Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect
The mixture and interactions of different types of particulate matter (PM) derived from various sources lead to their physical and chemical transformations and change their level of impact on human health. For this reason, this study investigates the physical and chemical properties of PM derived fr...
- Autores:
-
Akbari Alavijeh, Mozhgan
Badillo Romero, Daniel
Silva, Luis F. O.
Oliveira, Marcos L. S.
Schindler, Michael
Blanco Donado, Erika Patricia
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13990
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13990
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Particulate matter
Health efect
Mixing
Transmission electron microscopy
Wildfres
Nanoparticles
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_74dda53202b5672f74c925429eee0468 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13990 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| title |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| spellingShingle |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect Particulate matter Health efect Mixing Transmission electron microscopy Wildfres Nanoparticles |
| title_short |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| title_full |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| title_fullStr |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| title_sort |
Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Akbari Alavijeh, Mozhgan Badillo Romero, Daniel Silva, Luis F. O. Oliveira, Marcos L. S. Schindler, Michael Blanco Donado, Erika Patricia |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Akbari Alavijeh, Mozhgan Badillo Romero, Daniel Silva, Luis F. O. Oliveira, Marcos L. S. Schindler, Michael Blanco Donado, Erika Patricia |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Particulate matter Health efect Mixing Transmission electron microscopy Wildfres Nanoparticles |
| topic |
Particulate matter Health efect Mixing Transmission electron microscopy Wildfres Nanoparticles |
| description |
The mixture and interactions of different types of particulate matter (PM) derived from various sources lead to their physical and chemical transformations and change their level of impact on human health. For this reason, this study investigates the physical and chemical properties of PM derived from the interactions between different PM sources such as wildfires, geological sources, sea spray, and urban and industrial activities in the industrial town of Barranquilla, Atlántico, Caribbean region. Particles are composed of larger C-rich particles (soot/compacted soot), carbon allotropes, organics, C-rich coatings, and nanoparticles (NPs) of amorphous silica, silicates, salt minerals (mainly Na-sulfates), Fe-, Ti-, and Zn-oxides as well as Zn-bearing-phosphates and -sulfates. Some aggregates are chemically heterogeneous containing over ten different chemical elements including metals such as Cr and Pb. The occurrence of modified highly dense soot particles, the chemical heterogeneity, and the occurrence of nucleated salt and metal-oxides NPs as well as C-rich surface coatings on individual NPs indicate strong interactions between PM originating from different sources. The size range of the characterized PM (< 2.5 µm) indicates that the observed particles can enter the lung system. The biological activity of NPs or elements associated with these particles will then depend on their solubility, size, surface composition (i.e., C-rich coating), and the stability of the material in which they are embedded. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-02-26T19:19:45Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2025-02-26T19:19:45Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Donado, E.B., Alavijeh, M.A., Romero, D.B. et al. Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 1291–1310 (2023). https://doi-org.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
1873-9318 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13990 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z |
| dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv |
1873-9326 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Donado, E.B., Alavijeh, M.A., Romero, D.B. et al. Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 1291–1310 (2023). https://doi-org.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z 1873-9318 10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z 1873-9326 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13990 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Air quality, atmosphere and health |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Adachi K, Buseck PR (2008) Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City. Atmos Chem Phys 8(21):6469–6481. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6469-2008 Adair JH, Suvaci E, & Sindel J. (2001). Surface and colloid chemistry. In KHJ. Buschow RW. Cahn MC. Flemings B. Ilschner EJ. Kramer S. Mahajan, & P. Veyssière (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (pp. 1–10). Elsevier. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01622-3 Aguilera R, Corringham T, Gershunov A, Benmarhnia T (2021) Wildfre smoke impacts respiratory health more than fne particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California. Nat Commun 12(1):1493. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-021-21708-0 Alexis E, Plocoste T, Nuiro SP (2022) Analysis of particulate matter (PM10) behavior in the Caribbean area using a coupled SARIMAGARCH Model. Atmosphere 13(6):862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ atmos13060862 Amdur MO, Sarofm AF, Neville M, Quann RJ, McCarthy JF, Elliott JF, Lam HF, Rogers AE, Conner MW (1986) Coal combustion aerosols and sulfur dioxide: an interdisciplinary analysis. Environ Sci Technol 20(2):138–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00144a004 Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Samet JM, Dominici F (2009) Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fne particle air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(12):1115–1120. https://doi. org/10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OC Bertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA (2018) Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 47(7):2374–2400. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS0 0008A Bhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Mazzoleni C (2019) Extensive soot compaction by cloud processing from laboratory and feld observations. Sci Rep 9(1):11824. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-019-48143-y Boisa N, Elom N, Dean JR, Deary ME, Bird G, Entwistle JA (2014) Development and application of an inhalation bioaccessibility method (IBM) for lead in the PM10 size fraction of soil. Environ Int 70:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.021 Boubel RW, Vallero D, Fox DL, Turner B, Stern AC (2013) Fundamentals of air pollution. Elsevier Bové H, Bongaerts E, Slenders E, Bijnens EM, Saenen ND, Gyselaers W, Van Eyken P, Plusquin M, Roefaers MBJ, Ameloot M, Nawrot TS (2019) Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta. Nat Commun 10(1):3866. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41467-019-11654-3 Broday DM, Georgopoulos PG (2001) Growth and deposition of hygroscopic particulate matter in the human lungs. Aerosol Sci Technol 34(1):144–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820118725 Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian B (2013) Thoracic and respirable particle defnitions for human health risk assessment. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-12 Burnett RT, Brook J, Dann T, Delocla C, Philips O, Cakmak S, Vincent R, Goldberg MS, Krewski D (2000) Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal Toxicol 12(Suppl 4):15–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370050164851 Chin BY, Choi ME, Burdick MD, Strieter RM, Risby TH, Choi AMK (1998) Induction of apoptosis by particulate matter: role of TNF-α and MAPK. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Molecular Physiol 275(5):L942–L949. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.5. L942 Councell TB, Duckenfeld KU, Landa ER, Callender E (2004) Tirewear particles as a source of zinc to the environment. Environ Sci Technol 38(15):4206–4214. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034 631f De Matteis V, Cascione M, Brunetti V, Toma CC, Rinaldi R (2016) Toxicity assessment of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles: the role of degradation in diferent pH conditions and light exposure. Toxicol in Vitro 37:201–210. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tiv.2016.09.010 Derjaguin BV, Churaev NV, & Muller VM. (1987). The Derjaguin— Landau—Verwey—Overbeek (DLVO) Theory of stability of lyophobic colloids. In B. V. Derjaguin, NV. Churaev & VM. Muller (Eds.), Surface Forces (pp. 293–310). Springer US. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6639-4_8 Elliott CT, Copes R (2011) Burden of mortality due to ambient fne particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in interior and Northern BC. Can J Public Health. 102(5):390–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/ bf03404182 Emerit J, Michelson AM (1982) Free radicals in medicine and biology. La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l’Association d’enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris 58(45):2670–5 Engin AB (2021) Combined toxicity of metal nanoparticles: comparison of individual and mixture particles efect. Adv Exp Med Biol 1275:165–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_7 Esmaeillou M, Moharamnejad M, Hsankhani R, Tehrani AA, Maadi H (2013) Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in healthy adult mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 35(1):67–71. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.etap.2012.11.003 Finkelman RB (1982) Modes of occurrence of trace elements and minerals in coal: an analytical approach, in atomic and nuclear methods in fossil energy research. In Filby RH, Carpenter BS, Ragaini RC (eds). Springer US, Boston, M, pp 141–149. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4133-8_10 Finn WF (1977) Renal response to environmental toxins. Environ Health Perspect 20:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.772015 Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz P (2008) The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology 19(5):680–689. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181 812bb7 Frenklach M (1996) On surface growth mechanism of soot particles. Symposium (International) on Combustion 26(2):2285–2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80056-7 Greczynski G, Hultman L (2017) C 1s peak of adventitious carbon aligns to the vacuum level: dire consequences for material’s bonding assignment by photoelectron spectroscopy. ChemPhysChem 18(12):1507–1512. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201700126 Gurr J-R, Wang AS, Chen C-H, Jan K-Y (2005) Ultrafne titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 213(1–2):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007 Hallett J, Hudson J, Rogers C (1989) Characterization of combustion aerosols for haze and cloud formation. Aerosol Sci Technol 10(1):70–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786828908959222 Hernandez G, Berry T-A, Wallis S, Poyner D (2017) Temperature and humidity efects on particulate matter concentrations in a subtropical climate during winter. Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10. 7763/IPCBEE Hirshon JM, Shardell M, Alles S, Powell JL, Squibb K, Ondov J, Blaisdell CJ (2008) Elevated ambient air zinc increases pediatric asthma morbidity. Environ Health Perspect 116(6):826–831. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10759 Hower JC, Bland AE (1989) Geochemistry of the Pond Creek coal bed, Eastern Kentucky coalfeld. Int J Coal Geol 11(3–4):205–226 Hower JC, Ruppert LF, Eble CF (2007) Lateral variation in geochemistry, petrology, and palynology in the Elswick coal bed, Pike County. Kentucky Int J Coal Geol 69(3):165–178 Hu F, MacRenaris KW, Waters EA, Liang T, Schultz-Sikma EA, Eckermann AL, Meade TJ (2009) Ultrasmall, water-soluble magnetite nanoparticles with high relaxivity for magnetic resonance imaging. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 113(49):20855– 20860. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp907216g Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Gelein R, Mercer P, Biswas P (2008) Does nanoparticle activity depend upon size and crystal phase? Nanotoxicology 2(1):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743539070 1882478 Jitrapinate N (2016) Capillary rise simulation of saline waters of different concentrations in sandy soils. Engineering App Sci Res 43:78–84 Jung J, Hu JW (2016) Impact of pressure and brine salinity on capillary pressure-water saturation relations in geological CO2 sequestration. Advances Condensed Matter Physics 2016:5603739. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2016/5603739 Kadiiska MB, Mason RP, Dreher KL, Costa DL, Ghio AJ (1997) In vivo evidence of free radical formation in the rat lung after exposure to an emission source air pollution particle. Chem Res Toxicol 10(10):1104–1108. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx970049r Kalagbor IA, Dibofori-Orji AN, Ekpete OA (2019) Exposure to heavy metals in soot samples and cancer risk assessment in Port Harcourt. Nigeria J Health Pollut 9(24):191211. https://doi.org/10. 5696/2156-9614-9.24.191211 Karthikeyan S, Balasubramanian R, Iouri K (2006) Particulate air pollution from bushfres: human exposure and possible health efects. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69(21):1895–1908. https://doi.org/10. 1080/15287390600751264 Kastury F, Smith E, Juhasz AL (2017) A critical review of approaches and limitations of inhalation bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s from ambient particulate matter or dust. Sci Total Environ 574:1054–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016. 09.056 Ketris MP, Yudovich YE (2009) Estimations of Clarkes for carbonaceous biolithes: world averages for trace element contents in black shales and coals. Int J Coal Geol 78(2):135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. coal.2009.01.002 Khalizov AF, Zhang R, Zhang D, Xue H, Pagels J, McMurry PH (2009) Formation of highly hygroscopic soot aerosols upon internal mixing with sulfuric acid vapor. J Geophys Res : Atmos 114(D5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010595 Laskin A, Gaspar DJ, Wang W, Hunt SW, Cowin JP, Colson SD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ (2003) Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles. Science 301(5631):340–344. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085374 Lewis KA, Arnott WP, Moosmüller H, Chakrabarty RK, Carrico CM, Kreidenweis SM, Day DE, Malm WC, Laskin A, Jimenez JL, Ulbrich IM, Hufman JA, Onasch TB, Trimborn A, Liu L, Mishchenko MI (2009) Reduction in biomass burning aerosol light absorption upon humidifcation: roles of inorganically-induced hygroscopicity, particle collapse, and photoacoustic heat and mass transfer. Atmos Chem Phys 9(22):8949–8966. https://doi.org/10. 5194/acp-9-8949-2009 Li W, Shao L, Shen R, Yang S, Wang Z, Tang U (2011) Internally mixed sea salt, soot, and sulfates at Macao, a coastal city in South China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 61(11):1166–1173. https://doi. org/10.1080/10473289.2011.603996 Li W, Shao L, Zhang D, Ro C-U, Hu M, Bi X, Geng H, Matsuki A, Niu H, Chen J (2016) A review of single aerosol particle studies in the atmosphere of East Asia: morphology, mixing state, source, and heterogeneous reactions. J Clean Prod 112:1330–1349. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.050 Lighty JS, Veranth JM, Sarofm AF (2000) Combustion aerosols: factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50:1565–1618. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464197 Lindberg HK, Falck GCM, Catalán J, Koivisto AJ, Suhonen S, Järventaus H, Rossi EM, Nykäsenoja H, Peltonen Y, Moreno C, Alenius H, Tuomi T, Savolainen KM, Norppa H (2012) Genotoxicity of inhaled nanosized TiO2 in mice. Mutation Research/genetic Toxicol Environmental Mutagenesis 745(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.011 Ling MM, Wang KY, Chung T-S (2010) Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 49(12):5869–5876. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ie100438x Liu P-S, Cai W-P, Wan L-X, Shi M-D, Luo X-D, Jing W-P (2009) Fabrication and characteristics of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles induced by laser ablation. Transact Nonferrous Metals Soc China 19:s743– s747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60143-4 Liu F, Tan QW, Jiang X, Jiang WJ, Song DL (2018) Efect of relative humidity on particulate matter concentration and visibility during winter in Chengdu. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 39(4):1466–1472. https:// doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201707112 Löndahl J, Massling A, Pagels J, Swietlicki E, Vaclavik E, Loft S (2007) Size-resolved respiratory-tract deposition of fine and ultrafne hydrophobic and hygroscopic aerosol particles during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol 19(2):109–116. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08958370601051677 Loomis D, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Baan R, Mattock H, Straif K (2013) The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. Lancet Oncol 14(13):1262–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(13) 70487-x Loomis D, Huang W, Chen G (2014) The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: focus on China. Chin J Cancer 33(4):189–196. https://doi.org/10.5732/cjc.014.10028 Ma X, Zangmeister CD, Gigault J, Mulholland GW, Zachariah MR (2013) Soot aggregate restructuring during water processing. J Aerosol Sci 66:209–219 Maher BA, Ahmed IA, Karloukovski V, MacLaren DA, Foulds PG, Allsop D, Mann DM, Torres-Jardón R, Calderon-Garciduenas L (2016) Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(39):10797–10801. https://doi.org/10. 1073/pnas.1605941113 Maher BA, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Torres-Jardón R, Calderón-Garcidueñas L (2020) Iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles: an unrecognised environmental risk factor for myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac oxidative stress. Environ Res 188:109816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109816 Martonen TB (1982) Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways. Bull Math Biol 44(3):425–442. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0092-8240(82)80021-9 Mikhailov E, Vlasenko S, Podgorny I, Ramanathan, & Corrigan. (2006) Optical properties of soot–water drop agglomerates: An experimental study. J Geophys Res 111. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2005JD006389 Moresco S, Giovanela M, Carli LN, Crespo JS (2016) Development of passenger tire treads: reduction in zinc content and utilization of a bio-based lubricant. J Clean Prod 117:199–206. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.013 Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, Hoylaerts MF, Vanbilloen H, Mortelmans L, Nemery B (2002) Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105(4):411–414. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0402. 104118 Niemi JV, Tervahattu H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Teinilä K, Koponen IK, Kulmala M (2005) Continental impact on marine boundary layer coarse particles over the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and Antarctica. Atmos Res 75(4):301–321. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.atmosres.2005.01.005 Novakov T, Chang SG, Harker AB (1974) Sulfates as pollution particulates: catalytic formation on carbon (soot) particles. Science 186(4160):259–261. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4160. 259 Ohshima H (2012) The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloid stability. In Electrical phenomena at interfaces and biointerfaces, p 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118135 440.ch3 Orrling D, Fitzgerald E, Ivanov A, Molina M (2011) Enhanced sulfate formation on ozone-exposed soot. J Aerosol Sci 42(9):615– 620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.04.004 Ostro BD, Broadwin R, Lipsett MJ (2000) Coarse and fne particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study. J Eposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 10(5):412–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500094 Pandurangan M, Kim DH (2015) In vitro toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review. J Nanopart Res 17(3):158. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11051-015-2958-9 Park EJ, Lee GH, Shim HW, Kim JH, Cho MH, Kim DW (2014) Comparison of toxicity of diferent nanorod-type TiO2 polymorphs in vivo and in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 34(4):357–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2932 Powell CJ. (2000). NIST data resources for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface and interface analysis (Accessed July 5, 2022). Prengaman RD, Mirza AH (2017) Recycling concepts for lead–acid batteries. Materials Science 575–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-444-63700-0.00020-9 Prince AP, Kleiber PD, Grassian VH, Young MA (2008) Reactive uptake of acetic acid on calcite and nitric acid reacted calcite aerosol in an environmental reaction chamber. Physical Chem Chem Physics 10(1):142–152. https://doi.org/10.1039/B712915G Rasking L, Vanbrabant K, Bové H, Plusquin M, De Vusser K, Roels HA, Nawrot TS (2022) Adverse efects of fne particulate matter on human kidney functioning: a systematic review. Environ Health 21(1):24–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00827-7 Schindler M, Santosh M, Dotto G, Silva LFO, Hochella MF (2022) A review on Pb-bearing nanoparticles, particulate matter and colloids released from mining and smelting activities. Gondwana Res 110:330–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.07.011 Schnitzler EG, Gac JM, Jäger W (2017) Coating surface tension dependence of soot aggregate restructuring. J Aerosol Sci 106:43–55 Schraufnagel D, Balmes J, Cowl C, De Matteis S, Jung S-H, Mortimer K, Perez Padilla R, Rice M, Riojas-Rodroguez H, Sood A, Thurston G, To T, Vanker A, Wuebbles D (2018) Air Pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the forum of international respiratory societies’ environmental committee, Part 1: The Damaging Efects of Air Pollution. Chest 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest. 2018.10.042 Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2012) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. Wiley Shingler T, et al (2016) Ambient observations of hygroscopic growth factor and f(RH) below 1: case studies from surface and airborne measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 121:13,661–13,677. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025471 Silva LFO, Schneider IL, Artaxo P, Núñez-Blanco Y, Pinto D, Flores ÉMM, Gómez-Plata L, Ramírez O, Dotto GL (2022) Particulate matter geochemistry of a highly industrialized region in the Caribbean: basis for future toxicological studies. Geosci Front 13(1):101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.11.012 Skocaj M, Filipic M, Petkovic J, Novak S (2011) Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe? Radiol Oncol 45(4):227–247. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10019-011-0037-0 Susa D, Haydary J (2013) Sulphur distribution in the products of waste tire pyrolysis. Chem Pap 67(12):1521–1526. https://doi. org/10.2478/s11696-012-0294-4 Twining J, McGlinn P, Loi E, Smith K, Gieré R (2005) Risk ranking of bioaccessible metals from fy ash dissolved in simulated lung and gut fuids. Environ Sci Technol 39(19):7749–7756. https:// doi.org/10.1021/es0502369 Vandebriel RJ, De Jong WH (2012) A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 5:61–71. https:// doi.org/10.2147/nsa.S23932 Veranth JM, Smith KR, Hu AA, Lighty JS, Aust AE (2000) Mobilization of iron from coal fy ash was dependent upon the particle size and source of coal: analysis of rates and mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 13(5):382–389. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9901884 Vogl G, Elstner EF (1989) Diesel soot particles catalyze the production of oxy-radicals. Toxicol Lett 47(1):17–23. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0378-4274(89)90082-9 Wang X, Zhang R, Yu W (2019) The efects of PM2.5 concentrations and relative humidity on atmospheric visibility in Beijing. J Geophysical Res Atmospheres 124(4):2235–2259 Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Costa DL (1998) Cardiac arrhythmia induction after exposure to residual oil fy ash particles in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol Sci 41(2):209–216. https://doi.org/10.1006/toxs.1997.2406 Weisbrod N, Yechieli Y, Shandalov S, Lensky N (2016) On the viscosity of natural hyper-saline solutions and its importance: the dead sea brines. J Hydrol 532:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhydrol.2015.11.036 Williams KM, Franzi LM, Last JA (2013) Cell-specifc oxidative stress and cytotoxicity after wildfre coarse particulate matter instillation into mouse lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 266(1):48–55. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.017 Winkler-Heil R, Ferron G, Hofmann W (2014) Calculation of hygroscopic particle deposition in the human lung. Inhal Toxicol 26(3):193–206. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2013.876468 Yang Y, Chen B, Hower J, Schindler M, Winkler C, Brandt J, Di Giulio R, Ge J, Liu M, Fu Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Priya S, Hochella MF (2017) Discovery and ramifications of incidental Magnéli phase generation and release from industrial coal-burning. Nat Commun 8(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-017-00276-2 Zerboni A, Bengalli R, Baeri G, Fiandra L, Catelani T, Mantecca P (2019) Mixture efects of diesel exhaust and metal oxide nanoparticles in human lung A549 cells. Nanomaterials (basel) 9(9):1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091302 Zhang W, Tang H (2018) Rutile nanopowders for pigment production: formation mechanism and particle size prediction. Chem Phys Lett 692:129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017. 12.025 Zhang R, Khalizov AF, Pagels J, Zhang D, Xue H, McMurry PH (2008) Variability in morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of soot aerosols during atmospheric processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(30):10291–10296 |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
1310 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
1291 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv |
7 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
16 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023 |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
20 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.spatial.none.fl_str_mv |
Caribe |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer Netherlands |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
Netherlands |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Springer Netherlands |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://link-springer-com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/article/10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9c2f8b07-6978-47f0-a79f-c23460f26c62/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d53bb8f2-befd-4edf-bf53-d6e3354c674e/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9f3c8483-bd14-42c0-bb4b-d99bee385721/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6e83cf4b-da8c-4b7e-9d06-4a4bee80226f/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
f1dcee1176c93c6440db0462cb38f741 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 a9f2807e350c24e9f76b254645e9b2df cc05596308405560ed61a412780f13ea |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166832631054336 |
| spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Akbari Alavijeh, MozhganBadillo Romero, DanielSilva, Luis F. O.Oliveira, Marcos L. S.Schindler, MichaelBlanco Donado, Erika Patriciavirtual::948-1Caribe2025-02-26T19:19:45Z2025-02-26T19:19:45Z2023-07Donado, E.B., Alavijeh, M.A., Romero, D.B. et al. Insights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effect. Air Qual Atmos Health 16, 1291–1310 (2023). https://doi-org.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/10.1007/s11869-023-01342-z1873-9318https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1399010.1007/s11869-023-01342-z1873-9326Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The mixture and interactions of different types of particulate matter (PM) derived from various sources lead to their physical and chemical transformations and change their level of impact on human health. For this reason, this study investigates the physical and chemical properties of PM derived from the interactions between different PM sources such as wildfires, geological sources, sea spray, and urban and industrial activities in the industrial town of Barranquilla, Atlántico, Caribbean region. Particles are composed of larger C-rich particles (soot/compacted soot), carbon allotropes, organics, C-rich coatings, and nanoparticles (NPs) of amorphous silica, silicates, salt minerals (mainly Na-sulfates), Fe-, Ti-, and Zn-oxides as well as Zn-bearing-phosphates and -sulfates. Some aggregates are chemically heterogeneous containing over ten different chemical elements including metals such as Cr and Pb. The occurrence of modified highly dense soot particles, the chemical heterogeneity, and the occurrence of nucleated salt and metal-oxides NPs as well as C-rich surface coatings on individual NPs indicate strong interactions between PM originating from different sources. The size range of the characterized PM (< 2.5 µm) indicates that the observed particles can enter the lung system. The biological activity of NPs or elements associated with these particles will then depend on their solubility, size, surface composition (i.e., C-rich coating), and the stability of the material in which they are embedded. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.20 páginasapplication/pdfengSpringer NetherlandsNetherlandshttps://link-springer-com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/article/10.1007/s11869-023-01342-zInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town: composition and possible health effectArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Air quality, atmosphere and healthAdachi K, Buseck PR (2008) Internally mixed soot, sulfates, and organic matter in aerosol particles from Mexico City. Atmos Chem Phys 8(21):6469–6481. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-6469-2008Adair JH, Suvaci E, & Sindel J. (2001). Surface and colloid chemistry. In KHJ. Buschow RW. Cahn MC. Flemings B. Ilschner EJ. Kramer S. Mahajan, & P. Veyssière (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (pp. 1–10). Elsevier. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/B0-08-043152-6/01622-3Aguilera R, Corringham T, Gershunov A, Benmarhnia T (2021) Wildfre smoke impacts respiratory health more than fne particles from other sources: observational evidence from Southern California. Nat Commun 12(1):1493. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-021-21708-0Alexis E, Plocoste T, Nuiro SP (2022) Analysis of particulate matter (PM10) behavior in the Caribbean area using a coupled SARIMAGARCH Model. Atmosphere 13(6):862. https://doi.org/10.3390/ atmos13060862Amdur MO, Sarofm AF, Neville M, Quann RJ, McCarthy JF, Elliott JF, Lam HF, Rogers AE, Conner MW (1986) Coal combustion aerosols and sulfur dioxide: an interdisciplinary analysis. Environ Sci Technol 20(2):138–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/es00144a004Bell ML, Ebisu K, Peng RD, Samet JM, Dominici F (2009) Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fne particle air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179(12):1115–1120. https://doi. org/10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OCBertram TH, Cochran RE, Grassian VH, Stone EA (2018) Sea spray aerosol chemical composition: elemental and molecular mimics for laboratory studies of heterogeneous and multiphase reactions. Chem Soc Rev 47(7):2374–2400. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CS0 0008ABhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Mazzoleni C (2019) Extensive soot compaction by cloud processing from laboratory and feld observations. Sci Rep 9(1):11824. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-019-48143-yBoisa N, Elom N, Dean JR, Deary ME, Bird G, Entwistle JA (2014) Development and application of an inhalation bioaccessibility method (IBM) for lead in the PM10 size fraction of soil. Environ Int 70:132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.021Boubel RW, Vallero D, Fox DL, Turner B, Stern AC (2013) Fundamentals of air pollution. ElsevierBové H, Bongaerts E, Slenders E, Bijnens EM, Saenen ND, Gyselaers W, Van Eyken P, Plusquin M, Roefaers MBJ, Ameloot M, Nawrot TS (2019) Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal side of human placenta. Nat Commun 10(1):3866. https://doi.org/10. 1038/s41467-019-11654-3Broday DM, Georgopoulos PG (2001) Growth and deposition of hygroscopic particulate matter in the human lungs. Aerosol Sci Technol 34(1):144–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820118725Brown JS, Gordon T, Price O, Asgharian B (2013) Thoracic and respirable particle defnitions for human health risk assessment. Part Fibre Toxicol 10:12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-8977-10-12Burnett RT, Brook J, Dann T, Delocla C, Philips O, Cakmak S, Vincent R, Goldberg MS, Krewski D (2000) Association between particulate- and gas-phase components of urban air pollution and daily mortality in eight Canadian cities. Inhal Toxicol 12(Suppl 4):15–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370050164851Chin BY, Choi ME, Burdick MD, Strieter RM, Risby TH, Choi AMK (1998) Induction of apoptosis by particulate matter: role of TNF-α and MAPK. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Molecular Physiol 275(5):L942–L949. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.5. L942Councell TB, Duckenfeld KU, Landa ER, Callender E (2004) Tirewear particles as a source of zinc to the environment. Environ Sci Technol 38(15):4206–4214. https://doi.org/10.1021/es034 631fDe Matteis V, Cascione M, Brunetti V, Toma CC, Rinaldi R (2016) Toxicity assessment of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide nanoparticles: the role of degradation in diferent pH conditions and light exposure. Toxicol in Vitro 37:201–210. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tiv.2016.09.010Derjaguin BV, Churaev NV, & Muller VM. (1987). The Derjaguin— Landau—Verwey—Overbeek (DLVO) Theory of stability of lyophobic colloids. In B. V. Derjaguin, NV. Churaev & VM. Muller (Eds.), Surface Forces (pp. 293–310). Springer US. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6639-4_8Elliott CT, Copes R (2011) Burden of mortality due to ambient fne particulate air pollution (PM2.5) in interior and Northern BC. Can J Public Health. 102(5):390–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/ bf03404182Emerit J, Michelson AM (1982) Free radicals in medicine and biology. La semaine des hopitaux : organe fonde par l’Association d’enseignement medical des hopitaux de Paris 58(45):2670–5Engin AB (2021) Combined toxicity of metal nanoparticles: comparison of individual and mixture particles efect. Adv Exp Med Biol 1275:165–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_7Esmaeillou M, Moharamnejad M, Hsankhani R, Tehrani AA, Maadi H (2013) Toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in healthy adult mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 35(1):67–71. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.etap.2012.11.003Finkelman RB (1982) Modes of occurrence of trace elements and minerals in coal: an analytical approach, in atomic and nuclear methods in fossil energy research. In Filby RH, Carpenter BS, Ragaini RC (eds). Springer US, Boston, M, pp 141–149. https:// doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4133-8_10Finn WF (1977) Renal response to environmental toxins. Environ Health Perspect 20:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.772015Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz P (2008) The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology 19(5):680–689. https://doi.org/10.1097/ede.0b013e3181 812bb7Frenklach M (1996) On surface growth mechanism of soot particles. Symposium (International) on Combustion 26(2):2285–2293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80056-7Greczynski G, Hultman L (2017) C 1s peak of adventitious carbon aligns to the vacuum level: dire consequences for material’s bonding assignment by photoelectron spectroscopy. ChemPhysChem 18(12):1507–1512. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201700126Gurr J-R, Wang AS, Chen C-H, Jan K-Y (2005) Ultrafne titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 213(1–2):66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.007Hallett J, Hudson J, Rogers C (1989) Characterization of combustion aerosols for haze and cloud formation. Aerosol Sci Technol 10(1):70–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786828908959222Hernandez G, Berry T-A, Wallis S, Poyner D (2017) Temperature and humidity efects on particulate matter concentrations in a subtropical climate during winter. Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10. 7763/IPCBEEHirshon JM, Shardell M, Alles S, Powell JL, Squibb K, Ondov J, Blaisdell CJ (2008) Elevated ambient air zinc increases pediatric asthma morbidity. Environ Health Perspect 116(6):826–831. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10759Hower JC, Bland AE (1989) Geochemistry of the Pond Creek coal bed, Eastern Kentucky coalfeld. Int J Coal Geol 11(3–4):205–226Hower JC, Ruppert LF, Eble CF (2007) Lateral variation in geochemistry, petrology, and palynology in the Elswick coal bed, Pike County. Kentucky Int J Coal Geol 69(3):165–178Hu F, MacRenaris KW, Waters EA, Liang T, Schultz-Sikma EA, Eckermann AL, Meade TJ (2009) Ultrasmall, water-soluble magnetite nanoparticles with high relaxivity for magnetic resonance imaging. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 113(49):20855– 20860. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp907216gJiang J, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Gelein R, Mercer P, Biswas P (2008) Does nanoparticle activity depend upon size and crystal phase? Nanotoxicology 2(1):33–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743539070 1882478Jitrapinate N (2016) Capillary rise simulation of saline waters of different concentrations in sandy soils. Engineering App Sci Res 43:78–84Jung J, Hu JW (2016) Impact of pressure and brine salinity on capillary pressure-water saturation relations in geological CO2 sequestration. Advances Condensed Matter Physics 2016:5603739. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2016/5603739Kadiiska MB, Mason RP, Dreher KL, Costa DL, Ghio AJ (1997) In vivo evidence of free radical formation in the rat lung after exposure to an emission source air pollution particle. Chem Res Toxicol 10(10):1104–1108. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx970049rKalagbor IA, Dibofori-Orji AN, Ekpete OA (2019) Exposure to heavy metals in soot samples and cancer risk assessment in Port Harcourt. Nigeria J Health Pollut 9(24):191211. https://doi.org/10. 5696/2156-9614-9.24.191211Karthikeyan S, Balasubramanian R, Iouri K (2006) Particulate air pollution from bushfres: human exposure and possible health efects. J Toxicol Environ Health A 69(21):1895–1908. https://doi.org/10. 1080/15287390600751264Kastury F, Smith E, Juhasz AL (2017) A critical review of approaches and limitations of inhalation bioavailability and bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s from ambient particulate matter or dust. Sci Total Environ 574:1054–1074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016. 09.056Ketris MP, Yudovich YE (2009) Estimations of Clarkes for carbonaceous biolithes: world averages for trace element contents in black shales and coals. Int J Coal Geol 78(2):135–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. coal.2009.01.002Khalizov AF, Zhang R, Zhang D, Xue H, Pagels J, McMurry PH (2009) Formation of highly hygroscopic soot aerosols upon internal mixing with sulfuric acid vapor. J Geophys Res : Atmos 114(D5). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010595Laskin A, Gaspar DJ, Wang W, Hunt SW, Cowin JP, Colson SD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ (2003) Reactions at interfaces as a source of sulfate formation in sea-salt particles. Science 301(5631):340–344. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1085374Lewis KA, Arnott WP, Moosmüller H, Chakrabarty RK, Carrico CM, Kreidenweis SM, Day DE, Malm WC, Laskin A, Jimenez JL, Ulbrich IM, Hufman JA, Onasch TB, Trimborn A, Liu L, Mishchenko MI (2009) Reduction in biomass burning aerosol light absorption upon humidifcation: roles of inorganically-induced hygroscopicity, particle collapse, and photoacoustic heat and mass transfer. Atmos Chem Phys 9(22):8949–8966. https://doi.org/10. 5194/acp-9-8949-2009Li W, Shao L, Shen R, Yang S, Wang Z, Tang U (2011) Internally mixed sea salt, soot, and sulfates at Macao, a coastal city in South China. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 61(11):1166–1173. https://doi. org/10.1080/10473289.2011.603996Li W, Shao L, Zhang D, Ro C-U, Hu M, Bi X, Geng H, Matsuki A, Niu H, Chen J (2016) A review of single aerosol particle studies in the atmosphere of East Asia: morphology, mixing state, source, and heterogeneous reactions. J Clean Prod 112:1330–1349. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.050Lighty JS, Veranth JM, Sarofm AF (2000) Combustion aerosols: factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 50:1565–1618. https:// doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464197Lindberg HK, Falck GCM, Catalán J, Koivisto AJ, Suhonen S, Järventaus H, Rossi EM, Nykäsenoja H, Peltonen Y, Moreno C, Alenius H, Tuomi T, Savolainen KM, Norppa H (2012) Genotoxicity of inhaled nanosized TiO2 in mice. Mutation Research/genetic Toxicol Environmental Mutagenesis 745(1):58–64. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.011Ling MM, Wang KY, Chung T-S (2010) Highly water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles as novel draw solutes in forward osmosis for water reuse. Ind Eng Chem Res 49(12):5869–5876. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ie100438xLiu P-S, Cai W-P, Wan L-X, Shi M-D, Luo X-D, Jing W-P (2009) Fabrication and characteristics of rutile TiO2 nanoparticles induced by laser ablation. Transact Nonferrous Metals Soc China 19:s743– s747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(10)60143-4Liu F, Tan QW, Jiang X, Jiang WJ, Song DL (2018) Efect of relative humidity on particulate matter concentration and visibility during winter in Chengdu. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 39(4):1466–1472. https:// doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.201707112Löndahl J, Massling A, Pagels J, Swietlicki E, Vaclavik E, Loft S (2007) Size-resolved respiratory-tract deposition of fine and ultrafne hydrophobic and hygroscopic aerosol particles during rest and exercise. Inhal Toxicol 19(2):109–116. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/08958370601051677Loomis D, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Baan R, Mattock H, Straif K (2013) The carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution. Lancet Oncol 14(13):1262–1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(13) 70487-xLoomis D, Huang W, Chen G (2014) The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: focus on China. Chin J Cancer 33(4):189–196. https://doi.org/10.5732/cjc.014.10028Ma X, Zangmeister CD, Gigault J, Mulholland GW, Zachariah MR (2013) Soot aggregate restructuring during water processing. J Aerosol Sci 66:209–219Maher BA, Ahmed IA, Karloukovski V, MacLaren DA, Foulds PG, Allsop D, Mann DM, Torres-Jardón R, Calderon-Garciduenas L (2016) Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(39):10797–10801. https://doi.org/10. 1073/pnas.1605941113Maher BA, González-Maciel A, Reynoso-Robles R, Torres-Jardón R, Calderón-Garcidueñas L (2020) Iron-rich air pollution nanoparticles: an unrecognised environmental risk factor for myocardial mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac oxidative stress. Environ Res 188:109816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109816Martonen TB (1982) Analytical model of hygroscopic particle behavior in human airways. Bull Math Biol 44(3):425–442. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0092-8240(82)80021-9Mikhailov E, Vlasenko S, Podgorny I, Ramanathan, & Corrigan. (2006) Optical properties of soot–water drop agglomerates: An experimental study. J Geophys Res 111. https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2005JD006389Moresco S, Giovanela M, Carli LN, Crespo JS (2016) Development of passenger tire treads: reduction in zinc content and utilization of a bio-based lubricant. J Clean Prod 117:199–206. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.013Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B, Dinsdale D, Thomeer M, Hoylaerts MF, Vanbilloen H, Mortelmans L, Nemery B (2002) Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105(4):411–414. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0402. 104118Niemi JV, Tervahattu H, Virkkula A, Hillamo R, Teinilä K, Koponen IK, Kulmala M (2005) Continental impact on marine boundary layer coarse particles over the Atlantic Ocean between Europe and Antarctica. Atmos Res 75(4):301–321. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.atmosres.2005.01.005Novakov T, Chang SG, Harker AB (1974) Sulfates as pollution particulates: catalytic formation on carbon (soot) particles. Science 186(4160):259–261. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4160. 259Ohshima H (2012) The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloid stability. In Electrical phenomena at interfaces and biointerfaces, p 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118135 440.ch3Orrling D, Fitzgerald E, Ivanov A, Molina M (2011) Enhanced sulfate formation on ozone-exposed soot. J Aerosol Sci 42(9):615– 620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.04.004Ostro BD, Broadwin R, Lipsett MJ (2000) Coarse and fne particles and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a follow-up study. J Eposure Sci Environ Epidemiol 10(5):412–419. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500094Pandurangan M, Kim DH (2015) In vitro toxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a review. J Nanopart Res 17(3):158. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11051-015-2958-9Park EJ, Lee GH, Shim HW, Kim JH, Cho MH, Kim DW (2014) Comparison of toxicity of diferent nanorod-type TiO2 polymorphs in vivo and in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 34(4):357–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2932Powell CJ. (2000). NIST data resources for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface and interface analysis (Accessed July 5, 2022).Prengaman RD, Mirza AH (2017) Recycling concepts for lead–acid batteries. Materials Science 575–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/ B978-0-444-63700-0.00020-9Prince AP, Kleiber PD, Grassian VH, Young MA (2008) Reactive uptake of acetic acid on calcite and nitric acid reacted calcite aerosol in an environmental reaction chamber. Physical Chem Chem Physics 10(1):142–152. https://doi.org/10.1039/B712915GRasking L, Vanbrabant K, Bové H, Plusquin M, De Vusser K, Roels HA, Nawrot TS (2022) Adverse efects of fne particulate matter on human kidney functioning: a systematic review. Environ Health 21(1):24–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-021-00827-7Schindler M, Santosh M, Dotto G, Silva LFO, Hochella MF (2022) A review on Pb-bearing nanoparticles, particulate matter and colloids released from mining and smelting activities. Gondwana Res 110:330–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.07.011Schnitzler EG, Gac JM, Jäger W (2017) Coating surface tension dependence of soot aggregate restructuring. J Aerosol Sci 106:43–55Schraufnagel D, Balmes J, Cowl C, De Matteis S, Jung S-H, Mortimer K, Perez Padilla R, Rice M, Riojas-Rodroguez H, Sood A, Thurston G, To T, Vanker A, Wuebbles D (2018) Air Pollution and noncommunicable diseases: a review by the forum of international respiratory societies’ environmental committee, Part 1: The Damaging Efects of Air Pollution. Chest 155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest. 2018.10.042Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN (2012) Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change. WileyShingler T, et al (2016) Ambient observations of hygroscopic growth factor and f(RH) below 1: case studies from surface and airborne measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 121:13,661–13,677. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025471Silva LFO, Schneider IL, Artaxo P, Núñez-Blanco Y, Pinto D, Flores ÉMM, Gómez-Plata L, Ramírez O, Dotto GL (2022) Particulate matter geochemistry of a highly industrialized region in the Caribbean: basis for future toxicological studies. Geosci Front 13(1):101115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.11.012Skocaj M, Filipic M, Petkovic J, Novak S (2011) Titanium dioxide in our everyday life; is it safe? Radiol Oncol 45(4):227–247. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10019-011-0037-0Susa D, Haydary J (2013) Sulphur distribution in the products of waste tire pyrolysis. Chem Pap 67(12):1521–1526. https://doi. org/10.2478/s11696-012-0294-4Twining J, McGlinn P, Loi E, Smith K, Gieré R (2005) Risk ranking of bioaccessible metals from fy ash dissolved in simulated lung and gut fuids. Environ Sci Technol 39(19):7749–7756. https:// doi.org/10.1021/es0502369Vandebriel RJ, De Jong WH (2012) A review of mammalian toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 5:61–71. https:// doi.org/10.2147/nsa.S23932Veranth JM, Smith KR, Hu AA, Lighty JS, Aust AE (2000) Mobilization of iron from coal fy ash was dependent upon the particle size and source of coal: analysis of rates and mechanisms. Chem Res Toxicol 13(5):382–389. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx9901884Vogl G, Elstner EF (1989) Diesel soot particles catalyze the production of oxy-radicals. Toxicol Lett 47(1):17–23. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0378-4274(89)90082-9Wang X, Zhang R, Yu W (2019) The efects of PM2.5 concentrations and relative humidity on atmospheric visibility in Beijing. J Geophysical Res Atmospheres 124(4):2235–2259Watkinson WP, Campen MJ, Costa DL (1998) Cardiac arrhythmia induction after exposure to residual oil fy ash particles in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension. Toxicol Sci 41(2):209–216. https://doi.org/10.1006/toxs.1997.2406Weisbrod N, Yechieli Y, Shandalov S, Lensky N (2016) On the viscosity of natural hyper-saline solutions and its importance: the dead sea brines. J Hydrol 532:46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jhydrol.2015.11.036Williams KM, Franzi LM, Last JA (2013) Cell-specifc oxidative stress and cytotoxicity after wildfre coarse particulate matter instillation into mouse lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 266(1):48–55. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.017Winkler-Heil R, Ferron G, Hofmann W (2014) Calculation of hygroscopic particle deposition in the human lung. Inhal Toxicol 26(3):193–206. https://doi.org/10.3109/08958378.2013.876468Yang Y, Chen B, Hower J, Schindler M, Winkler C, Brandt J, Di Giulio R, Ge J, Liu M, Fu Y, Zhang L, Chen Y, Priya S, Hochella MF (2017) Discovery and ramifications of incidental Magnéli phase generation and release from industrial coal-burning. Nat Commun 8(1):194. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41467-017-00276-2Zerboni A, Bengalli R, Baeri G, Fiandra L, Catelani T, Mantecca P (2019) Mixture efects of diesel exhaust and metal oxide nanoparticles in human lung A549 cells. Nanomaterials (basel) 9(9):1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9091302Zhang W, Tang H (2018) Rutile nanopowders for pigment production: formation mechanism and particle size prediction. Chem Phys Lett 692:129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2017. 12.025Zhang R, Khalizov AF, Pagels J, Zhang D, Xue H, McMurry PH (2008) Variability in morphology, hygroscopicity, and optical properties of soot aerosols during atmospheric processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(30):10291–1029613101291716Particulate matterHealth efectMixingTransmission electron microscopyWildfresNanoparticlesPublication7e8895d7-b43e-4e2b-86f8-581bc91281a2virtual::948-17e8895d7-b43e-4e2b-86f8-581bc91281a2virtual::948-1https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=0P4yXS8AAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::948-10000-0002-7060-7508virtual::948-1ORIGINALInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdfInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdfapplication/pdf6454786https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9c2f8b07-6978-47f0-a79f-c23460f26c62/downloadf1dcee1176c93c6440db0462cb38f741MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d53bb8f2-befd-4edf-bf53-d6e3354c674e/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdf.txtInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain89560https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9f3c8483-bd14-42c0-bb4b-d99bee385721/downloada9f2807e350c24e9f76b254645e9b2dfMD53THUMBNAILInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdf.jpgInsights into the mixing of particulate matter and aerosols from different sources in a Caribbean industrial town.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15480https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6e83cf4b-da8c-4b7e-9d06-4a4bee80226f/downloadcc05596308405560ed61a412780f13eaMD5411323/13990oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/139902025-02-27 04:03:10.774https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.coPHA+TEEgT0JSQSAoVEFMIFkgQ09NTyBTRSBERUZJTkUgTcOBUyBBREVMQU5URSkgU0UgT1RPUkdBIEJBSk8gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIERFIEVTVEEgTElDRU5DSUEgUMOaQkxJQ0EgREUgQ1JFQVRJVkUgQ09NTU9OUyAo4oCcTFBDQ+KAnSBPIOKAnExJQ0VOQ0lB4oCdKS4gTEEgT0JSQSBFU1TDgSBQUk9URUdJREEgUE9SIERFUkVDSE9TIERFIEFVVE9SIFkvVSBPVFJBUyBMRVlFUyBBUExJQ0FCTEVTLiBRVUVEQSBQUk9ISUJJRE8gQ1VBTFFVSUVSIFVTTyBRVUUgU0UgSEFHQSBERSBMQSBPQlJBIFFVRSBOTyBDVUVOVEUgQ09OIExBIEFVVE9SSVpBQ0nDk04gUEVSVElORU5URSBERSBDT05GT1JNSURBRCBDT04gTE9TIFTDiVJNSU5PUyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIFkgREUgTEEgTEVZIERFIERFUkVDSE8gREUgQVVUT1IuPC9wPgo8cD5NRURJQU5URSBFTCBFSkVSQ0lDSU8gREUgQ1VBTFFVSUVSQSBERSBMT1MgREVSRUNIT1MgUVVFIFNFIE9UT1JHQU4gRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSwgVVNURUQgQUNFUFRBIFkgQUNVRVJEQSBRVUVEQVIgT0JMSUdBRE8gRU4gTE9TIFRFUk1JTk9TIFFVRSBTRSBTRcORQUxBTiBFTiBFTExBLiBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBDT05DRURFIEEgVVNURUQgTE9TIERFUkVDSE9TIENPTlRFTklET1MgRU4gRVNUQSBMSUNFTkNJQSBDT05ESUNJT05BRE9TIEEgTEEgQUNFUFRBQ0nDk04gREUgU1VTIFRFUk1JTk9TIFkgQ09ORElDSU9ORVMuPC9wPgo8b2wgdHlwZT0iMSI+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgRGVmaW5pY2lvbmVzCiAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT1hPgogICAgICA8bGk+T2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgZXMgdW5hIG9icmEsIHRhbCBjb21vIHVuYSBwdWJsaWNhY2nDs24gcGVyacOzZGljYSwgdW5hIGFudG9sb2fDrWEsIG8gdW5hIGVuY2ljbG9wZWRpYSwgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgZW4gc3UgdG90YWxpZGFkLCBzaW4gbW9kaWZpY2FjacOzbiBhbGd1bmEsIGp1bnRvIGNvbiB1biBncnVwbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBjb250cmlidWNpb25lcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5ZW4gb2JyYXMgc2VwYXJhZGFzIGUgaW5kZXBlbmRpZW50ZXMgZW4gc8OtIG1pc21hcywgc2UgaW50ZWdyYW4gZW4gdW4gdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8uIFVuYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllIHVuYSBvYnJhIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBubyBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgKGNvbW8gc2UgZGVmaW5lIGFiYWpvKSBwYXJhIGxvcyBwcm9ww7NzaXRvcyBkZSBlc3RhIGxpY2VuY2lhLiBhcXVlbGxhIHByb2R1Y2lkYSBwb3IgdW4gZ3J1cG8gZGUgYXV0b3JlcywgZW4gcXVlIGxhIE9icmEgc2UgZW5jdWVudHJhIHNpbiBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcywganVudG8gY29uIHVuYSBjaWVydGEgY2FudGlkYWQgZGUgb3RyYXMgY29udHJpYnVjaW9uZXMsIHF1ZSBjb25zdGl0dXllbiBlbiBzw60gbWlzbW9zIHRyYWJham9zIHNlcGFyYWRvcyBlIGluZGVwZW5kaWVudGVzLCBxdWUgc29uIGludGVncmFkb3MgYWwgdG9kbyBjb2xlY3Rpdm8sIHRhbGVzIGNvbW8gcHVibGljYWNpb25lcyBwZXJpw7NkaWNhcywgYW50b2xvZ8OtYXMgbyBlbmNpY2xvcGVkaWFzLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5PYnJhIERlcml2YWRhIHNpZ25pZmljYSB1bmEgb2JyYSBiYXNhZGEgZW4gbGEgb2JyYSBvYmpldG8gZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBvIGVuIMOpc3RhIHkgb3RyYXMgb2JyYXMgcHJlZXhpc3RlbnRlcywgdGFsZXMgY29tbyB0cmFkdWNjaW9uZXMsIGFycmVnbG9zIG11c2ljYWxlcywgZHJhbWF0aXphY2lvbmVzLCDigJxmaWNjaW9uYWxpemFjaW9uZXPigJ0sIHZlcnNpb25lcyBwYXJhIGNpbmUsIOKAnGdyYWJhY2lvbmVzIGRlIHNvbmlkb+KAnSwgcmVwcm9kdWNjaW9uZXMgZGUgYXJ0ZSwgcmVzw7ptZW5lcywgY29uZGVuc2FjaW9uZXMsIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgZW4gbGEgcXVlIGxhIG9icmEgcHVlZGEgc2VyIHRyYW5zZm9ybWFkYSwgY2FtYmlhZGEgbyBhZGFwdGFkYSwgZXhjZXB0byBhcXVlbGxhcyBxdWUgY29uc3RpdHV5YW4gdW5hIG9icmEgY29sZWN0aXZhLCBsYXMgcXVlIG5vIHNlcsOhbiBjb25zaWRlcmFkYXMgdW5hIG9icmEgZGVyaXZhZGEgcGFyYSBlZmVjdG9zIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEuIChQYXJhIGV2aXRhciBkdWRhcywgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSBxdWUgbGEgT2JyYSBzZWEgdW5hIGNvbXBvc2ljacOzbiBtdXNpY2FsIG8gdW5hIGdyYWJhY2nDs24gc29ub3JhLCBwYXJhIGxvcyBlZmVjdG9zIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbGEgc2luY3Jvbml6YWNpw7NuIHRlbXBvcmFsIGRlIGxhIE9icmEgY29uIHVuYSBpbWFnZW4gZW4gbW92aW1pZW50byBzZSBjb25zaWRlcmFyw6EgdW5hIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgcGFyYSBsb3MgZmluZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSkuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPkxpY2VuY2lhbnRlLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gbyBsYSBlbnRpZGFkIHRpdHVsYXIgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHF1ZSBvZnJlY2UgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBjb25mb3JtaWRhZCBjb24gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPkF1dG9yIG9yaWdpbmFsLCBlcyBlbCBpbmRpdmlkdW8gcXVlIGNyZcOzIGxhIE9icmEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPk9icmEsIGVzIGFxdWVsbGEgb2JyYSBzdXNjZXB0aWJsZSBkZSBwcm90ZWNjacOzbiBwb3IgZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgRGVyZWNobyBkZSBBdXRvciB5IHF1ZSBlcyBvZnJlY2lkYSBlbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWE8L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+VXN0ZWQsIGVzIGVsIGluZGl2aWR1byBvIGxhIGVudGlkYWQgcXVlIGVqZXJjaXRhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgYWwgYW1wYXJvIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSBxdWUgY29uIGFudGVyaW9yaWRhZCBubyBoYSB2aW9sYWRvIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBsYSBtaXNtYSByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEsIG8gcXVlIGhheWEgb2J0ZW5pZG8gYXV0b3JpemFjacOzbiBleHByZXNhIHBvciBwYXJ0ZSBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgcGFyYSBlamVyY2VyIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBhbCBhbXBhcm8gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBwZXNlIGEgdW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gYW50ZXJpb3IuPC9saT4KICAgIDwvb2w+CiAgPC9saT4KICA8YnIvPgogIDxsaT4KICAgIERlcmVjaG9zIGRlIFVzb3MgSG9ucmFkb3MgeSBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBMZWdhbGVzLgogICAgPHA+TmFkYSBlbiBlc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHBvZHLDoSBzZXIgaW50ZXJwcmV0YWRvIGNvbW8gdW5hIGRpc21pbnVjacOzbiwgbGltaXRhY2nDs24gbyByZXN0cmljY2nDs24gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlcml2YWRvcyBkZWwgdXNvIGhvbnJhZG8geSBvdHJhcyBsaW1pdGFjaW9uZXMgbyBleGNlcGNpb25lcyBhIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZWwgYXV0b3IgYmFqbyBlbCByw6lnaW1lbiBsZWdhbCB2aWdlbnRlIG8gZGVyaXZhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cmEgbm9ybWEgcXVlIHNlIGxlIGFwbGlxdWUuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgQ29uY2VzacOzbiBkZSBsYSBMaWNlbmNpYS4KICAgIDxwPkJham8gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyB5IGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG90b3JnYSBhIFVzdGVkIHVuYSBsaWNlbmNpYSBtdW5kaWFsLCBsaWJyZSBkZSByZWdhbMOtYXMsIG5vIGV4Y2x1c2l2YSB5IHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIHRvZG8gZWwgcGVyw61vZG8gZGUgdmlnZW5jaWEgZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yKSBwYXJhIGVqZXJjZXIgZXN0b3MgZGVyZWNob3Mgc29icmUgbGEgT2JyYSB0YWwgeSBjb21vIHNlIGluZGljYSBhIGNvbnRpbnVhY2nDs246PC9wPgogICAgPG9sIHR5cGU9ImEiPgogICAgICA8bGk+UmVwcm9kdWNpciBsYSBPYnJhLCBpbmNvcnBvcmFyIGxhIE9icmEgZW4gdW5hIG8gbcOhcyBPYnJhcyBDb2xlY3RpdmFzLCB5IHJlcHJvZHVjaXIgbGEgT2JyYSBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYSBlbiBsYXMgT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcy48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+RGlzdHJpYnVpciBjb3BpYXMgbyBmb25vZ3JhbWFzIGRlIGxhcyBPYnJhcywgZXhoaWJpcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhcmxhcyBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlIHkvbyBwb25lcmxhcyBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSwgaW5jbHV5w6luZG9sYXMgY29tbyBpbmNvcnBvcmFkYXMgZW4gT2JyYXMgQ29sZWN0aXZhcywgc2Vnw7puIGNvcnJlc3BvbmRhLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5EaXN0cmlidWlyIGNvcGlhcyBkZSBsYXMgT2JyYXMgRGVyaXZhZGFzIHF1ZSBzZSBnZW5lcmVuLCBleGhpYmlybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGFybGFzIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgeS9vIHBvbmVybGFzIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogICAgPHA+TG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG1lbmNpb25hZG9zIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUgcHVlZGVuIHNlciBlamVyY2lkb3MgZW4gdG9kb3MgbG9zIG1lZGlvcyB5IGZvcm1hdG9zLCBhY3R1YWxtZW50ZSBjb25vY2lkb3MgbyBxdWUgc2UgaW52ZW50ZW4gZW4gZWwgZnV0dXJvLiBMb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgYW50ZXMgbWVuY2lvbmFkb3MgaW5jbHV5ZW4gZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHJlYWxpemFyIGRpY2hhcyBtb2RpZmljYWNpb25lcyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgcXVlIHNlYW4gdMOpY25pY2FtZW50ZSBuZWNlc2FyaWFzIHBhcmEgZWplcmNlciBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZW4gb3RybyBtZWRpbyBvIGZvcm1hdG9zLCBwZXJvIGRlIG90cmEgbWFuZXJhIHVzdGVkIG5vIGVzdMOhIGF1dG9yaXphZG8gcGFyYSByZWFsaXphciBvYnJhcyBkZXJpdmFkYXMuIFRvZG9zIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBubyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZXhwcmVzYW1lbnRlIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSBxdWVkYW4gcG9yIGVzdGUgbWVkaW8gcmVzZXJ2YWRvcywgaW5jbHV5ZW5kbyBwZXJvIHNpbiBsaW1pdGFyc2UgYSBhcXVlbGxvcyBxdWUgc2UgbWVuY2lvbmFuIGVuIGxhcyBzZWNjaW9uZXMgNChkKSB5IDQoZSkuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBSZXN0cmljY2lvbmVzLgogICAgPHA+TGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgZW4gbGEgYW50ZXJpb3IgU2VjY2nDs24gMyBlc3TDoSBleHByZXNhbWVudGUgc3VqZXRhIHkgbGltaXRhZGEgcG9yIGxhcyBzaWd1aWVudGVzIHJlc3RyaWNjaW9uZXM6PC9wPgogICAgPG9sIHR5cGU9ImEiPgogICAgICA8bGk+VXN0ZWQgcHVlZGUgZGlzdHJpYnVpciwgZXhoaWJpciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhciBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBvIHBvbmVyIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGxhIE9icmEgc8OzbG8gYmFqbyBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSwgeSBVc3RlZCBkZWJlIGluY2x1aXIgdW5hIGNvcGlhIGRlIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBkZWwgSWRlbnRpZmljYWRvciBVbml2ZXJzYWwgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgZGUgbGEgbWlzbWEgY29uIGNhZGEgY29waWEgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBxdWUgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZXhoaWJhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUsIGVqZWN1dGUgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSBvIHBvbmdhIGEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhLiBObyBlcyBwb3NpYmxlIG9mcmVjZXIgbyBpbXBvbmVyIG5pbmd1bmEgY29uZGljacOzbiBzb2JyZSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBhbHRlcmUgbyBsaW1pdGUgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbyBlbCBlamVyY2ljaW8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGxvcyBkZXN0aW5hdGFyaW9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gTm8gZXMgcG9zaWJsZSBzdWJsaWNlbmNpYXIgbGEgT2JyYS4gVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RvcyB0b2RvcyBsb3MgYXZpc29zIHF1ZSBoYWdhbiByZWZlcmVuY2lhIGEgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSB5IGEgbGEgY2zDoXVzdWxhIGRlIGxpbWl0YWNpw7NuIGRlIGdhcmFudMOtYXMuIFVzdGVkIG5vIHB1ZWRlIGRpc3RyaWJ1aXIsIGV4aGliaXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgZWplY3V0YXIgcMO6YmxpY2FtZW50ZSwgbyBwb25lciBhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBsYSBPYnJhIGNvbiBhbGd1bmEgbWVkaWRhIHRlY25vbMOzZ2ljYSBxdWUgY29udHJvbGUgZWwgYWNjZXNvIG8gbGEgdXRpbGl6YWNpw7NuIGRlIGVsbGEgZGUgdW5hIGZvcm1hIHF1ZSBzZWEgaW5jb25zaXN0ZW50ZSBjb24gbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIExvIGFudGVyaW9yIHNlIGFwbGljYSBhIGxhIE9icmEgaW5jb3Jwb3JhZGEgYSB1bmEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEsIHBlcm8gZXN0byBubyBleGlnZSBxdWUgbGEgT2JyYSBDb2xlY3RpdmEgYXBhcnRlIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgbWlzbWEgcXVlZGUgc3VqZXRhIGEgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuIFNpIFVzdGVkIGNyZWEgdW5hIE9icmEgQ29sZWN0aXZhLCBwcmV2aW8gYXZpc28gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGRlYmUsIGVuIGxhIG1lZGlkYSBkZSBsbyBwb3NpYmxlLCBlbGltaW5hciBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSBjdWFscXVpZXIgcmVmZXJlbmNpYSBhIGRpY2hvIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIG8gYWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIHNlZ8O6biBsbyBzb2xpY2l0YWRvIHBvciBlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IGNvbmZvcm1lIGxvIGV4aWdlIGxhIGNsw6F1c3VsYSA0KGMpLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5Vc3RlZCBubyBwdWVkZSBlamVyY2VyIG5pbmd1bm8gZGUgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIHF1ZSBsZSBoYW4gc2lkbyBvdG9yZ2Fkb3MgZW4gbGEgU2VjY2nDs24gMyBwcmVjZWRlbnRlIGRlIG1vZG8gcXVlIGVzdMOpbiBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZG9zIG8gZGlyZWN0YW1lbnRlIGRpcmlnaWRvcyBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS4gRWwgaW50ZXJjYW1iaW8gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBwb3Igb3RyYXMgb2JyYXMgcHJvdGVnaWRhcyBwb3IgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHlhIHNlYSBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW4gc2lzdGVtYSBwYXJhIGNvbXBhcnRpciBhcmNoaXZvcyBkaWdpdGFsZXMgKGRpZ2l0YWwgZmlsZS1zaGFyaW5nKSBvIGRlIGN1YWxxdWllciBvdHJhIG1hbmVyYSBubyBzZXLDoSBjb25zaWRlcmFkbyBjb21vIGVzdGFyIGRlc3RpbmFkbyBwcmluY2lwYWxtZW50ZSBvIGRpcmlnaWRvIGRpcmVjdGFtZW50ZSBhIGNvbnNlZ3VpciB1biBwcm92ZWNobyBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYSwgc2llbXByZSBxdWUgbm8gc2UgcmVhbGljZSB1biBwYWdvIG1lZGlhbnRlIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBlbiByZWxhY2nDs24gY29uIGVsIGludGVyY2FtYmlvIGRlIG9icmFzIHByb3RlZ2lkYXMgcG9yIGVsIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPlNpIHVzdGVkIGRpc3RyaWJ1eWUsIGV4aGliZSBww7pibGljYW1lbnRlLCBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgbyBlamVjdXRhIHDDumJsaWNhbWVudGUgZW4gZm9ybWEgZGlnaXRhbCBsYSBPYnJhIG8gY3VhbHF1aWVyIE9icmEgRGVyaXZhZGEgdSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgVXN0ZWQgZGViZSBtYW50ZW5lciBpbnRhY3RhIHRvZGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGRlcmVjaG8gZGUgYXV0b3IgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSB5IHByb3BvcmNpb25hciwgZGUgZm9ybWEgcmF6b25hYmxlIHNlZ8O6biBlbCBtZWRpbyBvIG1hbmVyYSBxdWUgVXN0ZWQgZXN0w6kgdXRpbGl6YW5kbzogKGkpIGVsIG5vbWJyZSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8gKG8gc2V1ZMOzbmltbywgc2kgZnVlcmUgYXBsaWNhYmxlKSwgeS9vIChpaSkgZWwgbm9tYnJlIGRlIGxhIHBhcnRlIG8gbGFzIHBhcnRlcyBxdWUgZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwgeS9vIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGh1YmllcmVuIGRlc2lnbmFkbyBwYXJhIGxhIGF0cmlidWNpw7NuICh2LmcuLCB1biBpbnN0aXR1dG8gcGF0cm9jaW5hZG9yLCBlZGl0b3JpYWwsIHB1YmxpY2FjacOzbikgZW4gbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUsIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZSBzZXJ2aWNpb3MgbyBkZSBvdHJhcyBmb3JtYXMgcmF6b25hYmxlczsgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZSBsYSBPYnJhIHNpIGVzdMOhIHByb3Zpc3RvOyBlbiBsYSBtZWRpZGEgZGUgbG8gcmF6b25hYmxlbWVudGUgZmFjdGlibGUgeSwgc2kgZXN0w6EgcHJvdmlzdG8sIGVsIElkZW50aWZpY2Fkb3IgVW5pZm9ybWUgZGUgUmVjdXJzb3MgKFVuaWZvcm0gUmVzb3VyY2UgSWRlbnRpZmllcikgcXVlIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGVzcGVjaWZpY2EgcGFyYSBzZXIgYXNvY2lhZG8gY29uIGxhIE9icmEsIHNhbHZvIHF1ZSB0YWwgVVJJIG5vIHNlIHJlZmllcmEgYSBsYSBub3RhIHNvYnJlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBvIGEgbGEgaW5mb3JtYWNpw7NuIHNvYnJlIGVsIGxpY2VuY2lhbWllbnRvIGRlIGxhIE9icmE7IHkgZW4gZWwgY2FzbyBkZSB1bmEgT2JyYSBEZXJpdmFkYSwgYXRyaWJ1aXIgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gaWRlbnRpZmljYW5kbyBlbCB1c28gZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBlbiBsYSBPYnJhIERlcml2YWRhICh2LmcuLCAiVHJhZHVjY2nDs24gRnJhbmNlc2EgZGUgbGEgT2JyYSBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwsIiBvICJHdWnDs24gQ2luZW1hdG9ncsOhZmljbyBiYXNhZG8gZW4gbGEgT2JyYSBvcmlnaW5hbCBkZWwgQXV0b3IgT3JpZ2luYWwiKS4gVGFsIGNyw6lkaXRvIHB1ZWRlIHNlciBpbXBsZW1lbnRhZG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIGZvcm1hIHJhem9uYWJsZTsgZW4gZWwgY2Fzbywgc2luIGVtYmFyZ28sIGRlIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyB1IE9icmFzIENvbGVjdGl2YXMsIHRhbCBjcsOpZGl0byBhcGFyZWNlcsOhLCBjb21vIG3DrW5pbW8sIGRvbmRlIGFwYXJlY2UgZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgY3VhbHF1aWVyIG90cm8gYXV0b3IgY29tcGFyYWJsZSB5IGRlIHVuYSBtYW5lcmEsIGFsIG1lbm9zLCB0YW4gZGVzdGFjYWRhIGNvbW8gZWwgY3LDqWRpdG8gZGUgb3RybyBhdXRvciBjb21wYXJhYmxlLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT4KICAgICAgICBQYXJhIGV2aXRhciB0b2RhIGNvbmZ1c2nDs24sIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIGFjbGFyYSBxdWUsIGN1YW5kbyBsYSBvYnJhIGVzIHVuYSBjb21wb3NpY2nDs24gbXVzaWNhbDoKICAgICAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT0iaSI+CiAgICAgICAgICA8bGk+UmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBpbnRlcnByZXRhY2nDs24geSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIGJham8gbGljZW5jaWFzIGdlbmVyYWxlcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSBhdXRvcml6YXIgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIGxhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBkZSBsYSBvYnJhIHkgZGUgcmVjb2xlY3Rhciwgc2VhIGluZGl2aWR1YWxtZW50ZSBvIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1bmEgc29jaWVkYWQgZGUgZ2VzdGnDs24gY29sZWN0aXZhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHkgZGVyZWNob3MgY29uZXhvcyAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIFNBWUNPKSwgbGFzIHJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBvIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8gV2ViY2FzdCkgbGljZW5jaWFkYSBiYWpvIGxpY2VuY2lhcyBnZW5lcmFsZXMsIHNpIGxhIGludGVycHJldGFjacOzbiBvIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gZGUgbGEgb2JyYSBlc3TDoSBwcmltb3JkaWFsbWVudGUgb3JpZW50YWRhIHBvciBvIGRpcmlnaWRhIGEgbGEgb2J0ZW5jacOzbiBkZSB1bmEgdmVudGFqYSBjb21lcmNpYWwgbyB1bmEgY29tcGVuc2FjacOzbiBtb25ldGFyaWEgcHJpdmFkYS48L2xpPgogICAgICAgICAgPGxpPlJlZ2Fsw61hcyBwb3IgRm9ub2dyYW1hcy4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSByZWNvbGVjdGFyLCBpbmRpdmlkdWFsbWVudGUgbyBhIHRyYXbDqXMgZGUgdW5hIHNvY2llZGFkIGRlIGdlc3Rpw7NuIGNvbGVjdGl2YSBkZSBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGNvbmV4b3MgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCBsb3MgY29uc2FncmFkb3MgcG9yIGxhIFNBWUNPKSwgdW5hIGFnZW5jaWEgZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgbXVzaWNhbGVzIG8gYWxnw7puIGFnZW50ZSBkZXNpZ25hZG8sIGxhcyByZWdhbMOtYXMgcG9yIGN1YWxxdWllciBmb25vZ3JhbWEgcXVlIFVzdGVkIGNyZWUgYSBwYXJ0aXIgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAo4oCcdmVyc2nDs24gY292ZXLigJ0pIHkgZGlzdHJpYnV5YSwgZW4gbG9zIHTDqXJtaW5vcyBkZWwgcsOpZ2ltZW4gZGUgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3IsIHNpIGxhIGNyZWFjacOzbiBvIGRpc3RyaWJ1Y2nDs24gZGUgZXNhIHZlcnNpw7NuIGNvdmVyIGVzdMOhIHByaW1vcmRpYWxtZW50ZSBkZXN0aW5hZGEgbyBkaXJpZ2lkYSBhIG9idGVuZXIgdW5hIHZlbnRhamEgY29tZXJjaWFsIG8gdW5hIGNvbXBlbnNhY2nDs24gbW9uZXRhcmlhIHByaXZhZGEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgICA8L29sPgogICAgICA8L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+R2VzdGnDs24gZGUgRGVyZWNob3MgZGUgQXV0b3Igc29icmUgSW50ZXJwcmV0YWNpb25lcyB5IEVqZWN1Y2lvbmVzIERpZ2l0YWxlcyAoV2ViQ2FzdGluZykuIFBhcmEgZXZpdGFyIHRvZGEgY29uZnVzacOzbiwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgYWNsYXJhIHF1ZSwgY3VhbmRvIGxhIG9icmEgc2VhIHVuIGZvbm9ncmFtYSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgc2UgcmVzZXJ2YSBlbCBkZXJlY2hvIGV4Y2x1c2l2byBkZSBhdXRvcml6YXIgbGEgZWplY3VjacOzbiBww7pibGljYSBkaWdpdGFsIGRlIGxhIG9icmEgKHBvciBlamVtcGxvLCB3ZWJjYXN0KSB5IGRlIHJlY29sZWN0YXIsIGluZGl2aWR1YWxtZW50ZSBvIGEgdHJhdsOpcyBkZSB1bmEgc29jaWVkYWQgZGUgZ2VzdGnDs24gY29sZWN0aXZhIGRlIGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIGF1dG9yIHkgZGVyZWNob3MgY29uZXhvcyAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIEFDSU5QUk8pLCBsYXMgcmVnYWzDrWFzIHBvciBsYSBlamVjdWNpw7NuIHDDumJsaWNhIGRpZ2l0YWwgZGUgbGEgb2JyYSAocG9yIGVqZW1wbG8sIHdlYmNhc3QpLCBzdWpldGEgYSBsYXMgZGlzcG9zaWNpb25lcyBhcGxpY2FibGVzIGRlbCByw6lnaW1lbiBkZSBEZXJlY2hvIGRlIEF1dG9yLCBzaSBlc3RhIGVqZWN1Y2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgZGlnaXRhbCBlc3TDoSBwcmltb3JkaWFsbWVudGUgZGlyaWdpZGEgYSBvYnRlbmVyIHVuYSB2ZW50YWphIGNvbWVyY2lhbCBvIHVuYSBjb21wZW5zYWNpw7NuIG1vbmV0YXJpYSBwcml2YWRhLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBSZXByZXNlbnRhY2lvbmVzLCBHYXJhbnTDrWFzIHkgTGltaXRhY2lvbmVzIGRlIFJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZC4KICAgIDxwPkEgTUVOT1MgUVVFIExBUyBQQVJURVMgTE8gQUNPUkRBUkFOIERFIE9UUkEgRk9STUEgUE9SIEVTQ1JJVE8sIEVMIExJQ0VOQ0lBTlRFIE9GUkVDRSBMQSBPQlJBIChFTiBFTCBFU1RBRE8gRU4gRUwgUVVFIFNFIEVOQ1VFTlRSQSkg4oCcVEFMIENVQUzigJ0sIFNJTiBCUklOREFSIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgREUgQ0xBU0UgQUxHVU5BIFJFU1BFQ1RPIERFIExBIE9CUkEsIFlBIFNFQSBFWFBSRVNBLCBJTVBMw41DSVRBLCBMRUdBTCBPIENVQUxRVUlFUkEgT1RSQSwgSU5DTFVZRU5ETywgU0lOIExJTUlUQVJTRSBBIEVMTEFTLCBHQVJBTlTDjUFTIERFIFRJVFVMQVJJREFELCBDT01FUkNJQUJJTElEQUQsIEFEQVBUQUJJTElEQUQgTyBBREVDVUFDScOTTiBBIFBST1DDk1NJVE8gREVURVJNSU5BRE8sIEFVU0VOQ0lBIERFIElORlJBQ0NJw5NOLCBERSBBVVNFTkNJQSBERSBERUZFQ1RPUyBMQVRFTlRFUyBPIERFIE9UUk8gVElQTywgTyBMQSBQUkVTRU5DSUEgTyBBVVNFTkNJQSBERSBFUlJPUkVTLCBTRUFOIE8gTk8gREVTQ1VCUklCTEVTIChQVUVEQU4gTyBOTyBTRVIgRVNUT1MgREVTQ1VCSUVSVE9TKS4gQUxHVU5BUyBKVVJJU0RJQ0NJT05FUyBOTyBQRVJNSVRFTiBMQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIERFIEdBUkFOVMONQVMgSU1QTMONQ0lUQVMsIEVOIENVWU8gQ0FTTyBFU1RBIEVYQ0xVU0nDk04gUFVFREUgTk8gQVBMSUNBUlNFIEEgVVNURUQuPC9wPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KICA8bGk+CiAgICBMaW1pdGFjacOzbiBkZSByZXNwb25zYWJpbGlkYWQuCiAgICA8cD5BIE1FTk9TIFFVRSBMTyBFWElKQSBFWFBSRVNBTUVOVEUgTEEgTEVZIEFQTElDQUJMRSwgRUwgTElDRU5DSUFOVEUgTk8gU0VSw4EgUkVTUE9OU0FCTEUgQU5URSBVU1RFRCBQT1IgREHDkU8gQUxHVU5PLCBTRUEgUE9SIFJFU1BPTlNBQklMSURBRCBFWFRSQUNPTlRSQUNUVUFMLCBQUkVDT05UUkFDVFVBTCBPIENPTlRSQUNUVUFMLCBPQkpFVElWQSBPIFNVQkpFVElWQSwgU0UgVFJBVEUgREUgREHDkU9TIE1PUkFMRVMgTyBQQVRSSU1PTklBTEVTLCBESVJFQ1RPUyBPIElORElSRUNUT1MsIFBSRVZJU1RPUyBPIElNUFJFVklTVE9TIFBST0RVQ0lET1MgUE9SIEVMIFVTTyBERSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBIE8gREUgTEEgT0JSQSwgQVVOIENVQU5ETyBFTCBMSUNFTkNJQU5URSBIQVlBIFNJRE8gQURWRVJUSURPIERFIExBIFBPU0lCSUxJREFEIERFIERJQ0hPUyBEQcORT1MuIEFMR1VOQVMgTEVZRVMgTk8gUEVSTUlURU4gTEEgRVhDTFVTScOTTiBERSBDSUVSVEEgUkVTUE9OU0FCSUxJREFELCBFTiBDVVlPIENBU08gRVNUQSBFWENMVVNJw5NOIFBVRURFIE5PIEFQTElDQVJTRSBBIFVTVEVELjwvcD4KICA8L2xpPgogIDxici8+CiAgPGxpPgogICAgVMOpcm1pbm8uCiAgICA8b2wgdHlwZT0iYSI+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5Fc3RhIExpY2VuY2lhIHkgbG9zIGRlcmVjaG9zIG90b3JnYWRvcyBlbiB2aXJ0dWQgZGUgZWxsYSB0ZXJtaW5hcsOhbiBhdXRvbcOhdGljYW1lbnRlIHNpIFVzdGVkIGluZnJpbmdlIGFsZ3VuYSBjb25kaWNpw7NuIGVzdGFibGVjaWRhIGVuIGVsbGEuIFNpbiBlbWJhcmdvLCBsb3MgaW5kaXZpZHVvcyBvIGVudGlkYWRlcyBxdWUgaGFuIHJlY2liaWRvIE9icmFzIERlcml2YWRhcyBvIENvbGVjdGl2YXMgZGUgVXN0ZWQgZGUgY29uZm9ybWlkYWQgY29uIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEsIG5vIHZlcsOhbiB0ZXJtaW5hZGFzIHN1cyBsaWNlbmNpYXMsIHNpZW1wcmUgcXVlIGVzdG9zIGluZGl2aWR1b3MgbyBlbnRpZGFkZXMgc2lnYW4gY3VtcGxpZW5kbyDDrW50ZWdyYW1lbnRlIGxhcyBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBkZSBlc3RhcyBsaWNlbmNpYXMuIExhcyBTZWNjaW9uZXMgMSwgMiwgNSwgNiwgNywgeSA4IHN1YnNpc3RpcsOhbiBhIGN1YWxxdWllciB0ZXJtaW5hY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYS48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+U3VqZXRhIGEgbGFzIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIHkgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGFudGVyaW9yZXMsIGxhIGxpY2VuY2lhIG90b3JnYWRhIGFxdcOtIGVzIHBlcnBldHVhIChkdXJhbnRlIGVsIHBlcsOtb2RvIGRlIHZpZ2VuY2lhIGRlIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSBsYSBvYnJhKS4gTm8gb2JzdGFudGUgbG8gYW50ZXJpb3IsIGVsIExpY2VuY2lhbnRlIHNlIHJlc2VydmEgZWwgZGVyZWNobyBhIHB1YmxpY2FyIHkvbyBlc3RyZW5hciBsYSBPYnJhIGJham8gY29uZGljaW9uZXMgZGUgbGljZW5jaWEgZGlmZXJlbnRlcyBvIGEgZGVqYXIgZGUgZGlzdHJpYnVpcmxhIGVuIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3MgZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSBlbiBjdWFscXVpZXIgbW9tZW50bzsgZW4gZWwgZW50ZW5kaWRvLCBzaW4gZW1iYXJnbywgcXVlIGVzYSBlbGVjY2nDs24gbm8gc2Vydmlyw6EgcGFyYSByZXZvY2FyIGVzdGEgbGljZW5jaWEgbyBxdWUgZGViYSBzZXIgb3RvcmdhZGEgLCBiYWpvIGxvcyB0w6lybWlub3MgZGUgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSksIHkgZXN0YSBsaWNlbmNpYSBjb250aW51YXLDoSBlbiBwbGVubyB2aWdvciB5IGVmZWN0byBhIG1lbm9zIHF1ZSBzZWEgdGVybWluYWRhIGNvbW8gc2UgZXhwcmVzYSBhdHLDoXMuIExhIExpY2VuY2lhIHJldm9jYWRhIGNvbnRpbnVhcsOhIHNpZW5kbyBwbGVuYW1lbnRlIHZpZ2VudGUgeSBlZmVjdGl2YSBzaSBubyBzZSBsZSBkYSB0w6lybWlubyBlbiBsYXMgY29uZGljaW9uZXMgaW5kaWNhZGFzIGFudGVyaW9ybWVudGUuPC9saT4KICAgIDwvb2w+CiAgPC9saT4KICA8YnIvPgogIDxsaT4KICAgIFZhcmlvcy4KICAgIDxvbCB0eXBlPSJhIj4KICAgICAgPGxpPkNhZGEgdmV6IHF1ZSBVc3RlZCBkaXN0cmlidXlhIG8gcG9uZ2EgYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gcMO6YmxpY2EgbGEgT2JyYSBvIHVuYSBPYnJhIENvbGVjdGl2YSwgZWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgb2ZyZWNlcsOhIGFsIGRlc3RpbmF0YXJpbyB1bmEgbGljZW5jaWEgZW4gbG9zIG1pc21vcyB0w6lybWlub3MgeSBjb25kaWNpb25lcyBxdWUgbGEgbGljZW5jaWEgb3RvcmdhZGEgYSBVc3RlZCBiYWpvIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEuPC9saT4KICAgICAgPGxpPlNpIGFsZ3VuYSBkaXNwb3NpY2nDs24gZGUgZXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZXN1bHRhIGludmFsaWRhZGEgbyBubyBleGlnaWJsZSwgc2Vnw7puIGxhIGxlZ2lzbGFjacOzbiB2aWdlbnRlLCBlc3RvIG5vIGFmZWN0YXLDoSBuaSBsYSB2YWxpZGV6IG5pIGxhIGFwbGljYWJpbGlkYWQgZGVsIHJlc3RvIGRlIGNvbmRpY2lvbmVzIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgeSwgc2luIGFjY2nDs24gYWRpY2lvbmFsIHBvciBwYXJ0ZSBkZSBsb3Mgc3VqZXRvcyBkZSBlc3RlIGFjdWVyZG8sIGFxdcOpbGxhIHNlIGVudGVuZGVyw6EgcmVmb3JtYWRhIGxvIG3DrW5pbW8gbmVjZXNhcmlvIHBhcmEgaGFjZXIgcXVlIGRpY2hhIGRpc3Bvc2ljacOzbiBzZWEgdsOhbGlkYSB5IGV4aWdpYmxlLjwvbGk+CiAgICAgIDxsaT5OaW5nw7puIHTDqXJtaW5vIG8gZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGRlIGVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgc2UgZXN0aW1hcsOhIHJlbnVuY2lhZGEgeSBuaW5ndW5hIHZpb2xhY2nDs24gZGUgZWxsYSBzZXLDoSBjb25zZW50aWRhIGEgbWVub3MgcXVlIGVzYSByZW51bmNpYSBvIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIHNlYSBvdG9yZ2FkbyBwb3IgZXNjcml0byB5IGZpcm1hZG8gcG9yIGxhIHBhcnRlIHF1ZSByZW51bmNpZSBvIGNvbnNpZW50YS48L2xpPgogICAgICA8bGk+RXN0YSBMaWNlbmNpYSByZWZsZWphIGVsIGFjdWVyZG8gcGxlbm8gZW50cmUgbGFzIHBhcnRlcyByZXNwZWN0byBhIGxhIE9icmEgYXF1w60gbGljZW5jaWFkYS4gTm8gaGF5IGFycmVnbG9zLCBhY3VlcmRvcyBvIGRlY2xhcmFjaW9uZXMgcmVzcGVjdG8gYSBsYSBPYnJhIHF1ZSBubyBlc3TDqW4gZXNwZWNpZmljYWRvcyBlbiBlc3RlIGRvY3VtZW50by4gRWwgTGljZW5jaWFudGUgbm8gc2UgdmVyw6EgbGltaXRhZG8gcG9yIG5pbmd1bmEgZGlzcG9zaWNpw7NuIGFkaWNpb25hbCBxdWUgcHVlZGEgc3VyZ2lyIGVuIGFsZ3VuYSBjb211bmljYWNpw7NuIGVtYW5hZGEgZGUgVXN0ZWQuIEVzdGEgTGljZW5jaWEgbm8gcHVlZGUgc2VyIG1vZGlmaWNhZGEgc2luIGVsIGNvbnNlbnRpbWllbnRvIG11dHVvIHBvciBlc2NyaXRvIGRlbCBMaWNlbmNpYW50ZSB5IFVzdGVkLjwvbGk+CiAgICA8L29sPgogIDwvbGk+CiAgPGJyLz4KPC9vbD4K |