Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC

Introduction− Power converters are used in mi-crogrids to transfer power to the load with a regulated voltage. However, the DC-AC converters present distor-tions in the waveform that can be improved with the help of real-time controllers.Objective−Evaluate the response in alternating cur-rent of the...

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Autores:
Hoyos Velasco, Fredy Edimer
Candelo, John E.
Silva Ortega, Jorge Iván
Tipo de recurso:
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Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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eng
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2396
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Control of power converters
ZAD-FPIC technique
DC-AC converter
Signal tracking
Control de convertidores de potencia
Técnica ZAD-FPIC
Convertidor DC-AC
Seguimiento de señales
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oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2396
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dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv Evaluación del desempeño de un inversor DC-AC controlado con ZAD-FPIC
title Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
spellingShingle Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
Control of power converters
ZAD-FPIC technique
DC-AC converter
Signal tracking
Control de convertidores de potencia
Técnica ZAD-FPIC
Convertidor DC-AC
Seguimiento de señales
title_short Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
title_full Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
title_fullStr Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
title_full_unstemmed Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
title_sort Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Hoyos Velasco, Fredy Edimer
Candelo, John E.
Silva Ortega, Jorge Iván
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Hoyos Velasco, Fredy Edimer
Candelo, John E.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Silva Ortega, Jorge Iván
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Control of power converters
ZAD-FPIC technique
DC-AC converter
Signal tracking
topic Control of power converters
ZAD-FPIC technique
DC-AC converter
Signal tracking
Control de convertidores de potencia
Técnica ZAD-FPIC
Convertidor DC-AC
Seguimiento de señales
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Control de convertidores de potencia
Técnica ZAD-FPIC
Convertidor DC-AC
Seguimiento de señales
description Introduction− Power converters are used in mi-crogrids to transfer power to the load with a regulated voltage. However, the DC-AC converters present distor-tions in the waveform that can be improved with the help of real-time controllers.Objective−Evaluate the response in alternating cur-rent of the buck converter controlled with the ZAD-FPIC technique.Methodology−Based on the differential equations that describe the buck power converter, the ZAD and FPIC controllers are designed. Afterwards, simulations of the complete controlled system are made using Simulink of MATLAB. Then, the system is implemented experi-mentally and the controller is executed in real-time with the help of a DS1104 from dSPACE. In the end, several tests are carried out to check the effectiveness of the controller.Results− The results show that the controller allows good stability against different variations in the system and in the load.Conclusions−The ZAD-FPIC technique controls the variable and tracks changes in the waveform, magni-tude, and frequency of the reference signal. The control-ler presents good stability to different tests, tracking the reference signal after each event.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-01-01
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-02-12T01:12:45Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-02-12T01:12:45Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv F. Hoyos, J. Candelo y J. Silva. “Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC” INGE CUC, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.9-18, 2018 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2396
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dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv F. Hoyos, J. Candelo y J. Silva. “Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC” INGE CUC, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.9-18, 2018 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01
10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01
2382-4700
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
0122-6517
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2396
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofseries.spa.fl_str_mv INGE CUC; Vol. 14, Núm. 1 (2018)
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv INGE CUC
INGE CUC
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] N. Mohan, Power Electronics: A First Course. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pp. 38-62.
[2] A. Ospino-Castro, “Análisis del potencial energético solar en la Región Caribe para el diseño de un sistema fotovoltaico,” INGE CUC, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 95-102, 2010.
[3] P. A. Andrade, J. L. Morejon and E. M. Inga, “Cobertura Máxima de Redes de Sensores Inalámbricos para un Sistema de Gestión de Energía en Hogares Inteligentes. Maximum Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks for an Energy Management System in Smart Homes,” INGE CUC, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 68–78, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.12.2.2016.07
[4] D. W. Hart, Electrónica de potencia, Madrid: Prentice Hall-Pearson Educación, 2001.
[5] N. Mohan, Advanced Electric Drives: Analysis, Control, and Modeling Using MATLAB / Simulink. John Wiley & Sons, 2014, 208 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118910962
[6] M. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook, Third Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2010, 1362 p., p. 249- 264.
[7] J. L. Strack, J. A. Suárez, G. F. Di Mauro and S. B. Jacob, “Impacto de la iluminación residencial eficiente en la calidad de la energía de una red de distribución” INGE CUC, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 9-19, Dec. 2014.
[8] E. Fossas, R. Griñó and D. Biel, “Quasi-Sliding control based on pulse width modulation, zero averaged dynamics and the L2 norm,” Advances in Variable Structure Systems - 6th IEEE International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems, pp. 335–344, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812792082_0031
[9] R. R. Ramos, D. Biel, E. Fossas and F. Guinjoan, “A fixed-frequency quasi-sliding control algorithm: application to power inverters design by means of FPGA implementation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 344–355, Jan. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2002.807164
[10] F. Angulo, G. Olivar and M. di Bernardo, “Two-Parameter Discontinuity-Induced Bifurcation Curves in a ZAD-Strategy-Controlled DC–DC Buck Converter”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol 55, no. 08, pp. 2392 – 2401, 2008. ISBN: 1549-8328. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2008.918226
[11] F. E. Hoyos, N. Toro and Y. A. Garcés, “Adaptive Control for Buck Power Converter Using Fixed Point Inducting Control and Zero Average Dynamics Strategies,” Int. J. Bifurcation. Chaos, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1550049-150061, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127415500492
[12] J. Taborda, D. Burbano and F. Angulo, “Quantization Effects on Period Doubling Route to Chaos in a ZAD Controlled Buck Converter”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol 2012, pp. 1-19, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/526394
[13] A. EL Aroudi, F. Angulo, G. Olivar, B. G. M. Robert and M. Feki, “Stabilizing a two-cell dc-dc buck converter by fixed point induced control,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2009, vol 19, no. 06, pp. 2043-2057, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127409023895
[14] J. Muñoz, G. Osorio, and F. Angulo, “Boost converter control with ZAD for power factor correction based on FPGA”, Workshop on, Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications (PEPQA), pp. 1–5, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/PEPQA.2013.6614942
[15] F. E. Hoyos, D. Burbano, F. Angulo, G. Olivar, N. Toro and J. A. Taborda, “Effects of quantization, delay and internal resistances in digitally ZAD-controlled buck converter,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1250245, Oct. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127412502458
[16] P. Deivasundari, G. Uma and S. Ashita, “Chaotic dynamics of a zero average dynamics controlled DC–DC Ćuk converter,” IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 289–298, Feb. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0737
[17] F. Angulo, G. Olivar, J. Taborda, and F.E Hoyos, “Nonsmooth dynamics and FPIC chaos control in a DC-DC ZAD-strategy power converter,” in ENOC, pp. 1–6, 2008.
[18] F. Angulo, “Análisis de la dinámica de convertidores electrónicos de potencia usando PWM basado en promediado cero de la dinámica del error (ZAD),” Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2004.
[19] F. Angulo, J. E. Burgos, and G. Olivar, “Chaos stabilization with TDAS and FPIC in a buck converter controlled by lateral PWM and ZAD,” in 2007 Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation, pp. 1–6, Jun. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2007.4433846
[20] J. A. Taborda, S. Santini, M. di Bernardo, and F. Angulo, “Active Chaos Control of a Cam-Follower Impacting System using FPIC Technique,” IFAC Proc. vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 327–332, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3182/20090622-3-UK-3004.00061
[21] F. E. Hoyos Velasco, C. Younes Velosa, and E. A. Cano Plata, “Técnicas de filtrado de IEM en convertidores electrónicos de potencia,” Ing. e Investig., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 168–177, 2010.
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spelling Hoyos Velasco, Fredy EdimerCandelo, John E.Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivánvirtual::663-12019-02-12T01:12:45Z2019-02-12T01:12:45Z2018-01-01F. Hoyos, J. Candelo y J. Silva. “Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC” INGE CUC, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.9-18, 2018 DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.01https://hdl.handle.net/11323/2396https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.0110.17981/ingecuc.14.1.2018.012382-4700Corporación Universidad de la Costa0122-6517REDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Introduction− Power converters are used in mi-crogrids to transfer power to the load with a regulated voltage. However, the DC-AC converters present distor-tions in the waveform that can be improved with the help of real-time controllers.Objective−Evaluate the response in alternating cur-rent of the buck converter controlled with the ZAD-FPIC technique.Methodology−Based on the differential equations that describe the buck power converter, the ZAD and FPIC controllers are designed. Afterwards, simulations of the complete controlled system are made using Simulink of MATLAB. Then, the system is implemented experi-mentally and the controller is executed in real-time with the help of a DS1104 from dSPACE. In the end, several tests are carried out to check the effectiveness of the controller.Results− The results show that the controller allows good stability against different variations in the system and in the load.Conclusions−The ZAD-FPIC technique controls the variable and tracks changes in the waveform, magni-tude, and frequency of the reference signal. The control-ler presents good stability to different tests, tracking the reference signal after each event.Introducción− Los convertidores de potencia son utili-zados en las micro redes para transferir la potencia a la carga con una tensión regulada. Sin embargo, los conver-tidores DC-AC presentan distorsiones en la forma de onda que pueden ser mejoradas con la ayuda de controladores en tiempo real.Objetivo− Evaluar la respuesta en corriente alterna del convertidor buck controlado con la técnica ZAD-FPIC.Metodología− Se parte de las ecuaciones diferenciales que describen el convertidor de potencia buck, luego se diseñan los controladores ZAD y FPIC, se hacen simu-laciones del sistema completo controlado en Simulink de Matlab, se implementa el sistema de forma experimental y el controlador se ejecuta en tiempo real con la ayuda de una DS1104 de la empresa dSPACE, al final se realizan varias pruebas para comprobar la efectividad del controlador.Resultados− Los resultados muestran que el controlador permite que una buena estabilidad contra diversas varia-ciones en el sistema y en la carga.Conclusiones− La técnica ZAD-FPIC controla la varia-ble y realiza seguimiento ante cambios en la forma de onda, magnitud y frecuencia de la señal de referencia. El controlador presenta buena estabilidad ante diferentes pruebas, siguiendo la señal de referencia después de cada eventoHoyos Velasco, Fredy Edimer-32e58f57-9354-4648-b72b-3a894d6fab4c-0Candelo, John E.-4fe3fa77-20f9-46d0-9a8b-1c13c396c8b3-0Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivan-0000-0002-7813-0142-60010 páginasapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaINGE CUC; Vol. 14, Núm. 1 (2018)INGE CUCINGE CUC[1] N. Mohan, Power Electronics: A First Course. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pp. 38-62.[2] A. Ospino-Castro, “Análisis del potencial energético solar en la Región Caribe para el diseño de un sistema fotovoltaico,” INGE CUC, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 95-102, 2010.[3] P. A. Andrade, J. L. Morejon and E. M. Inga, “Cobertura Máxima de Redes de Sensores Inalámbricos para un Sistema de Gestión de Energía en Hogares Inteligentes. Maximum Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks for an Energy Management System in Smart Homes,” INGE CUC, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 68–78, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.12.2.2016.07[4] D. W. Hart, Electrónica de potencia, Madrid: Prentice Hall-Pearson Educación, 2001.[5] N. Mohan, Advanced Electric Drives: Analysis, Control, and Modeling Using MATLAB / Simulink. John Wiley & Sons, 2014, 208 p. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118910962[6] M. Rashid, Power Electronics Handbook, Third Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2010, 1362 p., p. 249- 264.[7] J. L. Strack, J. A. Suárez, G. F. Di Mauro and S. B. Jacob, “Impacto de la iluminación residencial eficiente en la calidad de la energía de una red de distribución” INGE CUC, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 9-19, Dec. 2014.[8] E. Fossas, R. Griñó and D. Biel, “Quasi-Sliding control based on pulse width modulation, zero averaged dynamics and the L2 norm,” Advances in Variable Structure Systems - 6th IEEE International Workshop on Variable Structure Systems, pp. 335–344, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812792082_0031[9] R. R. Ramos, D. Biel, E. Fossas and F. Guinjoan, “A fixed-frequency quasi-sliding control algorithm: application to power inverters design by means of FPGA implementation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 344–355, Jan. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2002.807164[10] F. Angulo, G. Olivar and M. di Bernardo, “Two-Parameter Discontinuity-Induced Bifurcation Curves in a ZAD-Strategy-Controlled DC–DC Buck Converter”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol 55, no. 08, pp. 2392 – 2401, 2008. ISBN: 1549-8328. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSI.2008.918226[11] F. E. Hoyos, N. Toro and Y. A. Garcés, “Adaptive Control for Buck Power Converter Using Fixed Point Inducting Control and Zero Average Dynamics Strategies,” Int. J. Bifurcation. Chaos, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1550049-150061, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127415500492[12] J. Taborda, D. Burbano and F. Angulo, “Quantization Effects on Period Doubling Route to Chaos in a ZAD Controlled Buck Converter”, Mathematical Problems in Engineering, vol 2012, pp. 1-19, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/526394[13] A. EL Aroudi, F. Angulo, G. Olivar, B. G. M. Robert and M. Feki, “Stabilizing a two-cell dc-dc buck converter by fixed point induced control,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos, 2009, vol 19, no. 06, pp. 2043-2057, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127409023895[14] J. Muñoz, G. Osorio, and F. Angulo, “Boost converter control with ZAD for power factor correction based on FPGA”, Workshop on, Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications (PEPQA), pp. 1–5, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/PEPQA.2013.6614942[15] F. E. Hoyos, D. Burbano, F. Angulo, G. Olivar, N. Toro and J. A. Taborda, “Effects of quantization, delay and internal resistances in digitally ZAD-controlled buck converter,” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1250245, Oct. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127412502458[16] P. Deivasundari, G. Uma and S. Ashita, “Chaotic dynamics of a zero average dynamics controlled DC–DC Ćuk converter,” IET Power Electron., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 289–298, Feb. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0737[17] F. Angulo, G. Olivar, J. Taborda, and F.E Hoyos, “Nonsmooth dynamics and FPIC chaos control in a DC-DC ZAD-strategy power converter,” in ENOC, pp. 1–6, 2008.[18] F. Angulo, “Análisis de la dinámica de convertidores electrónicos de potencia usando PWM basado en promediado cero de la dinámica del error (ZAD),” Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña, 2004.[19] F. Angulo, J. E. Burgos, and G. Olivar, “Chaos stabilization with TDAS and FPIC in a buck converter controlled by lateral PWM and ZAD,” in 2007 Mediterranean Conference on Control & Automation, pp. 1–6, Jun. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1109/MED.2007.4433846[20] J. A. Taborda, S. Santini, M. di Bernardo, and F. Angulo, “Active Chaos Control of a Cam-Follower Impacting System using FPIC Technique,” IFAC Proc. vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 327–332, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3182/20090622-3-UK-3004.00061[21] F. E. Hoyos Velasco, C. Younes Velosa, and E. A. Cano Plata, “Técnicas de filtrado de IEM en convertidores electrónicos de potencia,” Ing. e Investig., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 168–177, 2010.189114INGE CUCINGE CUChttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/1627Performance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPICEvaluación del desempeño de un inversor DC-AC controlado con ZAD-FPICArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Control of power convertersZAD-FPIC techniqueDC-AC converterSignal trackingControl de convertidores de potenciaTécnica ZAD-FPICConvertidor DC-ACSeguimiento de señalesPublicationd8a07aa4-2b3e-497a-9d3d-4a3f8ae15913virtual::663-1d8a07aa4-2b3e-497a-9d3d-4a3f8ae15913virtual::663-1https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tPsMAeIAAAAJ&hl=esvirtual::663-10000-0003-1303-0180virtual::663-1ORIGINALPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdfPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdfapplication/pdf2461199https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/cb80a9a3-f44a-4092-bbc1-2a4447031698/download38fb7c54b1653923967fdfd59cf7f3f8MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fafea702-8f99-40b2-b60b-aa1eb73e65e4/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdf.jpgPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg54887https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/2d7c560c-5068-4b51-8b22-9d0550a76de7/download45fc4b5675c78e2ee78548b74a5534dbMD54TEXTPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdf.txtPerformance evaluation of a DC-AC inverter controlled with ZAD-FPIC.pdf.txttext/plain32343https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6a1beb43-a6a9-4ac1-80c2-128fc3dea657/downloadab5a315d195d5bc25af1c7701075c57cMD5511323/2396oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/23962025-02-24 07:41:04.32open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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