Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

With an increasing number of individuals recovering from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, there is an urgent need to study the medium- and long-term consequences of the disease. Growing evidence suggests that some patients exhibit symptoms such as fatigue, “bra...

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Autores:
Crivelli, Lucía
Palmer, Katie
Calandri, Ismael Luis
Guekht, Alla
Beghi, Ettore
Carroll, William M.
frontera, jennifer
Garcia Azorin, David
Westenberg, Erica
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Mangialasche, Francesca
Crivelli, Lucía
Allegri, Ricardo Francisco
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9338
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9338
https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Attention
Cognition
Cognitive dysfunction
COVID-19
Executive functions
Neuropsychological test
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
Rights
embargoedAccess
License
© 2022 Alzheimer's Association
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oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9338
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
spellingShingle Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Attention
Cognition
Cognitive dysfunction
COVID-19
Executive functions
Neuropsychological test
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
title_short Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_fullStr Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_full_unstemmed Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
title_sort Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Crivelli, Lucía
Palmer, Katie
Calandri, Ismael Luis
Guekht, Alla
Beghi, Ettore
Carroll, William M.
frontera, jennifer
Garcia Azorin, David
Westenberg, Erica
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Mangialasche, Francesca
Crivelli, Lucía
Allegri, Ricardo Francisco
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Crivelli, Lucía
Palmer, Katie
Calandri, Ismael Luis
Guekht, Alla
Beghi, Ettore
Carroll, William M.
frontera, jennifer
Garcia Azorin, David
Westenberg, Erica
Winkler, Andrea Sylvia
Mangialasche, Francesca
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Crivelli, Lucía
Allegri, Ricardo Francisco
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Attention
Cognition
Cognitive dysfunction
COVID-19
Executive functions
Neuropsychological test
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
topic Attention
Cognition
Cognitive dysfunction
COVID-19
Executive functions
Neuropsychological test
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
description With an increasing number of individuals recovering from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, there is an urgent need to study the medium- and long-term consequences of the disease. Growing evidence suggests that some patients exhibit symptoms such as fatigue, “brain fog,” or cognitive complaints after the acute infection stage, commonly referred to as “Long COVID.”1 A 6-month study using multidimensional data from the medical records of 73,435 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients showed that, after the first 30 days of illness, individuals have an increased risk of death, higher health resource utilization, and an increased burden from neurocognitive disorders.1 Indeed, evidence from previous epidemics shows that subsequent neurological and, particularly, cognitive complications can occur, such as in the severe influenza epidemic from 1918 to 1921 (also known as the Spanish flu).2 More recently, cases of encephalitis, sensory impairment, coma, and severe neurological damage were reported during the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 20123 and vascular or inflammatory damage of the brain and central nervous system in people affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2003.4 Cognitive dysfunction has a significant impact on functionality and quality of life.5 Given the high incidence of COVID-19 and the associated economic, health, and social burden of the epidemic, studying its occurrence and underlying mechanisms is crucial. In the current systematic review, we assess whether there is an increased occurrence of cognitive deficits in adult patients with COVID-19 who previously had no cognitive impairment.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-07-07T13:21:02Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-07-07T13:21:02Z
2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv JOUR Crivelli Lucia, Palmer Katie, Calandri Ismael, Guekht Alla, Beghi Ettore, Carroll William, Frontera Jennifer García-Azorín David, Westenberg Erica, Winkler Andrea Sylvia, Mangialasche Francesca, Allegri Ricardo F. Kivipelto Miia Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Alzheimer's & Dementia 18 5 1552-5260 https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1552-5260
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9338
dc.identifier.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.1002/alz.12644
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 1552-5279
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv JOUR Crivelli Lucia, Palmer Katie, Calandri Ismael, Guekht Alla, Beghi Ettore, Carroll William, Frontera Jennifer García-Azorín David, Westenberg Erica, Winkler Andrea Sylvia, Mangialasche Francesca, Allegri Ricardo F. Kivipelto Miia Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Alzheimer's & Dementia 18 5 1552-5260 https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644
1552-5260
10.1002/alz.12644
1552-5279
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9338
https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12644
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Alzheimer's and Dementia
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Hoffman, L.A., Vilensky, J.A. 57057050300;7005466803; Encephalitis lethargica: 100 years after the epidemic (2017) Brain, 140 (8), pp. 2246-2251. Cited 85 times. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx177
Verstrepen, K., Baisier, L., De Cauwer, H. 57218213716;57218212967;20733307900; Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS (2020) Acta Neurologica Belgica, 120 (5), pp. 1051-1060. Cited 24 times. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01412-4
Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005; 202(3): 415- 424.
Aslam S, Emmanuel P. Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2010; 31(1): 47- 50.
WHO. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance, 27 May 2020. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196. 2020.
Wells GSB, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2013, http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. 2013
Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(2 February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246590
Amalakanti S, Arepalli KVR, Jillella JP. Cognitive assessment in asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects. Virusdisease. 2021; 32: 1- 4.
Ermis U, Rust MI, Bungenberg J, et al. Neurological symptoms in COVID-19: a cross-sectional monocentric study of hospitalized patients. Neurol Res Pract. 2021; 3(1): 17.
Tolentino JC, Gjorup ALT, Schmidt GJ, Schmidt SL. Early attention impairment in a patient with COVID-19. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2021; 75(2): 66- 67.
Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain. 2021; 144(4): 1263- 1276.
Méndez R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Luperdi SC, et al. Short-term Neuropsychiatric Outcomes and Quality of Life in COVID-19 Survivors. J Intern Med. 2021; 290: 621- 631.
Beaud V, Crottaz-Herbette S, Dunet V, et al. Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020; 92. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325173
Groiss SJ, Balloff C, Elben S, et al. Prolonged Neuropsychological Deficits, Central Nervous System Involvement, and Brain Stem Affection After COVID-19-A Case Series. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020; 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.574004
Hellmuth J, Barnett TA, Asken BM, et al. Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients. J Neurovirol. 2021; 27(1): 191- 195.
Negrini F, Ferrario I, Mazziotti D, et al. Neuropsychological Features of Severe Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients at Clinical Stability and Clues for Postacute Rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021; 102(1): 155- 158.
Whiteside DM, Oleynick V, Holker E, Waldron EJ, Porter J, Kasprzak M. Neurocognitive deficits in severe COVID-19 infection: Case series and proposed model. Clin Neuropsychol. 2021; 35: 1- 20.
Yesilkaya UH, Sen M, Balcioglu YH. COVID-19-related cognitive dysfunction may be associated with transient disruption in the DLPFC glutamatergic pathway. J Clin Neurosci. 2021; 87: 153- 155.
Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Sebastianelli L, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. J Neurol Sci. 2021; 420:117271.
Triana RM, Martínez CC, Almeida TM, González MÁÁ, Vaillant TZ, Barreto YR. Cognitive performance in convalescent covid-19 patients. Revista Cubana de Hematologia, Inmunologia y Hemoterapia. 2020; 36(special issue): 1- 17
Zhou J, Liu C, Sun Y, Huang W, Ye K. Cognitive disorders associated with hospitalization of COVID-19: Results from an observational cohort study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.019
Woo MS, Malsy J, Pottgen J, et al. Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Communications. 2020; 2(2):fcaa205.
Miskowiak KW, Johnsen S, Sattler SM, et al. Cognitive impairments four months after COVID-19 hospital discharge: Pattern, severity and association with illness variables. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021; 46: 39- 48.
Almeria M, Cejudo JC, Sotoca J, Deus J, Krupinski J. Cognitive profile following COVID-19 infection: Clinical predictors leading to neuropsychological impairment. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020; 9:100163.
Crivelli L, Calandri I, Corvalan N, et al. Cognitive consequences of COVID-19: results of a cohort study from South America. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0320
Dressing A, Bormann T, Blazhenets G, et al. Neuropsychological profiles and cerebral glucose metabolism in neurocognitive Long COVID-syndrome. J Nucl Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.121.262677
Del Brutto OH, Wu S, Mera RM, Costa AF, Recalde BY, Issa NP. Cognitive decline among individuals with history of mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: A longitudinal prospective study nested to a population cohort. Eur J Neurol. 2021; 28(10): 3245- 3253.
Manera MR, Fiabane E, Pain D, et al. Clinical features and cognitive sequelae in COVID-19: a retrospective study on N = 152 patients. Neurol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05744-8
Woo MS, Malsy J, Pöttgen J, et al. Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19. Brain Commun. 2020; 2(2):fcaa205.
Mattioli F, Piva S, Stampatori C, et al. Neurologic and cognitive sequelae after SARS-CoV2 infection: Different impairment for ICU patients. J Neurol Sci. 2021; 432:120061.
Vannorsdall TD, Brigham E, Fawzy A, et al. Rates of Cognitive Dysfunction, Psychiatric Distress, and Functional Decline After COVID-19. J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaclp.2021.10.006
Raman B, Cassar MP, Tunnicliffe EM, et al. Medium-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on multiple vital organs, exercise capacity, cognition, quality of life and mental health, post-hospital discharge. EClinicalMedicine. 2021; 31:100683.
Hellgren L, Birberg Thornberg U, Samuelsson K, Levi R, Divanoglou A, Blystad I. Brain MRI and neuropsychological findings at long-term follow-up after COVID-19 hospitalisation: an observational cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021; 11(10):e055164.
Bandala C, Cortes-Altamirano JL, Reyes-Long S, Lara-Padilla E, Ilizaliturri-Flores I, Alfaro-Rodriguez A. Putative mechanism of neurological damage in COVID-19 infection. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2021; 81(1): 69- 79.
Herridge MS, Moss M, Hough CL, et al. Recovery and outcomes after the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in patients and their family caregivers. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(5): 725- 738.
McMorris T, Hale BJ, Barwood M, Costello J, Corbett J. Effect of acute hypoxia on cognition: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017; 74(Pt A): 225- 232.
Honarmand K, Lalli RS, Priestap F, et al. Natural History of Cognitive Impairment in Critical Illness Survivors. A Systematic Review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020; 202(2): 193- 201.
Hawkins M, Sockalingam S, Bonato S, et al. A rapid review of the pathoetiology, presentation, and management of delirium in adults with COVID-19. J Psychosom Res. 2021; 141:110350.
Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(7): 611- 627.
Dong E, Du H, Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020; 20(5): 533- 534.
Hasell J, Mathieu E, Beltekian D, et al. A cross-country database of COVID-19 testing. Sci Data. 2020; 7(1): 345.
Farfel JM, Nitrini R, Suemoto CK, et al. Very low levels of education and cognitive reserve: a clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 2013; 81(7): 650- 657.
Mendelson M, Nel J, Blumberg L, et al. Long-COVID: An evolving problem with an extensive impact. S Afr Med J. 2020; 111(1): 10- 12.
Shah W, Hillman T, Playford, ED, Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of covid-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. BMJ. 2021; 372: n136.
Liu X, Chen X, Zhou X, et al. Validity of the MemTrax Memory Test Compared to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in the Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia due to Alzheimer's Disease in a Chinese Cohort. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021; 80(3): 1257- 1267.
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spelling Crivelli, LucíaPalmer, KatieCalandri, Ismael LuisGuekht, AllaBeghi, EttoreCarroll, William M.frontera, jenniferGarcia Azorin, DavidWestenberg, EricaWinkler, Andrea SylviaMangialasche, FrancescaCrivelli, LucíaAllegri, Ricardo Franciscovirtual::817-12022-07-07T13:21:02Z20232022-07-07T13:21:02Z2022JOUR Crivelli Lucia, Palmer Katie, Calandri Ismael, Guekht Alla, Beghi Ettore, Carroll William, Frontera Jennifer García-Azorín David, Westenberg Erica, Winkler Andrea Sylvia, Mangialasche Francesca, Allegri Ricardo F. Kivipelto Miia Changes in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis Alzheimer's & Dementia 18 5 1552-5260 https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.126441552-5260https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9338https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.1264410.1002/alz.126441552-5279Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/With an increasing number of individuals recovering from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, there is an urgent need to study the medium- and long-term consequences of the disease. Growing evidence suggests that some patients exhibit symptoms such as fatigue, “brain fog,” or cognitive complaints after the acute infection stage, commonly referred to as “Long COVID.”1 A 6-month study using multidimensional data from the medical records of 73,435 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients showed that, after the first 30 days of illness, individuals have an increased risk of death, higher health resource utilization, and an increased burden from neurocognitive disorders.1 Indeed, evidence from previous epidemics shows that subsequent neurological and, particularly, cognitive complications can occur, such as in the severe influenza epidemic from 1918 to 1921 (also known as the Spanish flu).2 More recently, cases of encephalitis, sensory impairment, coma, and severe neurological damage were reported during the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak in 20123 and vascular or inflammatory damage of the brain and central nervous system in people affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2003.4 Cognitive dysfunction has a significant impact on functionality and quality of life.5 Given the high incidence of COVID-19 and the associated economic, health, and social burden of the epidemic, studying its occurrence and underlying mechanisms is crucial. In the current systematic review, we assess whether there is an increased occurrence of cognitive deficits in adult patients with COVID-19 who previously had no cognitive impairment.20 Páginasapplication/pdfengJohn Wiley & Sons Inc.United States© 2022 Alzheimer's AssociationAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfChanges in cognitive functioning after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysisArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.12644Alzheimer's and DementiaHoffman, L.A., Vilensky, J.A. 57057050300;7005466803; Encephalitis lethargica: 100 years after the epidemic (2017) Brain, 140 (8), pp. 2246-2251. Cited 85 times. DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx177Verstrepen, K., Baisier, L., De Cauwer, H. 57218213716;57218212967;20733307900; Neurological manifestations of COVID-19, SARS and MERS (2020) Acta Neurologica Belgica, 120 (5), pp. 1051-1060. Cited 24 times. DOI: 10.1007/s13760-020-01412-4Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005; 202(3): 415- 424.Aslam S, Emmanuel P. Formulating a researchable question: A critical step for facilitating good clinical research. Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS. 2010; 31(1): 47- 50.WHO. Clinical management of COVID-19: interim guidance, 27 May 2020. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/332196. 2020.Wells GSB, O'Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2013, http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. 2013Alemanno F, Houdayer E, Parma A, et al. COVID-19 cognitive deficits after respiratory assistance in the subacute phase: A COVID rehabilitation unit experience. PLoS ONE. 2021; 16(2 February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246590Amalakanti S, Arepalli KVR, Jillella JP. Cognitive assessment in asymptomatic COVID-19 subjects. Virusdisease. 2021; 32: 1- 4.Ermis U, Rust MI, Bungenberg J, et al. Neurological symptoms in COVID-19: a cross-sectional monocentric study of hospitalized patients. Neurol Res Pract. 2021; 3(1): 17.Tolentino JC, Gjorup ALT, Schmidt GJ, Schmidt SL. Early attention impairment in a patient with COVID-19. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2021; 75(2): 66- 67.Hosp JA, Dressing A, Blazhenets G, et al. Cognitive impairment and altered cerebral glucose metabolism in the subacute stage of COVID-19. Brain. 2021; 144(4): 1263- 1276.Méndez R, Balanzá-Martínez V, Luperdi SC, et al. Short-term Neuropsychiatric Outcomes and Quality of Life in COVID-19 Survivors. J Intern Med. 2021; 290: 621- 631.Beaud V, Crottaz-Herbette S, Dunet V, et al. Pattern of cognitive deficits in severe COVID-19. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020; 92. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-325173Groiss SJ, Balloff C, Elben S, et al. Prolonged Neuropsychological Deficits, Central Nervous System Involvement, and Brain Stem Affection After COVID-19-A Case Series. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020; 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.574004Hellmuth J, Barnett TA, Asken BM, et al. Persistent COVID-19-associated neurocognitive symptoms in non-hospitalized patients. J Neurovirol. 2021; 27(1): 191- 195.Negrini F, Ferrario I, Mazziotti D, et al. Neuropsychological Features of Severe Hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients at Clinical Stability and Clues for Postacute Rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021; 102(1): 155- 158.Whiteside DM, Oleynick V, Holker E, Waldron EJ, Porter J, Kasprzak M. Neurocognitive deficits in severe COVID-19 infection: Case series and proposed model. Clin Neuropsychol. 2021; 35: 1- 20.Yesilkaya UH, Sen M, Balcioglu YH. COVID-19-related cognitive dysfunction may be associated with transient disruption in the DLPFC glutamatergic pathway. J Clin Neurosci. 2021; 87: 153- 155.Ortelli P, Ferrazzoli D, Sebastianelli L, et al. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological correlates of fatigue in post-acute patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19: Insights into a challenging symptom. J Neurol Sci. 2021; 420:117271.Triana RM, Martínez CC, Almeida TM, González MÁÁ, Vaillant TZ, Barreto YR. Cognitive performance in convalescent covid-19 patients. Revista Cubana de Hematologia, Inmunologia y Hemoterapia. 2020; 36(special issue): 1- 17Zhou J, Liu C, Sun Y, Huang W, Ye K. Cognitive disorders associated with hospitalization of COVID-19: Results from an observational cohort study. 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