA, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1345–422. 33 Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1211–59. 34 Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE, et al. Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting: the GATHER statement. Lancet 2016; 388: e19–23. 35 Asadzadeh Vostakolaei F, Karim-Kos HE, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Visser O, Verbeek ALM, Kiemeney LALM. The validity of the mortality to incidence ratio as a proxy for site-specific cancer survival. Eur J Public Health 2011; 21: 573–77. 36 Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1659–724. 37 Wang H, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1084–150. 38 Fullman N, Barber RM, Abajobir AA, et al. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1423–59. 39 Frenk J. The concept and measurement of accessibility. In: Health services research: an anthology. White KL, Frenk J, Ordonez C, Paganini JM, Starfield B, eds. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1992. 40 Dieleman JL, Haakenstad A, Micah A, et al. Spending on health and HIV/AIDS: domestic health spending and development assistance in 188 countries, 1995–2015. Lancet 2018; 391: 1799–829. 41 Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2016; 388: 1459–544. 42 Knaul FM, González-Pier E, Gómez-Dantés O, et al. The quest for universal health coverage: achieving social protection for all in Mexico. Lancet 2012; 380: 1259–79. 43 Lozano R, Soliz P, Gakidou E, et al. Benchmarking of performance of Mexican states with effective coverage. Lancet 2006; 368: 1729–41. 44 Gutiérrez JP, García-Saisó S, Dolci GF, Ávila MH. Effective access to health care in Mexico. BMC Health Serv Res 2014; 14: 186. 45 Desai M, Nolte E, Karanikolos M, Khoshaba B, McKee M. Measuring NHS performance 1990–2009 using amenable mortality: interpret with care. J R Soc Med 2011; 104: 370–79. 46 Watkins J, Wulaningsih W, Zhou CD, et al. Effects of health and social care spending constraints on mortality in England: a time trend analysis. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e017722. 47 Rice T, Unruh LY, Rosenau P, Barnes AJ, Saltman RB, van Ginneken E. Challenges facing the United States of America in implementing universal coverage. Bull World Health Organ 2014; 92: 894–902. 48 Hay SI, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1260–344. 49 Dieleman J, Campbell M, Chapin A, et al. Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet 2017; 389: 1981–2004. 50 Mackenbach JP, Karanikolos M, Lopez Bernal J, Mckee M. Why did life expectancy in Central and Eastern Europe suddenly improve in the 1990s? An analysis by cause of death. Scand J Public Health 2015; 43: 796–801. 51 Shkolnikov VM, Andreev EM, McKee M, Leon DA. Components and possible determinants of decrease in Russian mortality in 2004–2010. Demogr Res 2013; 28: 917–50. 52 Cotlear D, Nagpal S, Smith OK, Tandon A, Cortez RA. Going universal: how 24 developing countries are implementing universal health coverage reforms from the bottom up. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2015. 53 Yu H. Universal health insurance coverage for 1·3 billion people: What accounts for China’s success? Health Policy 2015; 119: 1145–52. 54 Atun R. Transforming Turkey’s health system—lessons for universal coverage. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 1285–89. 55 Shakya HS, Adhikari S, Gurung G, et al. Strengthening national health systems for improving efficiency of health service delivery in Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2012; 10: 101–07. 56 Lim J, Chan MMH, Alsagoff FZ, Ha D. Innovations in non-communicable diseases management in ASEAN: a case series. Glob Health Action 2014; 7: 25110. 57 Fullman N, Lozano R. Towards a meaningful measure of universal health coverage for the next billion. Lancet Glob Health 2017; 6: e122–23. 58 Darmstadt GL, Bhutta ZA, Cousens S, Adam T, Walker N, de Bernis L. Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions: how many newborn babies can we save? Lancet 2005; 365: 977–88. 59 Beattie A, Yates R, Noble D. Accelerating progress toward universal health coverage for women and children in South Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific. New York: United Nations Children’s Fund, 2016. 60 Knaul FM, Farmer PE, Krakauer EL, et al. Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief—an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report. Lancet 2017; 391: 1391–454. 61 Dieleman JL, Sadat N, Chang AY, et al. Trends in future health financing and coverage: future health spending and universal health coverage in 188 countries, 2016–40. Lancet 2018; 391: 1783–798. 62 Glassman A, Giedion U, Smith PC. What’s in what’s out? designing benefits for universal health coverage. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, 2017. 63 Anselmi L, Lagarde M, Hanson K. Equity in the allocation of public sector financial resources in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review. Health Policy Plan 2015; 30: 528–45. 64 Sadana R, Blas E, Budhwani S, Koller T, Paraje G. Healthy ageing: raising awareness of inequalities, determinants, and what could be done to improve health equity. Gerontologist 2016; 56 (suppl 2): S178–93. 65 WHO. World report on ageing and health 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015. 66 Goodyear-Smith F, van Weel C. Account for primary health care when indexing access and quality. Lancet 2017; 390: 205–06. 67 Weiss DJ, Nelson A, Gibson HS, et al. A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015. Nature 2018; 553: 333–36. |
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Fullman, NancyYearwood, JamalAbay, Solomon MAbbafati, CristianaAbd-Allah, FoadAbdela, JemalAbdelalim, AhmedAbebe, ZegeyeAbebo, Teshome AbukaAlvis-Guzman, Nelson2019-06-04T14:04:26Z2019-06-04T14:04:26Z2018https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4781Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Background A key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.Antecedentes Un componente clave para lograr la cobertura universal de salud es garantizar que todas las poblaciones tengan acceso a atención de salud de calidad. Examinar dónde se han producido avances o ha progresado el progreso en todos los países es Es crucial para orientar decisiones y estrategias para mejoras futuras. Utilizamos la carga global de enfermedades, lesiones, y el Estudio de Factores de Riesgo 2016 (GBD 2016) para evaluar el acceso y la calidad de la atención médica personal con Healthcare Access y el Índice de Calidad (HAQ) para 195 países y territorios, así como las ubicaciones subnacionales en siete países, desde 1990 a 2016.Fullman, Nancy-d448e782-a8ec-49b2-80ef-ad1bc1a82eab-0Yearwood, Jamal-ac32b180-c9f2-45b1-91b4-18d364537735-0Abay, Solomon M-6849fef0-eef0-4113-bb1a-e16a8c8e9cd3-0Abbafati, Cristiana-ba1d5f54-2078-47d6-895f-318ae54d6ff4-0Abd-Allah, Foad-a9af1a20-8108-4516-9f91-d10165af1f4b-0Abdela, Jemal-b9e215b1-78a4-4ba1-b4ef-fd8bf15803ae-0Abdelalim, Ahmed-24b9c9a8-a8cc-4b3c-90e4-5956cbbb33ab-0Abebe, Zegeye-04de46ab-2302-49c7-ba1c-01fdea11aaf2-0Abebo, Teshome Abuka-1ed8579f-4d5f-4180-80e9-620ce0f13371-0Alvis-Guzman, Nelson-5926771a-a351-4df4-86d8-05f67bd93051-0engThe LancetDOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-21 WHO. The World Health Report 2000—health systems: improving performance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000. 2 WHO. Everybody’s business: strengthening health systems to improve health outcomes: WHO’s framework for action. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007. 3 WHO. Declaration of Alma-Ata. Almaty: World Health Organization, 1978. 4 UN. Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations, 2015. 5 WHO. The World Health Report 2010—health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010. 6 Nolte E, McKee M. Does health care save lives? Avoidable mortality revisited. London: The Nuffield Trust, 2004. 7 Nolte E, McKee M. Measuring the health of nations: analysis of mortality amenable to health care. BMJ 2003; 327: 1129. 8 Nolte E, McKee CM. Measuring the health of nations: updating an earlier analysis. Health Aff (Millwood) 2008; 27: 58–71. 9 Nolte E, McKee M. Variations in amenable mortality—trends in 16 high-income nations. Health Policy 2011; 103: 47–52. 10 Mackenbach JP, Hoffmann R, Khoshaba B, et al. Using ‘amenable mortality’ as indicator of healthcare effectiveness in international comparisons: results of a validation study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2013; 67: 139–46. 11 Eurostat. Amenable and preventable deaths statistics. 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/ Amenable_and_preventable_deaths_statistics (accessed Jan 28, 2018). 12 Gay JG, Paris V, Devaux M, de Looper M. Mortality amenable to health care in 31 OECD countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2011. 13 Radley DC, McCarthy D, Lippa JA, Hayes SL, Schoen C. Aiming higher: results from a scorecard on state health system performance, 2014. Washington, DC: The Commonwealth Fund, 2014. 14 Hone T, Rasella D, Barreto M, Atun R, Majeed A, Millett C. Large reductions in amenable mortality associated with Brazil’s primary care expansion and strong health governance. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 36: 149–58. 15 Mackenbach JP, Hu Y, Artnik B, et al. Trends in inequalities in mortality amenable to health care in 17 European countries. Health Aff (Millwood) 2017; 36: 1110–18. 16 Schmidt H, Gostin LO, Emanuel EJ. Public health, universal health coverage, and Sustainable Development Goals: can they coexist? Lancet 2015; 386: 928–30. 17 Weber A, Clerc M. Deaths amenable to health care: Converging trends in the EU? Health Policy 2017; 121: 644–52. 18 Gusmano MK, Rodwin VG, Wang C, Weisz D, Luo L, Hua F. Shanghai rising: health improvements as measured by avoidable mortality since 2000. Int J Health Policy Manag 2014; 4: 7–12. 19 Franco-Marina F, Lozano R, Villa B, Soliz P. La Mortalidad en México, 2000–2004: Muertes Evitables: magnitud, distribución y tendencias. México: Dirección General de Información en Salud, Secretaría de Salud, 2006. 20 Barber RM, Fullman N, Sorensen RJD, et al. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 390: 231–66. 21 Kruk ME, Kelley E, Syed SB, Tarp F, Addison T, Akachi Y. Measuring quality of health-care services: what is known and where are the gaps? Bull World Health Organ 2017; 95: 389. 22 Sunkara V, Hébert JR. The colorectal cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio as an indicator of global cancer screening and care. Cancer 2015; 121: 1563–69. 23 Mokdad AH, Ballestros K, Echko M, et al. The state of US health, 1990–2016: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US states. JAMA 2018; 319: 1444–72. 24 Dandona L, Dandona R, Kumar GA, et al. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2017; 390: 2437–60. 25 ICMR, PHFI, IHME. India: Health of the Nation’s States— The India State-Level Disease Burden Initiative. New Dehli: Indian Council of Medical Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2017. 26 de Souza MdeFM, França EB, Cavalcante A. Burden of disease and health situation analysis: results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Brazil network. Rev Bras Epidemiol 2017; 20: 1–3. 27 Nomura S, Sakamoto H, Glenn S, et al. Population health and regional variations of disease burden in Japan, 1990–2015: a systematic subnational analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 2017; 390: 1521–38. 28 Gómez-Dantés H, Fullman N, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, et al. 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