Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia

Following the global warming on greenhouse gas abatement, most industries have adopted biomass-based energy generation as a fundamental basis for its growth with the inclusion of a low-carbon policy. This study present a literature systematic review of predominant policies formulated in different co...

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Autores:
Cardenas Escorcia, Yulineth del Carmen
Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo Eliecer
Duarte Forero, Jorge
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4680
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4680
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Sustainable development
Public policy
Greenhouse gases
Global warming
Environmental regulations
Biochemistry
Desarrollo sostenible
Política pública
Gases de invernadero
Calentamiento global
Regulaciones ambientales
Bioquímica
Rights
openAccess
License
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
id RCUC2_72837eaa3e2bfd1f636a75255d51229f
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4680
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Revisión de las políticas bioenergéticas predominantes en China, Colombia, India e Indonesia.
title Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
spellingShingle Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
Sustainable development
Public policy
Greenhouse gases
Global warming
Environmental regulations
Biochemistry
Desarrollo sostenible
Política pública
Gases de invernadero
Calentamiento global
Regulaciones ambientales
Bioquímica
title_short Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
title_full Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
title_fullStr Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
title_full_unstemmed Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
title_sort Review of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and Indonesia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Cardenas Escorcia, Yulineth del Carmen
Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo Eliecer
Duarte Forero, Jorge
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Cardenas Escorcia, Yulineth del Carmen
Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo Eliecer
Duarte Forero, Jorge
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Sustainable development
Public policy
Greenhouse gases
Global warming
Environmental regulations
Biochemistry
Desarrollo sostenible
Política pública
Gases de invernadero
Calentamiento global
Regulaciones ambientales
Bioquímica
topic Sustainable development
Public policy
Greenhouse gases
Global warming
Environmental regulations
Biochemistry
Desarrollo sostenible
Política pública
Gases de invernadero
Calentamiento global
Regulaciones ambientales
Bioquímica
description Following the global warming on greenhouse gas abatement, most industries have adopted biomass-based energy generation as a fundamental basis for its growth with the inclusion of a low-carbon policy. This study present a literature systematic review of predominant policies formulated in different countries such as China, Colombia, India and Indonesia, in order to characterize the legal and regulatory framework worldwide state in the use of biomass as a source of energy for sustainable development, addressing the policy implications of energy generation from biomass from their economic, social, planning and environmental aspects. Also, based on individual interactions with some stakeholders, is presented the current scenario of the Renewable Energy/biomass opportunities and its development challenges. Finally, some policy recommendations are proposed for each country considering the role to play in approaching climate change and growing the worldwide renewable biomass energy industry.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-22T13:22:05Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-05-22T13:22:05Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Agency, I. E. (2007). IEA energy technology essentials. Agency, I. E. (2016). Key world energy statistics. Akorede MF, Hizam H, Ab Kadir MZA, Aris I, B. S. 2012. Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 16, 2747–61. Annual report 2013–14. 2015. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Asian, R. 2013. Biomass. Bapat, D.W., Kulkarni, S.V., Bhandarkar, V.. 1997. Design and Operating Experience on Fluidized Bed Boiler Burning Biomass Fuels with High Alkali Ash. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 165–174. Bhat PR, ChanakyaHN, R. 2001. Biogas plant dissemination: the success story of Sirsi, India. EnergySustainableDev, 39–41. Bhattacharya SC, Salam PA, Pham HL, R. N. 2003. Sustainable biomass production for energy in selected Asian countries. Biomass- Bioenergy, 25, 471–82. Bilgili, F., & Ozturk, I. 2015. Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.098 Borrás, S., Edquist, C. 2013. The choice of innovation policy instruments. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang, 80, 1513–1522. Brown, S. P. A., & Huntington, H. G. 2008. Energy security and climate change protection: Complementarity or tradeoff? Energy Policy, 36(9), 3510–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.05.027 Budes, F. B., Escorcia, Y. C., & Ochoa, G. V. 2017. Biomass generator to reduce the gas emission and operation cost in grid-connected renewable energy systems, 10(13), 311–316. Cadena, Á. I., Botero, S., Táutiva, C., Betancur, L., & Vesga, D. 2009. Regulación para incentivar las energías alternas y la generación distribuida en Colombia”. Revista de Ingeniería., 90–98 China, M. of F. of P. R. of. 2015. Finance Energy. Demirbas MF, Balat M, B. H. 2009. The potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development. Energy Convers Manag, 50, 1746–60. DI, S. 2004. Economic growth and energy. Encycl Energy, 35–78. Governmentof, & India. 2010. Planning Commission. Eleventh five-year plan,2007–2012. Halder, P. K., Paul, N., & Beg, M. R. A. 2014. Assessment of biomass energy resources and related technologies practice in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 444–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.071 I., O. 2014. Energy dependency and security: The role of efficiency and renewable energy sources. Retrieved from igc.soapboxserver.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ozturk-2014-Working-Paper.pdf IEA. 2016. Energy Technology Perspectives 2016. I, 14. https://doi.org/10.1787/energy_tech-2014-en Kay, A. 2013. The Dynamics of Public Policy: Theory and Evidence. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. Kemp, R., Pontoglio, S. 2011. The innovation effects of environmental policy instruments—a typical case of the blind men and the elephant? Ecol. Econ, 72, 28–36. Kishore VVN, BhandariPM, G. 2015. Biomass energy technologies for rural infrastructure and village power— opportunities and challenges in the context of global climate change concerns. EnergyPolicy, 32, 801–10. Kumara, E. 2010. Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 34–42. Lenkeit D, G. T. 2014. The renewable energy industry in Germany. Energy. ManiatisK. 1989. Biomass gasification in Indonesia. Biomass, 18, 221–39. McCarl BA, Maung T, S. K. 2016. Could bioenergy be used to harvest the greenhouse: an economic investigation of bioenergy and climate change?. In Springer (p. 195–218.). NH, R. 1993. Biomass gasification: environmentally sound technology for decentralized power generation, a case study from India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 49–60. Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., & Masjuki, H. H. 2011. A review of energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.043 Perea-Moreno, A., & Angel, M.-. 2017. Towards forest sustainability in Mediterranean countries using biomass as fuel for heating, 156, 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.091 Restuti D, M. A. 2007. The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 35, 3952–66. Searle S, M. C. 2015. A reassessment of global bioenergy potential in 2050. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 328–36. Shan, M., Li, D., Jiang, Y., & Yang, X. 2016. Re-thinking china’s densified biomass fuel policies: Large or small scale? Energy Policy, 93, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.050 Shukla, P. 2000. Biomass energy in India: policies and prospects.In: Proceedings of Biomass Energy: Key Issues and Priority Needs. Silitonga AS, e al. 2011. A review on the prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3733–56. Suntana AS, et al. 2009. The bio-methanol potential in Indonesia: forest biomass as a source of bio-energy that reduces carbon emissions. Applied energy, 86, 215–21. Unidad de planeación minero energética-UPME. 2017. Plan De Acción Indicativo De Eficiencia Energética 2016 - 2021. UPME. 2017. DEMANDA ENERGETICA. Retrieved from www.upme.gov.co/Reports/Default.aspx?ReportPath=%2FSIEL+UPME%2FDemanda%2FDemanda+no+ Atendida+(SIN) Varshney R, BhagoriaJL, M. 2010. Small scale biomass gasification technology in India an overview. JEng,SciManage, 33–40. Valencia G.E. et al. 2017. Energy Saving in Industrial Process Based on the Equivalent Production Method to calculate Energy Preformance Indicator, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 57 doi: 10.3303/CET 1757119. Vivoda, V. 2012. Japan’s energy security predicament post-Fukushima. Energy Policy, 46, 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.044 Werther, J., Saenger, M., Hartge, E.U., Ogada, T., Siagi, Z. 2000. Combustion of agricultural residues. Energy Combustion, 26.
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spelling Cardenas Escorcia, Yulineth del CarmenValencia Ochoa, Guillermo EliecerDuarte Forero, Jorge2019-05-22T13:22:05Z2019-05-22T13:22:05Z201822839216https://hdl.handle.net/11323/4680Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Following the global warming on greenhouse gas abatement, most industries have adopted biomass-based energy generation as a fundamental basis for its growth with the inclusion of a low-carbon policy. This study present a literature systematic review of predominant policies formulated in different countries such as China, Colombia, India and Indonesia, in order to characterize the legal and regulatory framework worldwide state in the use of biomass as a source of energy for sustainable development, addressing the policy implications of energy generation from biomass from their economic, social, planning and environmental aspects. Also, based on individual interactions with some stakeholders, is presented the current scenario of the Renewable Energy/biomass opportunities and its development challenges. Finally, some policy recommendations are proposed for each country considering the role to play in approaching climate change and growing the worldwide renewable biomass energy industry.Tras el calentamiento global en la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero, la mayoría de las industrias han adoptado la generación de energía basada en biomasa como base fundamental para su crecimiento con la inclusión de una política de bajas emisiones de carbono. Este estudio presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura de políticas predominantes formuladas en diferentes países como China, Colombia, India e Indonesia, con el fin de caracterizar el marco legal y regulatorio del estado mundial en el uso de la biomasa como fuente de energía para el desarrollo sostenible. Las implicaciones políticas de la generación de energía a partir de biomasa desde sus aspectos económicos, sociales, de planificación y ambientales. Además, en función de las interacciones individuales con algunas partes interesadas, se presenta el escenario actual de las oportunidades de energía renovable / biomasa y sus desafíos de desarrollo. Finalmente, se proponen algunas recomendaciones de políticas para cada país que considera el papel que debe desempeñar para abordar el cambio climático y hacer crecer la industria de energía de biomasa renovable mundial.Cardenas Escorcia, Yulineth del Carmen-0000-0002-9841-701X-600Valencia Ochoa, Guillermo Eliecer-badc27cf-8d52-48c7-8cc8-5ffbe0292696-0Duarte Forero, Jorge-21db3c40-168d-4dae-bfa8-976228ba8323-0engChemical Engineering TransactionsAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Sustainable developmentPublic policyGreenhouse gasesGlobal warmingEnvironmental regulationsBiochemistryDesarrollo sosteniblePolítica públicaGases de invernaderoCalentamiento globalRegulaciones ambientalesBioquímicaReview of the bioenergetics policies predominant in China, Colombia, India and IndonesiaRevisión de las políticas bioenergéticas predominantes en China, Colombia, India e Indonesia.Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAgency, I. E. (2007). IEA energy technology essentials. Agency, I. E. (2016). Key world energy statistics. Akorede MF, Hizam H, Ab Kadir MZA, Aris I, B. S. 2012. Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 16, 2747–61. Annual report 2013–14. 2015. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Asian, R. 2013. Biomass. Bapat, D.W., Kulkarni, S.V., Bhandarkar, V.. 1997. Design and Operating Experience on Fluidized Bed Boiler Burning Biomass Fuels with High Alkali Ash. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 165–174. Bhat PR, ChanakyaHN, R. 2001. Biogas plant dissemination: the success story of Sirsi, India. EnergySustainableDev, 39–41. Bhattacharya SC, Salam PA, Pham HL, R. N. 2003. Sustainable biomass production for energy in selected Asian countries. Biomass- Bioenergy, 25, 471–82. Bilgili, F., & Ozturk, I. 2015. Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.098 Borrás, S., Edquist, C. 2013. The choice of innovation policy instruments. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang, 80, 1513–1522. Brown, S. P. A., & Huntington, H. G. 2008. Energy security and climate change protection: Complementarity or tradeoff? Energy Policy, 36(9), 3510–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.05.027 Budes, F. B., Escorcia, Y. C., & Ochoa, G. V. 2017. Biomass generator to reduce the gas emission and operation cost in grid-connected renewable energy systems, 10(13), 311–316. Cadena, Á. I., Botero, S., Táutiva, C., Betancur, L., & Vesga, D. 2009. Regulación para incentivar las energías alternas y la generación distribuida en Colombia”. Revista de Ingeniería., 90–98 China, M. of F. of P. R. of. 2015. Finance Energy. Demirbas MF, Balat M, B. H. 2009. The potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development. Energy Convers Manag, 50, 1746–60. DI, S. 2004. Economic growth and energy. Encycl Energy, 35–78. Governmentof, & India. 2010. Planning Commission. Eleventh five-year plan,2007–2012. Halder, P. K., Paul, N., & Beg, M. R. A. 2014. Assessment of biomass energy resources and related technologies practice in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 444–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.071 I., O. 2014. Energy dependency and security: The role of efficiency and renewable energy sources. Retrieved from igc.soapboxserver.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Ozturk-2014-Working-Paper.pdf IEA. 2016. Energy Technology Perspectives 2016. I, 14. https://doi.org/10.1787/energy_tech-2014-en Kay, A. 2013. The Dynamics of Public Policy: Theory and Evidence. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. Kemp, R., Pontoglio, S. 2011. The innovation effects of environmental policy instruments—a typical case of the blind men and the elephant? Ecol. Econ, 72, 28–36. Kishore VVN, BhandariPM, G. 2015. Biomass energy technologies for rural infrastructure and village power— opportunities and challenges in the context of global climate change concerns. EnergyPolicy, 32, 801–10. Kumara, E. 2010. Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 34–42. Lenkeit D, G. T. 2014. The renewable energy industry in Germany. Energy. ManiatisK. 1989. Biomass gasification in Indonesia. Biomass, 18, 221–39. McCarl BA, Maung T, S. K. 2016. Could bioenergy be used to harvest the greenhouse: an economic investigation of bioenergy and climate change?. In Springer (p. 195–218.). NH, R. 1993. Biomass gasification: environmentally sound technology for decentralized power generation, a case study from India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 4, 49–60. Ong, H. C., Mahlia, T. M. I., & Masjuki, H. H. 2011. A review of energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(1), 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.043 Perea-Moreno, A., & Angel, M.-. 2017. Towards forest sustainability in Mediterranean countries using biomass as fuel for heating, 156, 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.091 Restuti D, M. A. 2007. The economic potential of bagasse cogeneration as CDM projects in Indonesia. Energy Policy, 35, 3952–66. Searle S, M. C. 2015. A reassessment of global bioenergy potential in 2050. GCB Bioenergy, 7, 328–36. Shan, M., Li, D., Jiang, Y., & Yang, X. 2016. Re-thinking china’s densified biomass fuel policies: Large or small scale? Energy Policy, 93, 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.02.050 Shukla, P. 2000. Biomass energy in India: policies and prospects.In: Proceedings of Biomass Energy: Key Issues and Priority Needs. Silitonga AS, e al. 2011. A review on the prospect of Jatropha curcas for biodiesel in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3733–56. Suntana AS, et al. 2009. The bio-methanol potential in Indonesia: forest biomass as a source of bio-energy that reduces carbon emissions. Applied energy, 86, 215–21. Unidad de planeación minero energética-UPME. 2017. Plan De Acción Indicativo De Eficiencia Energética 2016 - 2021. UPME. 2017. DEMANDA ENERGETICA. Retrieved from www.upme.gov.co/Reports/Default.aspx?ReportPath=%2FSIEL+UPME%2FDemanda%2FDemanda+no+ Atendida+(SIN) Varshney R, BhagoriaJL, M. 2010. Small scale biomass gasification technology in India an overview. JEng,SciManage, 33–40. Valencia G.E. et al. 2017. Energy Saving in Industrial Process Based on the Equivalent Production Method to calculate Energy Preformance Indicator, Chemical Engineering Transactions, 57 doi: 10.3303/CET 1757119. Vivoda, V. 2012. Japan’s energy security predicament post-Fukushima. Energy Policy, 46, 135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.044 Werther, J., Saenger, M., Hartge, E.U., Ogada, T., Siagi, Z. 2000. Combustion of agricultural residues. Energy Combustion, 26.PublicationORIGINALReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdfReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdfapplication/pdf558420https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6e19c002-60d4-49c6-ab22-a05313fded90/downloadec125be6cdb6a2da1eef1d5c9117f60eMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/83321dc5-bc40-4bae-8933-e9bee056431e/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/a54fea6f-edcb-4e9a-ba55-421055fc94cc/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdf.jpgReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg73265https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c6c58746-2238-49e5-aadf-bb84cde079fb/download128915e0a5ad89a903a6dcb12ff558c6MD55TEXTReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdf.txtReview of the Bioenergetics Policies Predominant in China.pdf.txttext/plain26990https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/14265cae-e3f1-4feb-8ebe-27d38253c57e/download74bd25747e13d7b2f57d50c8c691925fMD5611323/4680oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/46802024-09-17 11:08:26.217http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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