Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents

The HIV Attitudes Scale (HIV-AS) evaluates attitudes towards different aspects of HIV. In view of the lack of scales measuring this construct in Colombia, this study sought to validate the HIV-AS test for adolescents from Colombia. A total of 867 Colombian students, aged between 14 and 19 years (M =...

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Autores:
Gómez-Lugo, Mayra
Morales, Alexandra
Saavedra-Roa, Alejandro
Niebles-Charris, Janivys
García-Roncallo, Paola
Marchal-Bertrand, Laurent
Pedro Espada, José
Vallejo-Medina, Pablo
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6856
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6856
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
HIV/AIDS
Attitudes
Validity
Adolescent
Colombia
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_7964d7d7c9705cb65b32bbe2586423aa
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6856
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
title Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
spellingShingle Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
HIV/AIDS
Attitudes
Validity
Adolescent
Colombia
title_short Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
title_full Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
title_fullStr Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
title_full_unstemmed Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
title_sort Psychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescents
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gómez-Lugo, Mayra
Morales, Alexandra
Saavedra-Roa, Alejandro
Niebles-Charris, Janivys
García-Roncallo, Paola
Marchal-Bertrand, Laurent
Pedro Espada, José
Vallejo-Medina, Pablo
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Gómez-Lugo, Mayra
Morales, Alexandra
Saavedra-Roa, Alejandro
Niebles-Charris, Janivys
García-Roncallo, Paola
Marchal-Bertrand, Laurent
Pedro Espada, José
Vallejo-Medina, Pablo
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv HIV/AIDS
Attitudes
Validity
Adolescent
Colombia
topic HIV/AIDS
Attitudes
Validity
Adolescent
Colombia
description The HIV Attitudes Scale (HIV-AS) evaluates attitudes towards different aspects of HIV. In view of the lack of scales measuring this construct in Colombia, this study sought to validate the HIV-AS test for adolescents from Colombia. A total of 867 Colombian students, aged between 14 and 19 years (M = 15.97 years; SD = 1.37) were evaluated. Participants responded to the HIV-AS test and a set of scales used to assess external validity. Content validity analyses reflected good adequacy indices for the items. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure and reliability indices were satisfactory. The structural equation model showed good levels of fit. Most of the items presented a discrimination index above 0.30 and contributed to the reliability of the scale, except for item 9, which was eliminated. Concurrent validity showed significant correlations among the HIV-AS and other similar constructs. A reliable measurement of attitudes toward HIV allows for an improved assessment of the risk associated with exposure to sexually transmitted infections in adolescent populations.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-07-28T00:07:48Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-07-28T00:07:48Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1660-4601
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6856
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv doi:10.3390/ijerph17134686
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 1660-4601
doi:10.3390/ijerph17134686
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6856
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. UNAIDS. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/es/resources/fact-sheetpdf (accessed on 13 February 2020).
2. ONUSIDA. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en. pdf (accessed on 13 May 2020).
3. UNAIDS. Available online: https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ (accessed on 13 February 2020).
4. UNAIDS. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_es. pdf (accessed on 13 February 2020).
5. Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [CrossRef]
6. Espada, J.P.; Guillén-Riquelme, A.; Morales, A.; Orgilés, M.; Sierra, J.C. Validación de una escala de conocimiento sobre el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en población adolescente. Aten. Primaria 2014, 46, 558–564. [CrossRef]
7. Hounton, S.H.; Carabin, H.; Henderson, N.J. Towards an understanding of barriers to condom use in rural Benin using the Health Belief Model: A cross sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2005, 5, 8. [CrossRef]
8. Faimau, G.; Maunganidze, L.; Tapera, R.; Mosomane, L.C.; Apau, S. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards sexual risk behaviour and perceived behavioural control among college students in Botswana. Cogent. Soc. Sci. 2016, 2, 1164932. [CrossRef]
9. Armitage, C.J.; Conner, M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 2001, 40, 471–499. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Sheeran, P.; Abraham, C.; Orbell, S. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 1999, 125, 90–132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
11. Silva Filho, N.; Godinho, P.H.; Reis, C.H.D.; Pacheco, N.M.S. Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS: Análise de fatores. J. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2007, 56, 194–200. [CrossRef]
12. Beaulieu, M.; Adrien, A.; Patrin, L.; Dassa, C. Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with HIV/Aids: Validation of a measurement scale. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1246. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
13. Paniagua, F.A.; O’Boyle, M.; Wagner, K.D.; Ramírez, S.Z.; Holmes, W.D.; Nieto, J.F.; Smith, E.M. AIDS-Related items for developing an AIDS questionnaire for children and adolescents. J. Adolesc. Res. 1994, 9, 311–339. [CrossRef]
14. Bermúdez, M.P.; Buela-Casal, G.; Uribe, A.F. Adaptación Al Colombiano De La Escala VIH-65. Master’s Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, 2005.
15. Paniagua, F.A.; O’Boyle, M.D.; Wagner, K.D. Gender Differences on HIV/AIDS Related Issues Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Adolesc. Child. 1997, 1, 53–63. [CrossRef]
16. Bermúdez, M.P.; Sánchez, A.I.; Buela-Casal, G. Adaptación castellana de la Escala VIH/sida-164. Rev. Mex. Psicol. 2003, 20, 95–111.
17. Boileau, C.; Rashed, S.; Sylla, M.; Zunzunegui, M.V. Monitoring HIV risk and evaluating interventions among young people in urban West Africa: Development and validation of an instrument. AIDS Educ. Prev. 2008, 20, 203–219. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
18. Espada, J.P.; Ballester, R.; Huedo-Medina, T.; Secades-Villa, R.; Orgilés, M.; Martínez-Lorca, M. Development of a new instrument to assess AIDS-related attitudes among Spanish Youngsters. An. Psicol. 2013, 29, 83–89.
19. Morales, A.; Espada, J.P.; Reis, S.; Orgilés, M. Portuguese Version of the Related Attitudes Scale [HIV-AS] for Adolescents. Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 2017, 35, 479–489. [CrossRef]
20. Carretero-Dios, H.; Pérez, C. Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2005, 5, 521–551.
21. Harrell, J.P.; Wright, L.W. The development and validation of the Multicomponent AIDS Phobia Scale. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2008, 20, 201–216. [CrossRef]
22. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Saavedra-Roa, A.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales-Sabuco, A.; Abello-Luque, D.; García-Montaño, E.; Garavito-Zamudio, C.; Espada, J.P. Validación para Colombia Escala Multicomponente de Fobia al SIDA [Multicomponent AIDS Phobia Scale, MAPS]. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud 2008, 9, 41–56.
23. Salkovskis, P.M.; Rimes, K.A.; Warwick, H.; MClark, D.M. The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol. Med. 2002, 32, 843–853. [CrossRef]
24. García-Roncallo, P.; García-Montaño, E.; Espada, J.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales, A.; Niebles-Charris, J.; Vallejo-Medina, P. Validación para Colombia del Inventario de ansiedad por la salud, versión abreviada [Short Health Anxiety Inventory, SHAI]. Rev. Latinoam. Psicol. (Under review).
25. Espada, J.P.; Morales, A.; Guillén-Riquelme, A.; Ballester, R.; Orgilés, M. Predicting condom use in adolescents: A test of three socio-cognitive models using a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health 2006, 16, 35. [CrossRef]
26. Abello-Luque, D.; Espada, J.P.; García-Montaño, E.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales-Sabuco, A.; Pérez-Pedraza, D.; Vallejo-Medina, P. Colombian Adaptation of the HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Knowledge Scale (KSI) in an Adolescent Population. Eval. Health Prof. (Under review).
27. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Marchal-Bertrand, L.; Saavedra-Roa, A.; Soler, F.; Morales, A. Developing guidelines for adapting questionnaires into the same language in another culture. Ter. Psicol. 2017, 35, 181–194. [CrossRef]
28. Muñiz, J.; Elosua, P.; Hambleton, R.K. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición. Psicothema 2013, 25, 151–157. [PubMed]
29. Osterlind, S.J. Constructing Test Items: Multiple-Choice, Constructed-Response, Performance, and Other Formats, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; pp. 257–289.
30. Merino, C.; Livia, J. Intervalos de confianza asimétricos para el índice la validez de contenido: Un programa Visual Basic para la V de Aiken. An. Psicol. 2009, 25, 169–171.
31. Aiken, L.R. Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1985, 45, 131–142. [CrossRef]
32. Lorenzo-Seva, U.; Ferrando, P.J. FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behav. Res. Methods 2006, 38, 88–91. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
33. Gadermann, A.M.; Guhn, M.; Zumbo, B.D. Estimating ordinal reliability for Likert-type and ordinal item response data: A conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Pract. Assess. Res. Eval. 2012, 17, 1–13.
34. Velicer, W.F.; Eaton, C.A.; Fava, J.L. Construct explication through factor or component analysis. A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors or components. In Problems and Solutions in Human Assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at Seventy, 2nd ed.; Goffin, R., Helmes, E., Eds.; Springer Science & Business Media: Totowa, NJ, USA, 2000; pp. 41–71.
35. Elosua, P.; Zumbo, B.D. Coeficientes de fiabilidad para escalas de respuesta categórica ordenada. Psicothema 2008, 20, 896–901.
36. Nunnally, J.; Bernstein, I. Psychometric Theory; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1994; pp. 700–736. .
37. Rosas, A.R.; Gomes, M.R. Creencia en un mundo justo y prejuicios: El caso de los homosexuales con VIH/SIDA. Interam. J. Psychol. 2008, 42, 570–579.
38. Ballester-Arnal, R.; Ruiz-Palomino, E.; Gil-Llario, M.D.; Giménez-Gargía, B.; Gil, J. El rol de la preocupación por la salud en la prevención del VIH. Rev. Multidiscip. SIDA 2013, 1, 66–67.
39. Lau, J.T.F.; Tsui, H.Y. Discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS and associated factors: A population based study in the Chinese general population. Sex. Transm. Infect. 2005, 81, 113–119. [CrossRef]
40. Uribe, A.F.; Orcasita, L.T.; Vélez, T.V. Factores de riesgo para la infección por VIH/SIDA en adolescentes y jóvenes colombianos. Acta Colomb. Psicol. 2010, 13, 11–24.
41. González, J.C. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la sexualidad en una población adolescente escolar. Rev. Salud Pública 2009, 11, 14–26. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. González, F. Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas en salud sexual y reproductiva en jóvenes entre 14 y 25 años de edad de estratos 1 y 2 del Sisben de un municipio del departamento de Cundinamarca. Acta Colomb. Psicol. 2004, 12, 59–68.
43. Hair, J.E.; Anderson, R.E.; Tatham, R.L.; Black, W.C. Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th ed.; Macmillan: New York, NY, USA, 1992; pp. 326–386.
44. Nunnally, J.C.; Bernstein, I.H. Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 1978; pp. 500–540
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spelling Gómez-Lugo, MayraMorales, AlexandraSaavedra-Roa, AlejandroNiebles-Charris, JanivysGarcía-Roncallo, PaolaMarchal-Bertrand, LaurentPedro Espada, JoséVallejo-Medina, Pablo2020-07-28T00:07:48Z2020-07-28T00:07:48Z20201660-4601https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6856doi:10.3390/ijerph17134686Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The HIV Attitudes Scale (HIV-AS) evaluates attitudes towards different aspects of HIV. In view of the lack of scales measuring this construct in Colombia, this study sought to validate the HIV-AS test for adolescents from Colombia. A total of 867 Colombian students, aged between 14 and 19 years (M = 15.97 years; SD = 1.37) were evaluated. Participants responded to the HIV-AS test and a set of scales used to assess external validity. Content validity analyses reflected good adequacy indices for the items. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure and reliability indices were satisfactory. The structural equation model showed good levels of fit. Most of the items presented a discrimination index above 0.30 and contributed to the reliability of the scale, except for item 9, which was eliminated. Concurrent validity showed significant correlations among the HIV-AS and other similar constructs. A reliable measurement of attitudes toward HIV allows for an improved assessment of the risk associated with exposure to sexually transmitted infections in adolescent populations.Gómez-Lugo, MayraMorales, Alexandra-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-9518-3166-600Saavedra-Roa, AlejandroNiebles-Charris, JanivysGarcía-Roncallo, Paola-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-9223-2129-600Marchal-Bertrand, LaurentPedro Espada, JoséVallejo-Medina, Pablo-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8527-1584-600engCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Environmental Research and Public HealthHIV/AIDSAttitudesValidityAdolescentColombiaPsychometric properties of the Colombian version of the HIV attitudes scale for adolescentsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. UNAIDS. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/es/resources/fact-sheetpdf (accessed on 13 February 2020).2. ONUSIDA. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en. pdf (accessed on 13 May 2020).3. UNAIDS. Available online: https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/ (accessed on 13 February 2020).4. UNAIDS. Available online: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_es. pdf (accessed on 13 February 2020).5. Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 1991, 50, 179–211. [CrossRef]6. Espada, J.P.; Guillén-Riquelme, A.; Morales, A.; Orgilés, M.; Sierra, J.C. Validación de una escala de conocimiento sobre el VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en población adolescente. Aten. Primaria 2014, 46, 558–564. [CrossRef]7. Hounton, S.H.; Carabin, H.; Henderson, N.J. Towards an understanding of barriers to condom use in rural Benin using the Health Belief Model: A cross sectional survey. BMC Public Health 2005, 5, 8. [CrossRef]8. Faimau, G.; Maunganidze, L.; Tapera, R.; Mosomane, L.C.; Apau, S. Knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes towards sexual risk behaviour and perceived behavioural control among college students in Botswana. Cogent. Soc. Sci. 2016, 2, 1164932. [CrossRef]9. Armitage, C.J.; Conner, M. Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. Br. J. Soc. Psychol. 2001, 40, 471–499. [CrossRef] [PubMed]10. Sheeran, P.; Abraham, C.; Orbell, S. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 1999, 125, 90–132. [CrossRef] [PubMed]11. Silva Filho, N.; Godinho, P.H.; Reis, C.H.D.; Pacheco, N.M.S. Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS: Análise de fatores. J. Bras. Psiquiatr. 2007, 56, 194–200. [CrossRef]12. Beaulieu, M.; Adrien, A.; Patrin, L.; Dassa, C. Stigmatizing attitudes towards people with HIV/Aids: Validation of a measurement scale. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1246. [CrossRef] [PubMed]13. Paniagua, F.A.; O’Boyle, M.; Wagner, K.D.; Ramírez, S.Z.; Holmes, W.D.; Nieto, J.F.; Smith, E.M. AIDS-Related items for developing an AIDS questionnaire for children and adolescents. J. Adolesc. Res. 1994, 9, 311–339. [CrossRef]14. Bermúdez, M.P.; Buela-Casal, G.; Uribe, A.F. Adaptación Al Colombiano De La Escala VIH-65. Master’s Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain, 2005.15. Paniagua, F.A.; O’Boyle, M.D.; Wagner, K.D. Gender Differences on HIV/AIDS Related Issues Among Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents. J. HIV/AIDS Prev. Educ. Adolesc. Child. 1997, 1, 53–63. [CrossRef]16. Bermúdez, M.P.; Sánchez, A.I.; Buela-Casal, G. Adaptación castellana de la Escala VIH/sida-164. Rev. Mex. Psicol. 2003, 20, 95–111.17. Boileau, C.; Rashed, S.; Sylla, M.; Zunzunegui, M.V. Monitoring HIV risk and evaluating interventions among young people in urban West Africa: Development and validation of an instrument. AIDS Educ. Prev. 2008, 20, 203–219. [CrossRef] [PubMed]18. Espada, J.P.; Ballester, R.; Huedo-Medina, T.; Secades-Villa, R.; Orgilés, M.; Martínez-Lorca, M. Development of a new instrument to assess AIDS-related attitudes among Spanish Youngsters. An. Psicol. 2013, 29, 83–89.19. Morales, A.; Espada, J.P.; Reis, S.; Orgilés, M. Portuguese Version of the Related Attitudes Scale [HIV-AS] for Adolescents. Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 2017, 35, 479–489. [CrossRef]20. Carretero-Dios, H.; Pérez, C. Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol. 2005, 5, 521–551.21. Harrell, J.P.; Wright, L.W. The development and validation of the Multicomponent AIDS Phobia Scale. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2008, 20, 201–216. [CrossRef]22. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Saavedra-Roa, A.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales-Sabuco, A.; Abello-Luque, D.; García-Montaño, E.; Garavito-Zamudio, C.; Espada, J.P. Validación para Colombia Escala Multicomponente de Fobia al SIDA [Multicomponent AIDS Phobia Scale, MAPS]. Rev. Iberoam. Psicol. Salud 2008, 9, 41–56.23. Salkovskis, P.M.; Rimes, K.A.; Warwick, H.; MClark, D.M. The Health Anxiety Inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychol. Med. 2002, 32, 843–853. [CrossRef]24. García-Roncallo, P.; García-Montaño, E.; Espada, J.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales, A.; Niebles-Charris, J.; Vallejo-Medina, P. Validación para Colombia del Inventario de ansiedad por la salud, versión abreviada [Short Health Anxiety Inventory, SHAI]. Rev. Latinoam. Psicol. (Under review).25. Espada, J.P.; Morales, A.; Guillén-Riquelme, A.; Ballester, R.; Orgilés, M. Predicting condom use in adolescents: A test of three socio-cognitive models using a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health 2006, 16, 35. [CrossRef]26. Abello-Luque, D.; Espada, J.P.; García-Montaño, E.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Morales-Sabuco, A.; Pérez-Pedraza, D.; Vallejo-Medina, P. Colombian Adaptation of the HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Knowledge Scale (KSI) in an Adolescent Population. Eval. Health Prof. (Under review).27. Vallejo-Medina, P.; Gómez-Lugo, M.; Marchal-Bertrand, L.; Saavedra-Roa, A.; Soler, F.; Morales, A. Developing guidelines for adapting questionnaires into the same language in another culture. Ter. Psicol. 2017, 35, 181–194. [CrossRef]28. Muñiz, J.; Elosua, P.; Hambleton, R.K. Directrices para la traducción y adaptación de los tests: Segunda edición. Psicothema 2013, 25, 151–157. [PubMed]29. Osterlind, S.J. Constructing Test Items: Multiple-Choice, Constructed-Response, Performance, and Other Formats, 2nd ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, USA, 2002; pp. 257–289.30. Merino, C.; Livia, J. Intervalos de confianza asimétricos para el índice la validez de contenido: Un programa Visual Basic para la V de Aiken. An. Psicol. 2009, 25, 169–171.31. Aiken, L.R. 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