Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster
The increased consumption of pesticides can have a negative environmental impact by increasing the essential metals to toxic levels. Bordasul® is a commonly used fungicide in Brazil and it is composed of 20% Cu, 10% sulfur, and 3.0% calcium. The study of fungicides in vivo in non-target model organi...
- Autores:
-
Rieder, G.S.
Zamberlan, D.C.
Aschner, M.
Silva, L.F.O.
da Rocha, J.B.T.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13436
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13436
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Behavior
Environment
Memory
Pesticides
Toxicity
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_70a606fd9f0c2774ba87846fb339c349 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13436 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| title |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| spellingShingle |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster Behavior Environment Memory Pesticides Toxicity |
| title_short |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| title_full |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| title_fullStr |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| title_sort |
Biological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Rieder, G.S. Zamberlan, D.C. Aschner, M. Silva, L.F.O. da Rocha, J.B.T. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Rieder, G.S. Zamberlan, D.C. Aschner, M. Silva, L.F.O. da Rocha, J.B.T. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Behavior Environment Memory Pesticides Toxicity |
| topic |
Behavior Environment Memory Pesticides Toxicity |
| description |
The increased consumption of pesticides can have a negative environmental impact by increasing the essential metals to toxic levels. Bordasul® is a commonly used fungicide in Brazil and it is composed of 20% Cu, 10% sulfur, and 3.0% calcium. The study of fungicides in vivo in non-target model organisms can predict their environmental impact more broadly. The Drosophila melanogaster is a unique model due to its ease of handling and maintenance. Here, the potential toxicity of Bordasul® was investigated by assessing the development, survival, and behavior of exposed flies. Exposure to Bordasul® impaired the development (p < 0.01) and caused a significant reduction in memory retention (p < 0.05) and locomotor ability (p < 0.001). Fungicides are needed to assure the world’s food demand; however, Bordasul® was highly toxic to D. melanogaster. Therefore, Bordasul® may be potentially toxic to non-target invertebrates and new environmentally-safe biofertilizers have to be developed to preserve the biota. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T14:12:28Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T14:12:28Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-05-06 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.content.none.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/draft |
| dc.type.coarversion.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| status_str |
draft |
| dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv |
Rieder, GS, Zamberlan, DC, Aschner, M., Silva, LFO y da Rocha, JBT (2024). Efectos biológicos de un fungicida a base de cobre en la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Parte B , 59 (6), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167 |
| dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
0360-1234 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13436 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167 |
| dc.identifier.instname.none.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.none.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Rieder, GS, Zamberlan, DC, Aschner, M., Silva, LFO y da Rocha, JBT (2024). Efectos biológicos de un fungicida a base de cobre en la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Parte B , 59 (6), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167 0360-1234 10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13436 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.none.fl_str_mv |
Journal of environmental science and health - Part B pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes |
| dc.relation.references.none.fl_str_mv |
Cavaliere, F., Brandmayr, P., Giglio, A. DNA Damage in Haemocytes of Harpalus (Pseudophonus) Rufipes (De Geer, 1774) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) as an Indicator of Sublethal Effects of Exposure to Herbicides (2019) Ecol. Indic., 98, pp. 88-91 Prosser, R.S., Anderson, J.C., Hanson, M.L., Solomon, K.R., Sibley, P.K. Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Biota in Terrestrial Edge-of-Field Habitats: A Critical Review of the Literature (2016) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 232, pp. 59-72. Zubrod, J.P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C.A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Scharmüller, A. Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class? (2019) Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, pp. 3347-3365. et al Belsky, J., Joshi, N.K. Effects of Fungicide and Herbicide Chemical Exposure on Apis and Non-Apis Bees in Agricultural Landscape (2020) Front. Environ. Sci., 8, pp. 1-10. Margus, A., Saifullah, S., Kankare, M., Lindström, L. Fungicides Modify Pest Insect Fitness Depending on Their Genotype and Population (2023) Sci. Rep., 13, p. 17879. Naccarato, A., Tassone, A., Cavaliere, F., Elliani, R., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., Tagarelli, A., Giglio, A. Agrochemical Treatments as a Source of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements in Agricultural Soils and Bioaccumulation in Ground Beetles (2020) Sci. Total Environ., 749, p. 141438. Wolz, M., Schrader, A., Müller, C. Direct and Delayed Effects of Exposure to a Sublethal Concentration of the Insecticide λ-Cyhalothrin on Food Consumption and Reproduction of a Leaf Beetle (2021) Sci. Total Environ., 760, p. 143381. Bai, Y.C., Chang, Y.Y., Hussain, M., Lu, B., Zhang, J.P., Song, X.B., Lei, X.S., Pei, D. Soil Chemical and Microbiological Properties Are Changed by Long-Term Chemical Fertilizers That Limit Ecosystem Functioning (2020) Microorganisms, 8, p. 694. Bhadauria, S., Rajput, R.S., Pandey, S. Status of Water Pollution in Relation to Industrialization in Rajasthan (2017) Rev. Environ. Health, 32, pp. 245-252. Cancellier, E.L., Silva, D.R.G., Faquin, V., Gonçalves, B.D.A., Cancellier, L.L., Spehar, C.R. Volatilização De Amônia Por Ureia De Eficiência Aumentada No Milho Cultivado Em Solo De Fertilidade Construída (2016) Ciênc. agrotec., 40, pp. 133-144. Hurtado, J., Velázquez, E., Lassaletta, L., Guardia, G., Aguilera, E., Sanz-Cobena, A. Drivers of Ammonia Volatilization in Mediterranean Climate Cropping Systems (2024) Environ. Pollut., 341, p. 122814. Bodelier, P.L.E. Interactions between Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Methane Cycling in Wetland and Upland Soils (2011) Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 3, pp. 379-388. Al-Kaisi, M.M., Kruse, M.L., Sawyer, J.E. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growing Season Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission in a Corn-Soybean Rotation (2008) J. Environ. Qual., 37, pp. 325-332. Schoffer, J.T., Solari, F., Petit-dit-Grézériat, L., Pelosi, C., Ginocchio, R., Yáñez, C., Mazuela, P., Neaman, A. The Downside of Copper Pesticides: An Earthworm’s Perspective (2024) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 31, pp. 16076-16084. Han, X., Geller, B., Moniz, K., Das, P., Chippindale, A.K., Walker, V.K. Monitoring the Developmental Impact of Copper and Silver Nanoparticle Exposure in Drosophila and Their Microbiomes (2014) Sci. Total Environ., 487, pp. 822-829. Jan, A.T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I., Haq, Q.M.R. Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants (2015) Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, pp. 29592-29630. Safiur Rahman, M., Khan, M.D.H., Jolly, Y.N., Kabir, J., Akter, S., Salam, A. Assessing Risk to Human Health for Heavy Metal Contamination through Street Dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh (2019) Sci. Total Environ., 660, pp. 1610-1622. Burandt, Q.C., Deising, H.B., Tiedemann, A. Further Limitations of Synthetic Fungicide Use and Expansion of Organic Agriculture in Europe Will Increase the Environmental and Health Risks of Chemical Crop Protection Caused by Copper-Containing Fungicides (2024) Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 43, pp. 19-30. Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S.T., Qureshi, S.R., Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications (2021) Toxics, 9, p. 42. Naccarato, A., Vommaro, M.L., Amico, D., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Tagarelli, A., Giglio, A. Triazine Herbicide and NPK Fertilizer Exposure: Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements, Effects on Cuticle Melanization, and Immunocompetence in the Model Species Tenebrio Molitor (2023) Toxics, 11, p. 499. Mahanty, T., Bhattacharjee, S., Goswami, M., Bhattacharyya, P., Das, B., Ghosh, A., Tribedi, P. Biofertilizers : A Potential Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Development (2017) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 24, pp. 3315-3335. Lenart, A., Wolny-Koładka, K. The Effect of Heavy Metal Concentration and Soil pH on the Abundance of Selected Microbial Groups Within ArcelorMittal Poland Steelworks in Cracow (2013) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 90, pp. 85-90. Dhankhar, N., Kumar, J. Impact of Increasing Pesticides and Fertilizers on Human Health: A Review (2023) Mater. Today Proc., Singh, A., Raj, A., Padmanabhan, A., Shah, P., Agrawal, N. Combating Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster with Curcumin (2020) J. Appl. Toxicol., 41, pp. 1188-1199. Turna Demir, F., Demir, E. Exposure to Boron Trioxide Nanoparticles and Ions Cause Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Phenotypic Alterations in Drosophila melanogaster as an in Vivo Model (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 42, pp. 1854-1867. Demir, E. Mechanisms and Biological Impacts of Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Drosophila melanogaster: Oxidative Stress, Genotoxic Damage, Phenotypic Variations, Locomotor Behavior, Parasitoid Resistance, and Cellular Immune Response (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 42, pp. 450-474. Adedara, I.A., Klimaczewski, C.V., Barbosa, N.B.V., Farombi, E.O., Souza, D.O., Rocha, J.B.T. Influence of Diphenyl Diselenide on Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2015) J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 32, pp. 52-59. Zamberlan, D.C., Halmenschelager, P.T., Silva, L.F.O., Rocha, J. Copper Decreases Associative Learning and Memory in Drosophila melanogaster (2020) Sci. Total Environ., 710, p. 135306. Rieder, G.S., Zamberlan, D.C., Silva, L.F.O., Borin, B.C., Schuch, A.P., Rocha, J. Toxicological and Behavioral Analyses Indicates the Safety of a Biofertilizer in the Non-Target D. melanogaster (2023) Sci. Total Environ., 873, p. 162150. Linford, N.J., Bilgir, C., Ro, J., Pletcher, S.D. Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster (2013) J. Vis. Exp., 71, pp. 1-9. Tully, T., Quinn, W.G. Classical Conditioning and Retention in Normal and Mutant Drosophila melanogaster (1985) J. Comp. Physiol. A, 157, pp. 263-277. Yamaguchi, M., Yoshida, H. As a Model Organism (2018) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1076, pp. 1-10. Reaume, C.J., Sokolowski, M.B. The Nature of Drosophila melanogaster (2006) Curr. Biol., 16, pp. 623-628. Demir, E., Turna Demir, F. Drosophila melanogaster as a Dynamic in Vivo Model Organism Reveals the Hidden Effects of Interactions between Microplastic/Nanoplastic and Heavy Metals (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 43, pp. 212-219. Zamberlan, D.C., Halmenschelager, P.T., Silva, L.F.O. (2020), Measured data of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera Drosophilidae) development and learning and memory behaviour after copper exposition., 28 Halmenschelager, P.T., Rocha, J. Biochemical CuSO4 Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster Depends on Sex and Developmental Stage of Exposure (2019) Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 189, pp. 574-585. Chen, P., DeWitt, M., Bornhost, R., Soares, J., Félix, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Bowman, A.B., Aschner, M. Age- and Manganese-Dependent Modulation of Dopaminergic Phenotypes in a C. elegans DJ-1 Genetic Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2016) Metallomics, 7, pp. 289-298. Meyer, D., Williams, P.L. Critical Reviews Toxicity Testing of Neurotoxic Pesticides in Caenorhabditis elegans (2014) J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal., B, 5, pp. 37-41. Peres, T.V., Eyng, H., Lopes, S.C., Colle, D., Venske, K.R., Lopes, M.W., Ben, J., Aschner, M. Developmental Exposure to Manganese Induces Lasting Motor and Cognitive Impairment in Rats (2015) Neurotoxicology, 50, pp. 28-37. et a Tiwari, A.K., Pragya, P., Ram, K.R., Chowdhuri, D.K. Environmental Chemical Mediated Male Reproductive Toxicity : Drosophila melanogaster as an Alternate Animal Model (2011) Theriogenology, 76, pp. 197-216. Eskici, G., Axelsen, P.H. Copper and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (2012) Biochemistry, 51, pp. 6289-6311. Bhattacharjee, A., Chakraborty, K., Shukla, A. Cellular Copper Homeostasis : current Concepts on Its Interplay with Glutathione Homeostasis and Its Implication in Physiology and Human Diseases (2017) Metallomics, 9, pp. 1376-1388. Kalita, J., Kumar, V., Misra, U.K., Bora, H.K. Memory and Learning Dysfunction Following Copper Toxicity : Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Basis (2018) Mol. Neurobiol., 55, pp. 3800-3811. Gunstone, T., Cornelisse, T., Klein, K., Dubey, A., Donley, N. Pesticides and Soil Invertebrates: A Hazard Assessment (2021) Front. Environ. Sci., 9, pp. 1-21. Bart, S., Laurent, C., Péry, A.R.R., Mougin, C., Pelosi, C. Differences in Sensitivity between Earthworms and Enchytraeids Exposed to Two Commercial Fungicides (2017) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 140, pp. 177-184. Al-Assiuty, A.N.I.M., Khalil, M.A., Ismail, A.W.A., Straalen, N.M., Van; Ageba, M.F. Effects of Fungicides and Biofungicides on Population Density and Community Structure of Soil Oribatid Mites (2014) Sci. Total Environ., 466-467, pp. 412-420. Rieder, G.S., Duarte, T., Delgado, C.P., Rodighiero, A., Nogara, P.A., Orian, L., Aschner, M., Rocha, J.D. Interplay between Diphenyl Diselenide and Copper: Impact on D. melanogaster Survival, Behavior, and Biochemical Parameters (2024) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 281, p. 109403. Calap-Quintana, P., González-Fernández, J., Sebastiá-Ortega, N., Llorens, J.V., Moltó, M.D. Drosophila melanogaster Models of Metal-Related Human Diseases and Metal Toxicity (2017) Int. J. Mol. Sci, 18. 1-29 Navarro, J.A., Schneuwly, S. Copper and Zinc Homeostasis: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster (2017) Front. Genet., 8, p. 223. Turna Demir, F., Demir, E. Genotoxicity Mechanism of Food Preservative Propionic Acid in the in Vivo Drosophila Model: Gut Damage, Oxidative Stress, Cellular Immune Response and DNA Damage (2022) Toxicol. Mech. Methods., 33, pp. 327-336. Poulson, D.F., Bowen, T., Hilse, M., Rubinson, A.C. The Copper Metabolism of Drosophila (1952) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 38, pp. 912-921. Southon, A., Burke, R., Camakaris, J. What Can Flies Tell Us about Copper Homeostasis? (2013) Metallomics, 5, pp. 1346-1356. Klimaczewski, C.V., Ecker, A., Piccoli, B., Aschner, M., Barbosa, N.V., Rocha, J.B.T. Peumus Boldus Attenuates Copper-Induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2018) Biomed. Pharmacother., 97, pp. 1-8. Moulin, T.C., Ferro, F., Hoyer, A., Cheung, P., Williams, M.J., Schiöth, H.B. The Drosophila melanogaster Levodopa-Induced Depression Model Exhibits Negative Geotaxis Deficits and Differential Gene Expression in Males and Females (2021) Front. Neurosci., 15, p. 653470. Gao, F., Yuan, Z., Zhang, L., Peng, Y., Qian, K., Zheng, M. Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages (2023) Nanomaterials (Basel), 13, pp. 1-11. Lynch-Day, M.A., Mao, K., Wang, K., Zhao, M., Klionsky, D.J., Cookson, M.R., Venderova, K., Schneider, B.L. (2014) The Role of Autophagy in Parkinson’s Disease, pp. 1-14. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med,; et al Rembach, A., Hare, D.J., Lind, M., Fowler, C.J., Cherny, R.A., McLean, C., Bush, A.I., Roberts, B.R. Decreased Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain is Predominantly in the Soluble Extractable Fraction (2013) Int. J. Alzheimers. Dis., 2013, pp. 623241-623247. Squitti, R., Hoogenraad, T., Brewer, G., Bush, A.I., Polimanti, R. Copper Status in Alzheimer ‘ s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders (2013) Int. J. Alzheimers. Dis., 2013, p. 838274. Albarracin, S.L., Stab, B., Casas, Z., Sutachan, J.J., Samudio, I., Gonzalez, J., Gonzalo, L., Barreto, G.E. Effects of Natural Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disease (2012) Nutr. Neurosci., 15, pp. 1-9. Schreurs, B.G., Smith-Bell, C.A., Lemieux, S.K. Dietary Cholesterol Increases Ventricular Volume and Narrows Cerebrovascular Diameter in a Rabbit Model of Alzheimer’s Disease (2013) Neuroscience, 254, pp. 61-69. Opazo, C.M., Greenough, M.A., Bush, A.I. Copper : From Neurotransmission to Neuroproteostasis (2014) Front. Aging Neurosci., 6, p. 143. Sellami, A., Wegener, C., Veenstra, J.A. Functional Significance of the Copper Transporter ATP7 in Peptidergic Neurons and Endocrine Cells in Drosophila melanogaster (2012) FEBS Lett., 586, pp. 3633-3638. Nimgampalle, M., Chakravarthy, H., Sharma, S., Shree, S., Ramachandra, A., Adi, J., Devanathan, V. Neurotransmitter Systems in the Etiology of Major Neurological Disorders : Emerging Insights and Therapeutic Implications (2023) Ageing Res. Rev., 89, p. 101994. Abolaji, A.O., Fasae, K.D., Iwezor, C.E., Aschner, M., Farombi, E.O. Curcumin Attenuates Copper-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2020) Toxicol. Rep., 7, pp. 261-268. Zhang, S., Yin, Y., Lu, H., Guo, A. Increased Dopaminergic Signaling Impairs Aversive Olfactory Memory Retention in Drosophila (2008) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 370, pp. 82-86 Drozak, J., Bryła, J. Dopamina—Nie Tylko Neuroprzekaźnik (2005) Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online), 59, pp. 405-420. Palop, J.J., Mucke, L. Amyloid-B-Induced Neuronal Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Synapses toward Neural Networks (2010) Nat. Neurosci., 13, pp. 812-818. Paris, I., Dagnino-Subiabre, A., Marcelain, K., Bennett, L.B., Caviedes, P., Caviedes, R., Azar, C.O., Segura-Aguilar, J. Copper Neurotoxicity is Dependent on Dopamine-Mediated Copper Uptake and One Electron Reduction of Aminochrome in a Rat Substantia Nigra Neuronal Cell Line (2001) J. Neurochem., 77, pp. 519-529. Speranza, L., Porzio, U.D., Viggiano, D., Donato, A., Volpicelli, F. Dopamine: The Neuromodulator of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Reward and Movement Control (2021) Cells, 10, p. 735. Bracis, C., Gurarie, E., Moorter, B., Van; Goodwin, R.A. Memory Effects on Movement Behavior in Animal Foraging (2015) PLoS ONE., 10, p. e0136057. Boyer, D., Crofoot, M.C., Walsh, P.D. Non-Random Walks in Monkeys and Humans (2012) J. R Soc. Interface, 9, pp. 842-847. Menzel, R., Greggers, U., Smith, A., Berger, S., Brandt, R., Brunke, S., Bundrock, G., Schaupp, F. Honey Bees Navigate according to a Map-like Spatial Memory (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, pp. 3040-3045. et al Ranc, N., Moorcroft, P.R., Ossi, F., Cagnacci, F. Experimental Evidence of Memory-Based Foraging Decisions in a Large Wild Mammal (2021) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp. 1-9. Kenna, D., Cooley, H., Pretelli, I., Ramos Rodrigues, A., Gill, S.D., Gill, R.J. Pesticide Exposure Affects Flight Dynamics and Reduces Flight Endurance in Bumblebees (2019) Ecol. Evol., 9, pp. 5637-5650. Stanley, D.A., Russell, A.L., Morrison, S.J., Rogers, C., Raine, N.E. Investigating the Impacts of Field-Realistic Exposure to a Neonicotinoid Pesticide on Bumblebee Foraging, Homing Ability and Colony Growth (2016) J. Appl. Ecol., 53, pp. 1440-1449. Williamson, S.M., Wright, G.A. Exposure to Multiple Cholinergic Pesticides Impairs Olfactory Learning and Memory in Honeybees (2013) J. Exp. Biol., 216, pp. 1799-1807. Park, M.G., Blitzer, E.J., Gibbs, J., Losey, J.E., Danforth, B.N. Negative Effects of Pesticides on Wild Bee Communities Can Be Buffered by Landscape Context (2015) Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 282. Schuhmann, A., Schmid, A.P., Manzer, S., Schulte, J., Scheiner, R. Interaction of Insecticides and Fungicides in Bees (2022) Front. Insect Sci., 1, pp. 1-14. Raine, N.E., Rundlöf, M. Pesticide Exposure and Effects on Non-Apis Bees (2024) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 69, pp. 551-576. |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.none.fl_str_mv |
9 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.none.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.none.fl_str_mv |
6 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.none.fl_str_mv |
59 |
| dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© Copyright 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. |
| dc.rights.license.none.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.none.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © Copyright 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
closedAccess |
| dc.format.extent.none.fl_str_mv |
9 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Taylor and Francis Ltd. |
| dc.publisher.place.none.fl_str_mv |
United States |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Taylor and Francis Ltd. |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167?scroll=top&needAccess=true |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4aa7e8ab-bbd1-4459-a42b-80192e1c8243/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e9e07d1c-df34-4d5f-99cc-45a353551a96/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/38f31eee-9810-4304-ad4f-bd69e65c6f5c/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ff6bff4d-639f-4341-b831-8a5527b3acbc/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
468732b7bf945bb3e22175837da04825 73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683 50e164aecf2e742d7d3c540fdfbe23bb 37595336a2898e21cd003826e3abf4a1 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1828166884881596416 |
| spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© Copyright 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbRieder, G.S.Zamberlan, D.C.Aschner, M.Silva, L.F.O.da Rocha, J.B.T.2024-10-16T14:12:28Z2024-10-16T14:12:28Z2024-05-06Rieder, GS, Zamberlan, DC, Aschner, M., Silva, LFO y da Rocha, JBT (2024). Efectos biológicos de un fungicida a base de cobre en la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster . Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Parte B , 59 (6), 341–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2024.23471670360-1234https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1343610.1080/03601234.2024.2347167Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The increased consumption of pesticides can have a negative environmental impact by increasing the essential metals to toxic levels. Bordasul® is a commonly used fungicide in Brazil and it is composed of 20% Cu, 10% sulfur, and 3.0% calcium. The study of fungicides in vivo in non-target model organisms can predict their environmental impact more broadly. The Drosophila melanogaster is a unique model due to its ease of handling and maintenance. Here, the potential toxicity of Bordasul® was investigated by assessing the development, survival, and behavior of exposed flies. Exposure to Bordasul® impaired the development (p < 0.01) and caused a significant reduction in memory retention (p < 0.05) and locomotor ability (p < 0.001). Fungicides are needed to assure the world’s food demand; however, Bordasul® was highly toxic to D. melanogaster. Therefore, Bordasul® may be potentially toxic to non-target invertebrates and new environmentally-safe biofertilizers have to be developed to preserve the biota.9 páginasapplication/pdfengTaylor and Francis Ltd.United Stateshttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03601234.2024.2347167?scroll=top&needAccess=trueBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, drosophila melanogasterArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceJournal of environmental science and health - Part B pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastesCavaliere, F., Brandmayr, P., Giglio, A. DNA Damage in Haemocytes of Harpalus (Pseudophonus) Rufipes (De Geer, 1774) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) as an Indicator of Sublethal Effects of Exposure to Herbicides (2019) Ecol. Indic., 98, pp. 88-91Prosser, R.S., Anderson, J.C., Hanson, M.L., Solomon, K.R., Sibley, P.K. Indirect Effects of Herbicides on Biota in Terrestrial Edge-of-Field Habitats: A Critical Review of the Literature (2016) Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 232, pp. 59-72.Zubrod, J.P., Bundschuh, M., Arts, G., Brühl, C.A., Imfeld, G., Knäbel, A., Payraudeau, S., Scharmüller, A. Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class? (2019) Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, pp. 3347-3365. et alBelsky, J., Joshi, N.K. Effects of Fungicide and Herbicide Chemical Exposure on Apis and Non-Apis Bees in Agricultural Landscape (2020) Front. Environ. Sci., 8, pp. 1-10.Margus, A., Saifullah, S., Kankare, M., Lindström, L. Fungicides Modify Pest Insect Fitness Depending on Their Genotype and Population (2023) Sci. Rep., 13, p. 17879.Naccarato, A., Tassone, A., Cavaliere, F., Elliani, R., Pirrone, N., Sprovieri, F., Tagarelli, A., Giglio, A. Agrochemical Treatments as a Source of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements in Agricultural Soils and Bioaccumulation in Ground Beetles (2020) Sci. Total Environ., 749, p. 141438.Wolz, M., Schrader, A., Müller, C. Direct and Delayed Effects of Exposure to a Sublethal Concentration of the Insecticide λ-Cyhalothrin on Food Consumption and Reproduction of a Leaf Beetle (2021) Sci. Total Environ., 760, p. 143381.Bai, Y.C., Chang, Y.Y., Hussain, M., Lu, B., Zhang, J.P., Song, X.B., Lei, X.S., Pei, D. Soil Chemical and Microbiological Properties Are Changed by Long-Term Chemical Fertilizers That Limit Ecosystem Functioning (2020) Microorganisms, 8, p. 694.Bhadauria, S., Rajput, R.S., Pandey, S. Status of Water Pollution in Relation to Industrialization in Rajasthan (2017) Rev. Environ. Health, 32, pp. 245-252.Cancellier, E.L., Silva, D.R.G., Faquin, V., Gonçalves, B.D.A., Cancellier, L.L., Spehar, C.R. Volatilização De Amônia Por Ureia De Eficiência Aumentada No Milho Cultivado Em Solo De Fertilidade Construída (2016) Ciênc. agrotec., 40, pp. 133-144.Hurtado, J., Velázquez, E., Lassaletta, L., Guardia, G., Aguilera, E., Sanz-Cobena, A. Drivers of Ammonia Volatilization in Mediterranean Climate Cropping Systems (2024) Environ. Pollut., 341, p. 122814.Bodelier, P.L.E. Interactions between Nitrogenous Fertilizers and Methane Cycling in Wetland and Upland Soils (2011) Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 3, pp. 379-388.Al-Kaisi, M.M., Kruse, M.L., Sawyer, J.E. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Growing Season Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission in a Corn-Soybean Rotation (2008) J. Environ. Qual., 37, pp. 325-332.Schoffer, J.T., Solari, F., Petit-dit-Grézériat, L., Pelosi, C., Ginocchio, R., Yáñez, C., Mazuela, P., Neaman, A. The Downside of Copper Pesticides: An Earthworm’s Perspective (2024) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 31, pp. 16076-16084.Han, X., Geller, B., Moniz, K., Das, P., Chippindale, A.K., Walker, V.K. Monitoring the Developmental Impact of Copper and Silver Nanoparticle Exposure in Drosophila and Their Microbiomes (2014) Sci. Total Environ., 487, pp. 822-829.Jan, A.T., Azam, M., Siddiqui, K., Ali, A., Choi, I., Haq, Q.M.R. Heavy Metals and Human Health: Mechanistic Insight into Toxicity and Counter Defense System of Antioxidants (2015) Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, pp. 29592-29630.Safiur Rahman, M., Khan, M.D.H., Jolly, Y.N., Kabir, J., Akter, S., Salam, A. Assessing Risk to Human Health for Heavy Metal Contamination through Street Dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh (2019) Sci. Total Environ., 660, pp. 1610-1622.Burandt, Q.C., Deising, H.B., Tiedemann, A. Further Limitations of Synthetic Fungicide Use and Expansion of Organic Agriculture in Europe Will Increase the Environmental and Health Risks of Chemical Crop Protection Caused by Copper-Containing Fungicides (2024) Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 43, pp. 19-30.Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S.T., Qureshi, S.R., Wang, M.-Q. Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications (2021) Toxics, 9, p. 42.Naccarato, A., Vommaro, M.L., Amico, D., Sprovieri, F., Pirrone, N., Tagarelli, A., Giglio, A. Triazine Herbicide and NPK Fertilizer Exposure: Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements, Effects on Cuticle Melanization, and Immunocompetence in the Model Species Tenebrio Molitor (2023) Toxics, 11, p. 499.Mahanty, T., Bhattacharjee, S., Goswami, M., Bhattacharyya, P., Das, B., Ghosh, A., Tribedi, P. Biofertilizers : A Potential Approach for Sustainable Agriculture Development (2017) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 24, pp. 3315-3335.Lenart, A., Wolny-Koładka, K. The Effect of Heavy Metal Concentration and Soil pH on the Abundance of Selected Microbial Groups Within ArcelorMittal Poland Steelworks in Cracow (2013) Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 90, pp. 85-90.Dhankhar, N., Kumar, J. Impact of Increasing Pesticides and Fertilizers on Human Health: A Review (2023) Mater. Today Proc.,Singh, A., Raj, A., Padmanabhan, A., Shah, P., Agrawal, N. Combating Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster with Curcumin (2020) J. Appl. Toxicol., 41, pp. 1188-1199.Turna Demir, F., Demir, E. Exposure to Boron Trioxide Nanoparticles and Ions Cause Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, and Phenotypic Alterations in Drosophila melanogaster as an in Vivo Model (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 42, pp. 1854-1867.Demir, E. Mechanisms and Biological Impacts of Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Drosophila melanogaster: Oxidative Stress, Genotoxic Damage, Phenotypic Variations, Locomotor Behavior, Parasitoid Resistance, and Cellular Immune Response (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 42, pp. 450-474.Adedara, I.A., Klimaczewski, C.V., Barbosa, N.B.V., Farombi, E.O., Souza, D.O., Rocha, J.B.T. Influence of Diphenyl Diselenide on Chlorpyrifos-Induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2015) J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 32, pp. 52-59.Zamberlan, D.C., Halmenschelager, P.T., Silva, L.F.O., Rocha, J. Copper Decreases Associative Learning and Memory in Drosophila melanogaster (2020) Sci. Total Environ., 710, p. 135306.Rieder, G.S., Zamberlan, D.C., Silva, L.F.O., Borin, B.C., Schuch, A.P., Rocha, J. Toxicological and Behavioral Analyses Indicates the Safety of a Biofertilizer in the Non-Target D. melanogaster (2023) Sci. Total Environ., 873, p. 162150.Linford, N.J., Bilgir, C., Ro, J., Pletcher, S.D. Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster (2013) J. Vis. Exp., 71, pp. 1-9.Tully, T., Quinn, W.G. Classical Conditioning and Retention in Normal and Mutant Drosophila melanogaster (1985) J. Comp. Physiol. A, 157, pp. 263-277.Yamaguchi, M., Yoshida, H. As a Model Organism (2018) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1076, pp. 1-10.Reaume, C.J., Sokolowski, M.B. The Nature of Drosophila melanogaster (2006) Curr. Biol., 16, pp. 623-628.Demir, E., Turna Demir, F. Drosophila melanogaster as a Dynamic in Vivo Model Organism Reveals the Hidden Effects of Interactions between Microplastic/Nanoplastic and Heavy Metals (2022) J. Appl. Toxicol., 43, pp. 212-219.Zamberlan, D.C., Halmenschelager, P.T., Silva, L.F.O. (2020), Measured data of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera Drosophilidae) development and learning and memory behaviour after copper exposition., 28Halmenschelager, P.T., Rocha, J. Biochemical CuSO4 Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster Depends on Sex and Developmental Stage of Exposure (2019) Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 189, pp. 574-585.Chen, P., DeWitt, M., Bornhost, R., Soares, J., Félix, A., Mukhopadhyay, S., Bowman, A.B., Aschner, M. Age- and Manganese-Dependent Modulation of Dopaminergic Phenotypes in a C. elegans DJ-1 Genetic Model of Parkinson’s Disease (2016) Metallomics, 7, pp. 289-298.Meyer, D., Williams, P.L. Critical Reviews Toxicity Testing of Neurotoxic Pesticides in Caenorhabditis elegans (2014) J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal., B, 5, pp. 37-41.Peres, T.V., Eyng, H., Lopes, S.C., Colle, D., Venske, K.R., Lopes, M.W., Ben, J., Aschner, M. Developmental Exposure to Manganese Induces Lasting Motor and Cognitive Impairment in Rats (2015) Neurotoxicology, 50, pp. 28-37. et aTiwari, A.K., Pragya, P., Ram, K.R., Chowdhuri, D.K. Environmental Chemical Mediated Male Reproductive Toxicity : Drosophila melanogaster as an Alternate Animal Model (2011) Theriogenology, 76, pp. 197-216.Eskici, G., Axelsen, P.H. Copper and Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (2012) Biochemistry, 51, pp. 6289-6311.Bhattacharjee, A., Chakraborty, K., Shukla, A. Cellular Copper Homeostasis : current Concepts on Its Interplay with Glutathione Homeostasis and Its Implication in Physiology and Human Diseases (2017) Metallomics, 9, pp. 1376-1388.Kalita, J., Kumar, V., Misra, U.K., Bora, H.K. Memory and Learning Dysfunction Following Copper Toxicity : Biochemical and Immunohistochemical Basis (2018) Mol. Neurobiol., 55, pp. 3800-3811.Gunstone, T., Cornelisse, T., Klein, K., Dubey, A., Donley, N. Pesticides and Soil Invertebrates: A Hazard Assessment (2021) Front. Environ. Sci., 9, pp. 1-21.Bart, S., Laurent, C., Péry, A.R.R., Mougin, C., Pelosi, C. Differences in Sensitivity between Earthworms and Enchytraeids Exposed to Two Commercial Fungicides (2017) Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 140, pp. 177-184.Al-Assiuty, A.N.I.M., Khalil, M.A., Ismail, A.W.A., Straalen, N.M., Van; Ageba, M.F. Effects of Fungicides and Biofungicides on Population Density and Community Structure of Soil Oribatid Mites (2014) Sci. Total Environ., 466-467, pp. 412-420.Rieder, G.S., Duarte, T., Delgado, C.P., Rodighiero, A., Nogara, P.A., Orian, L., Aschner, M., Rocha, J.D. Interplay between Diphenyl Diselenide and Copper: Impact on D. melanogaster Survival, Behavior, and Biochemical Parameters (2024) Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 281, p. 109403.Calap-Quintana, P., González-Fernández, J., Sebastiá-Ortega, N., Llorens, J.V., Moltó, M.D. Drosophila melanogaster Models of Metal-Related Human Diseases and Metal Toxicity (2017) Int. J. Mol. Sci, 18. 1-29Navarro, J.A., Schneuwly, S. Copper and Zinc Homeostasis: Lessons from Drosophila melanogaster (2017) Front. Genet., 8, p. 223.Turna Demir, F., Demir, E. Genotoxicity Mechanism of Food Preservative Propionic Acid in the in Vivo Drosophila Model: Gut Damage, Oxidative Stress, Cellular Immune Response and DNA Damage (2022) Toxicol. Mech. Methods., 33, pp. 327-336.Poulson, D.F., Bowen, T., Hilse, M., Rubinson, A.C. The Copper Metabolism of Drosophila (1952) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 38, pp. 912-921.Southon, A., Burke, R., Camakaris, J. What Can Flies Tell Us about Copper Homeostasis? (2013) Metallomics, 5, pp. 1346-1356.Klimaczewski, C.V., Ecker, A., Piccoli, B., Aschner, M., Barbosa, N.V., Rocha, J.B.T. Peumus Boldus Attenuates Copper-Induced Toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2018) Biomed. Pharmacother., 97, pp. 1-8.Moulin, T.C., Ferro, F., Hoyer, A., Cheung, P., Williams, M.J., Schiöth, H.B. The Drosophila melanogaster Levodopa-Induced Depression Model Exhibits Negative Geotaxis Deficits and Differential Gene Expression in Males and Females (2021) Front. Neurosci., 15, p. 653470.Gao, F., Yuan, Z., Zhang, L., Peng, Y., Qian, K., Zheng, M. Toxic Effects of Copper Fungicides on the Development and Behavior of Zebrafish in Early-Life Stages (2023) Nanomaterials (Basel), 13, pp. 1-11.Lynch-Day, M.A., Mao, K., Wang, K., Zhao, M., Klionsky, D.J., Cookson, M.R., Venderova, K., Schneider, B.L. (2014) The Role of Autophagy in Parkinson’s Disease, pp. 1-14. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med,; et alRembach, A., Hare, D.J., Lind, M., Fowler, C.J., Cherny, R.A., McLean, C., Bush, A.I., Roberts, B.R. Decreased Copper in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain is Predominantly in the Soluble Extractable Fraction (2013) Int. J. Alzheimers. Dis., 2013, pp. 623241-623247.Squitti, R., Hoogenraad, T., Brewer, G., Bush, A.I., Polimanti, R. Copper Status in Alzheimer ‘ s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders (2013) Int. J. Alzheimers. Dis., 2013, p. 838274.Albarracin, S.L., Stab, B., Casas, Z., Sutachan, J.J., Samudio, I., Gonzalez, J., Gonzalo, L., Barreto, G.E. Effects of Natural Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Disease (2012) Nutr. Neurosci., 15, pp. 1-9.Schreurs, B.G., Smith-Bell, C.A., Lemieux, S.K. Dietary Cholesterol Increases Ventricular Volume and Narrows Cerebrovascular Diameter in a Rabbit Model of Alzheimer’s Disease (2013) Neuroscience, 254, pp. 61-69.Opazo, C.M., Greenough, M.A., Bush, A.I. Copper : From Neurotransmission to Neuroproteostasis (2014) Front. Aging Neurosci., 6, p. 143.Sellami, A., Wegener, C., Veenstra, J.A. Functional Significance of the Copper Transporter ATP7 in Peptidergic Neurons and Endocrine Cells in Drosophila melanogaster (2012) FEBS Lett., 586, pp. 3633-3638.Nimgampalle, M., Chakravarthy, H., Sharma, S., Shree, S., Ramachandra, A., Adi, J., Devanathan, V. Neurotransmitter Systems in the Etiology of Major Neurological Disorders : Emerging Insights and Therapeutic Implications (2023) Ageing Res. Rev., 89, p. 101994.Abolaji, A.O., Fasae, K.D., Iwezor, C.E., Aschner, M., Farombi, E.O. Curcumin Attenuates Copper-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster (2020) Toxicol. Rep., 7, pp. 261-268.Zhang, S., Yin, Y., Lu, H., Guo, A. Increased Dopaminergic Signaling Impairs Aversive Olfactory Memory Retention in Drosophila (2008) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 370, pp. 82-86Drozak, J., Bryła, J. Dopamina—Nie Tylko Neuroprzekaźnik (2005) Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw. (Online), 59, pp. 405-420.Palop, J.J., Mucke, L. Amyloid-B-Induced Neuronal Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Synapses toward Neural Networks (2010) Nat. Neurosci., 13, pp. 812-818.Paris, I., Dagnino-Subiabre, A., Marcelain, K., Bennett, L.B., Caviedes, P., Caviedes, R., Azar, C.O., Segura-Aguilar, J. Copper Neurotoxicity is Dependent on Dopamine-Mediated Copper Uptake and One Electron Reduction of Aminochrome in a Rat Substantia Nigra Neuronal Cell Line (2001) J. Neurochem., 77, pp. 519-529.Speranza, L., Porzio, U.D., Viggiano, D., Donato, A., Volpicelli, F. Dopamine: The Neuromodulator of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Reward and Movement Control (2021) Cells, 10, p. 735.Bracis, C., Gurarie, E., Moorter, B., Van; Goodwin, R.A. Memory Effects on Movement Behavior in Animal Foraging (2015) PLoS ONE., 10, p. e0136057.Boyer, D., Crofoot, M.C., Walsh, P.D. Non-Random Walks in Monkeys and Humans (2012) J. R Soc. Interface, 9, pp. 842-847.Menzel, R., Greggers, U., Smith, A., Berger, S., Brandt, R., Brunke, S., Bundrock, G., Schaupp, F. Honey Bees Navigate according to a Map-like Spatial Memory (2005) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, pp. 3040-3045. et alRanc, N., Moorcroft, P.R., Ossi, F., Cagnacci, F. Experimental Evidence of Memory-Based Foraging Decisions in a Large Wild Mammal (2021) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, pp. 1-9.Kenna, D., Cooley, H., Pretelli, I., Ramos Rodrigues, A., Gill, S.D., Gill, R.J. Pesticide Exposure Affects Flight Dynamics and Reduces Flight Endurance in Bumblebees (2019) Ecol. Evol., 9, pp. 5637-5650.Stanley, D.A., Russell, A.L., Morrison, S.J., Rogers, C., Raine, N.E. Investigating the Impacts of Field-Realistic Exposure to a Neonicotinoid Pesticide on Bumblebee Foraging, Homing Ability and Colony Growth (2016) J. Appl. Ecol., 53, pp. 1440-1449.Williamson, S.M., Wright, G.A. Exposure to Multiple Cholinergic Pesticides Impairs Olfactory Learning and Memory in Honeybees (2013) J. Exp. Biol., 216, pp. 1799-1807.Park, M.G., Blitzer, E.J., Gibbs, J., Losey, J.E., Danforth, B.N. Negative Effects of Pesticides on Wild Bee Communities Can Be Buffered by Landscape Context (2015) Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 282.Schuhmann, A., Schmid, A.P., Manzer, S., Schulte, J., Scheiner, R. Interaction of Insecticides and Fungicides in Bees (2022) Front. Insect Sci., 1, pp. 1-14.Raine, N.E., Rundlöf, M. Pesticide Exposure and Effects on Non-Apis Bees (2024) Annu. Rev. Entomol., 69, pp. 551-576.91659BehaviorEnvironmentMemoryPesticidesToxicityPublicationORIGINALBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdfBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdfapplication/pdf266915https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4aa7e8ab-bbd1-4459-a42b-80192e1c8243/download468732b7bf945bb3e22175837da04825MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815543https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e9e07d1c-df34-4d5f-99cc-45a353551a96/download73a5432e0b76442b22b026844140d683MD52TEXTBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdf.txtBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain20814https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/38f31eee-9810-4304-ad4f-bd69e65c6f5c/download50e164aecf2e742d7d3c540fdfbe23bbMD53THUMBNAILBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdf.jpgBiological effects of a copper-based fungicide on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15824https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ff6bff4d-639f-4341-b831-8a5527b3acbc/download37595336a2898e21cd003826e3abf4a1MD5411323/13436oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/134362024-10-17 03:02:20.47https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© Copyright 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |