Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources

This paper presents a theoretical investigation of a new configuration of the combined power andcoolingcycleknownastheGoswamicycle. Thenewconfigurationconsistsoftwoturbinesoperating at two different working pressures with a low-heat source temperature, below 150 °C. A comprehensive analysis was conduc...

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Autores:
Guzmán, Gustavo
De Los Reyes, Lucía
NORIEGA, ELIANA
Ramírez, Hermes
Bula, Antonio
Fontalvo, Armando
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5653
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5653
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Power and cooling
Ammonia-water mixture
Low-temperature cycle
Dual-pressure goswami cycle
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_70eae1bc4fc875febeeedd1214b12b71
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5653
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
title Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
spellingShingle Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
Power and cooling
Ammonia-water mixture
Low-temperature cycle
Dual-pressure goswami cycle
title_short Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
title_full Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
title_fullStr Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
title_full_unstemmed Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
title_sort Thermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sources
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Guzmán, Gustavo
De Los Reyes, Lucía
NORIEGA, ELIANA
Ramírez, Hermes
Bula, Antonio
Fontalvo, Armando
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Guzmán, Gustavo
De Los Reyes, Lucía
NORIEGA, ELIANA
Ramírez, Hermes
Bula, Antonio
Fontalvo, Armando
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Power and cooling
Ammonia-water mixture
Low-temperature cycle
Dual-pressure goswami cycle
topic Power and cooling
Ammonia-water mixture
Low-temperature cycle
Dual-pressure goswami cycle
description This paper presents a theoretical investigation of a new configuration of the combined power andcoolingcycleknownastheGoswamicycle. Thenewconfigurationconsistsoftwoturbinesoperating at two different working pressures with a low-heat source temperature, below 150 °C. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to determine the effect of key operation parameters such as ammonia mass fraction at the absorber outlet and boiler-rectifier, on the power output, cooling capacity, effective first efficiency, and effective exergy efficiency, while the performance of the dual-pressure configuration was compared with the original single pressure cycle. In addition, a Pareto optimization with a genetic algorithmwasconductedtoobtainthebestpowerandcoolingoutputcombinationstomaximizeeffective first law efficiency. Results showed that the new dual-pressure configuration generated more power than the single pressure cycle, by producing up to 327.8 kW, while the single pressure cycle produced up to 110.8 kW at a 150 °C boiler temperature. However, the results also showed that it reduced the cooling output as there was less mass flow rate in the refrigeration unit. Optimization results showed that optimum effective first law efficiency ranged between 9.1% and 13.7%. The maximum effective first law efficiency at the lowest net power (32 kW) and cooling (0.38 kW) outputs was also shown. On the other hand, it presented 13.6% effective first law efficiency when the net power output was 100 kW and the cooling capacity was 0.38 kW.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-14T16:24:43Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-11-14T16:24:43Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-07-20
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1099-4300
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5653
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dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Sagastume Gutiérrez, A.; Cabello Eras, J.; Sousa Santos, V.; Hernández, H.; Hens, L.; Vandecasteele, C. Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 198, 1443–1458. [CrossRef] 2. Rosen, M.; Bulucea, C.A. Using Exergy to Understand and Improve the Efficiency of Electrical Power Technologies. Entropy 2009, 11, 820–835. [CrossRef] 3. Maraver, D.; Quoilin, S.; Royo, J. Optimization of Biomass-Fuelled Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) Systems Integrated with Subcritical or Transcritical Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Entropy 2014, 16, 2433–2453. [CrossRef] 4. Fontalvo, A.; Solano, J.; Pedraza, C.; Bula, A.; González Quiroga, A.; Vásquez Padilla, R. Energy, Exergy and Economic Evaluation Comparison of Small-Scale Single and Dual Pressure Organic Rankine Cycles Integrated with Low-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 476. [CrossRef] 5. Valencia, G.; Fontalvo, A.; Cárdenas, Y.; Duarte, J.; Isaza, C. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC. Energies 2019, 12, 2378. [CrossRef] 6. Zhang, T.; Zhang, X.; Xue, X.; Wang, G.; Mei, S. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Power System Combining Kalina Cycle with Liquid Air Energy Storage. Entropy 2019, 21, 220. [CrossRef] 7. Xu, F.; Goswami, D.Y.; Bhagwat, S.S. A combined power/cooling cycle. Energy 2000, 25, 233–246. [CrossRef] 8. Wu, D.; Wang, R. Combined cooling, heating and power: A review. Progr. EnergyCombust. Sci. 2006, 32, 459–495. [CrossRef] 9. Martin, C.; Goswami, D.Y. Effectiveness of cooling production with a combined power and cooling thermodynamic cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2006, 26, 576–582. [CrossRef] 10. Hasan, A.A.; Goswami, D.Y.; Vijayaraghavan, S. First and second law analysis of a new power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle using a solar heat source. Sol. Energy 2002, 73, 385–393. [CrossRef] 11. Tamm, G.; Goswami, D.Y.; Lu, S.; Hasan, A.A. Theoretical and experimental investigation of an ammonia–water power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle. Sol. Energy 2004, 76, 217–228. [CrossRef] 12. Vijayaraghavan, S.; Goswami, D.Y. On Evaluating Efficiency of a Combined Power and Cooling Cycle. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2003, 125, 221–227. [CrossRef] 13. Padilla, R.V.; Demirkaya, G.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.; Rahman, M.M. Analysis of power and cooling cogeneration using ammonia-water mixture. Energy 2010, 35, 4649–4657. [CrossRef] 14. Pouraghaie, M.; Atashkari, K.; Besarati, S.; Nariman-zadeh, N. Thermodynamic performance optimization of a combined power/cooling cycle. Energy Convers. Manag. 2010, 51, 204–211. [CrossRef] 15. Demirkaya, G.; Besarati, S.M.; Padilla, R.V.; Archibold, A.R.; Rahman, M.M.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.L. Multi-objetive optimization of a combined power and cooling cycle for low-grade and mid-grade heat sources. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2012, 134, 032002. [CrossRef] 16. Fontalvo, A.; Pinzon, H.; Duarte, J.; Bula, A.; Quiroga, A.G.; Padilla, R.V. Exergy analysis of a combined power and cooling cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 60, 164–171. [CrossRef] 17. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.; Rahman, M. Analysis of a combined power and cooling cycle for low-grade heat sources. Int. J. Energy Res. 2011, 35, 1145–1157. [CrossRef] 18. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Fontalvo, A.; Lake, M.; Lim, Y.Y. Thermal and Exergetic Analysis of the Goswami Cycle Integrated with Mid-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 416. [CrossRef] 19. Moran, M.J.; Shapiro, H.N. Fundamentals ofEngineering Thermodynamics, 5th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. 20. Xu, F.; Goswami, D.Y. Thermodynamic properties of ammonia–water mixtures for power-cycle applications. Energy 1999, 24, 525–536. [CrossRef] 21. Tillner-Roth,R.;Friend,D. AHelmholtzfreeenergyformulationofthethermodynamicpropertiesofthemixture water + ammonia. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1998, 27, 63. [CrossRef] 22. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Fontalvo, A.; Bula, A.; Goswami, D.Y. Experimental and theoretical analysis of the Goswamicycleoperatingatlowtemperatureheatsources. J.EnergyResour. Technol. 2018,140,072005. [CrossRef] 23. Ogriseck, S. Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 2843–2848. [CrossRef] 24. Ayou, D.S.; Joan Carles, B.; Alberto, C. Combined absorption power and refrigeration cycles using low- and mid-grade heat sources. Sci. Technol. Built Environ. 2015, 21, 934–943. [CrossRef] 25. Astolfi, M.; Romano, M.; Bombarda, P.; Macchi, E. Binary ORC (organic Rankine cycles) power plants for the exploitation of medium–low temperature geothermal sources—Part A: Thermodynamic optimization. Energy 2014, 66, 423–434. [CrossRef] 26. Sun, L.; Han, W.; Jing, X.; Zheng, D.; Jin, H. A power and cooling cogeneration system using mid/low-temperature heat source. Appl. Energy 2013, 112, 886–897. [CrossRef] 27. Wang, J.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, T.; Ma, S. Parametric analysis for a new combined power and ejector–absorption refrigeration cycle. Energy 2009, 34, 1587–1593. [CrossRef] 28. Erickson, D.C.; Anand, G.; Kyung, I. Heat-activated dual-function absorption cycle. ASHRAE Trans. 2004, 110, 515–524. 29. Takeshita, K.; Amano, Y.; Hashizume, T. Experimental study of advanced cogeneration system with ammonia–water mixture cycles at bottoming. Energy 2005, 30, 247–260. [CrossRef] 30. Jawahar, C.P.; Saravanan, R.; Bruno, J.C.; Coronas, A. Simulation studies on gax based Kalina cycle for both power and cooling applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 50, 1522–1529. [CrossRef] 31. Hua, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Roskilly, A.P. Thermodynamic analysis of ammonia–water power/chilling cogeneration cycle with low-grade waste heat. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2014, 64, 483–490. [CrossRef]
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spelling Guzmán, GustavoDe Los Reyes, LucíaNORIEGA, ELIANARamírez, HermesBula, AntonioFontalvo, Armando2019-11-14T16:24:43Z2019-11-14T16:24:43Z2019-07-201099-4300https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5653Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper presents a theoretical investigation of a new configuration of the combined power andcoolingcycleknownastheGoswamicycle. Thenewconfigurationconsistsoftwoturbinesoperating at two different working pressures with a low-heat source temperature, below 150 °C. A comprehensive analysis was conducted to determine the effect of key operation parameters such as ammonia mass fraction at the absorber outlet and boiler-rectifier, on the power output, cooling capacity, effective first efficiency, and effective exergy efficiency, while the performance of the dual-pressure configuration was compared with the original single pressure cycle. In addition, a Pareto optimization with a genetic algorithmwasconductedtoobtainthebestpowerandcoolingoutputcombinationstomaximizeeffective first law efficiency. Results showed that the new dual-pressure configuration generated more power than the single pressure cycle, by producing up to 327.8 kW, while the single pressure cycle produced up to 110.8 kW at a 150 °C boiler temperature. However, the results also showed that it reduced the cooling output as there was less mass flow rate in the refrigeration unit. Optimization results showed that optimum effective first law efficiency ranged between 9.1% and 13.7%. The maximum effective first law efficiency at the lowest net power (32 kW) and cooling (0.38 kW) outputs was also shown. On the other hand, it presented 13.6% effective first law efficiency when the net power output was 100 kW and the cooling capacity was 0.38 kW.Guzmán, GustavoDe Los Reyes, LucíaNORIEGA, ELIANA-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-3860-8666-600Ramírez, HermesBula, AntonioFontalvo, Armando-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-3445-1649-600engEntropyCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Power and coolingAmmonia-water mixtureLow-temperature cycleDual-pressure goswami cycleThermal optimization of a dual pressure goswami cycle for low grade thermal sourcesArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Sagastume Gutiérrez, A.; Cabello Eras, J.; Sousa Santos, V.; Hernández, H.; Hens, L.; Vandecasteele, C. Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 198, 1443–1458. [CrossRef] 2. Rosen, M.; Bulucea, C.A. Using Exergy to Understand and Improve the Efficiency of Electrical Power Technologies. Entropy 2009, 11, 820–835. [CrossRef] 3. Maraver, D.; Quoilin, S.; Royo, J. Optimization of Biomass-Fuelled Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) Systems Integrated with Subcritical or Transcritical Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Entropy 2014, 16, 2433–2453. [CrossRef] 4. Fontalvo, A.; Solano, J.; Pedraza, C.; Bula, A.; González Quiroga, A.; Vásquez Padilla, R. Energy, Exergy and Economic Evaluation Comparison of Small-Scale Single and Dual Pressure Organic Rankine Cycles Integrated with Low-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 476. [CrossRef] 5. Valencia, G.; Fontalvo, A.; Cárdenas, Y.; Duarte, J.; Isaza, C. Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC. Energies 2019, 12, 2378. [CrossRef] 6. Zhang, T.; Zhang, X.; Xue, X.; Wang, G.; Mei, S. Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hybrid Power System Combining Kalina Cycle with Liquid Air Energy Storage. Entropy 2019, 21, 220. [CrossRef] 7. Xu, F.; Goswami, D.Y.; Bhagwat, S.S. A combined power/cooling cycle. Energy 2000, 25, 233–246. [CrossRef] 8. Wu, D.; Wang, R. Combined cooling, heating and power: A review. Progr. EnergyCombust. Sci. 2006, 32, 459–495. [CrossRef] 9. Martin, C.; Goswami, D.Y. Effectiveness of cooling production with a combined power and cooling thermodynamic cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2006, 26, 576–582. [CrossRef] 10. Hasan, A.A.; Goswami, D.Y.; Vijayaraghavan, S. First and second law analysis of a new power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle using a solar heat source. Sol. Energy 2002, 73, 385–393. [CrossRef] 11. Tamm, G.; Goswami, D.Y.; Lu, S.; Hasan, A.A. Theoretical and experimental investigation of an ammonia–water power and refrigeration thermodynamic cycle. Sol. Energy 2004, 76, 217–228. [CrossRef] 12. Vijayaraghavan, S.; Goswami, D.Y. On Evaluating Efficiency of a Combined Power and Cooling Cycle. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2003, 125, 221–227. [CrossRef] 13. Padilla, R.V.; Demirkaya, G.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.; Rahman, M.M. Analysis of power and cooling cogeneration using ammonia-water mixture. Energy 2010, 35, 4649–4657. [CrossRef] 14. Pouraghaie, M.; Atashkari, K.; Besarati, S.; Nariman-zadeh, N. Thermodynamic performance optimization of a combined power/cooling cycle. Energy Convers. Manag. 2010, 51, 204–211. [CrossRef] 15. Demirkaya, G.; Besarati, S.M.; Padilla, R.V.; Archibold, A.R.; Rahman, M.M.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.L. Multi-objetive optimization of a combined power and cooling cycle for low-grade and mid-grade heat sources. J. Energy Resour. Technol. 2012, 134, 032002. [CrossRef] 16. Fontalvo, A.; Pinzon, H.; Duarte, J.; Bula, A.; Quiroga, A.G.; Padilla, R.V. Exergy analysis of a combined power and cooling cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 60, 164–171. [CrossRef] 17. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Goswami, D.Y.; Stefanakos, E.; Rahman, M. Analysis of a combined power and cooling cycle for low-grade heat sources. Int. J. Energy Res. 2011, 35, 1145–1157. [CrossRef] 18. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Fontalvo, A.; Lake, M.; Lim, Y.Y. Thermal and Exergetic Analysis of the Goswami Cycle Integrated with Mid-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 416. [CrossRef] 19. Moran, M.J.; Shapiro, H.N. Fundamentals ofEngineering Thermodynamics, 5th ed.; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. 20. Xu, F.; Goswami, D.Y. Thermodynamic properties of ammonia–water mixtures for power-cycle applications. Energy 1999, 24, 525–536. [CrossRef] 21. Tillner-Roth,R.;Friend,D. AHelmholtzfreeenergyformulationofthethermodynamicpropertiesofthemixture water + ammonia. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1998, 27, 63. [CrossRef] 22. Demirkaya, G.; Padilla, R.V.; Fontalvo, A.; Bula, A.; Goswami, D.Y. Experimental and theoretical analysis of the Goswamicycleoperatingatlowtemperatureheatsources. J.EnergyResour. Technol. 2018,140,072005. [CrossRef] 23. Ogriseck, S. Integration of Kalina cycle in a combined heat and power plant, a case study. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 2843–2848. [CrossRef] 24. Ayou, D.S.; Joan Carles, B.; Alberto, C. Combined absorption power and refrigeration cycles using low- and mid-grade heat sources. Sci. Technol. Built Environ. 2015, 21, 934–943. [CrossRef] 25. Astolfi, M.; Romano, M.; Bombarda, P.; Macchi, E. Binary ORC (organic Rankine cycles) power plants for the exploitation of medium–low temperature geothermal sources—Part A: Thermodynamic optimization. Energy 2014, 66, 423–434. [CrossRef] 26. Sun, L.; Han, W.; Jing, X.; Zheng, D.; Jin, H. A power and cooling cogeneration system using mid/low-temperature heat source. Appl. Energy 2013, 112, 886–897. [CrossRef] 27. Wang, J.; Dai, Y.; Zhang, T.; Ma, S. Parametric analysis for a new combined power and ejector–absorption refrigeration cycle. Energy 2009, 34, 1587–1593. [CrossRef] 28. Erickson, D.C.; Anand, G.; Kyung, I. Heat-activated dual-function absorption cycle. ASHRAE Trans. 2004, 110, 515–524. 29. Takeshita, K.; Amano, Y.; Hashizume, T. Experimental study of advanced cogeneration system with ammonia–water mixture cycles at bottoming. Energy 2005, 30, 247–260. [CrossRef] 30. Jawahar, C.P.; Saravanan, R.; Bruno, J.C.; Coronas, A. Simulation studies on gax based Kalina cycle for both power and cooling applications. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 50, 1522–1529. [CrossRef] 31. Hua, J.; Chen, Y.; Wang, Y.; Roskilly, A.P. Thermodynamic analysis of ammonia–water power/chilling cogeneration cycle with low-grade waste heat. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2014, 64, 483–490. [CrossRef]PublicationORIGINALThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdfThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdfapplication/pdf1037849https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/641851a3-1016-458b-a3bd-bc545b35d77c/download8bcaa0e42318abc6775aa36cba546da2MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/db50b80a-cc45-4e0b-874d-b7cb979fc5fa/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b7ae1480-936b-4afa-9394-2da68c85bad1/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdf.jpgThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg64300https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/61dce0b2-207c-4209-9d4b-dee19504d0f1/download78cc9c44ceda43289385a207176d6e04MD55TEXTThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdf.txtThermal Optimization of a Dual Pressure Goswami Cycle for Low Grade Thermal Sources.pdf.txttext/plain61762https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/be4345ec-6548-4d96-981b-33efa6533158/downloaded9bc8d98480176c5829f91f196a2d78MD5611323/5653oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/56532024-09-17 14:14:34.16http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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