Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC
Waste heat recovery (WHR) from exhaust gases in natural gas engines improves the overall conversion efficiency. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has emerged as a promising technology to convert medium and low-grade waste heat into mechanical power and electricity. This paper presents the energy and e...
- Autores:
-
Valencia, Guillermo
Fontalvo, Armando
Cárdenas, Yulineth
Duarte, Jorge
Isaza, Cesar
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/4937
- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/11323/4937
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- energy analysis
exergy analysis
organic Rankine cycle
waste heat recovery
natural gas engine
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- CC0 1.0 Universal
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| title |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| spellingShingle |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC energy analysis exergy analysis organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery natural gas engine |
| title_short |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| title_full |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| title_fullStr |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| title_sort |
Energy and Exergy Analysis of Different Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery Systems for Natural Gas Engine Based on ORC |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Valencia, Guillermo Fontalvo, Armando Cárdenas, Yulineth Duarte, Jorge Isaza, Cesar |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Valencia, Guillermo Fontalvo, Armando Cárdenas, Yulineth Duarte, Jorge Isaza, Cesar |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
energy analysis exergy analysis organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery natural gas engine |
| topic |
energy analysis exergy analysis organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery natural gas engine |
| description |
Waste heat recovery (WHR) from exhaust gases in natural gas engines improves the overall conversion efficiency. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has emerged as a promising technology to convert medium and low-grade waste heat into mechanical power and electricity. This paper presents the energy and exergy analyses of three ORC–WHR configurations that use a coupling thermal oil circuit. A simple ORC (SORC), an ORC with a recuperator (RORC), and an ORC with double-pressure (DORC) configuration are considered; cyclohexane, toluene, and acetone are simulated as ORC working fluids. Energy and exergy thermodynamic balances are employed to evaluate each configuration performance, while the available exhaust thermal energy variation under different engine loads is determined through an experimentally validated mathematical model. In addition, the effect of evaporating pressure on the net power output, thermal efficiency increase, specific fuel consumption, overall energy conversion efficiency, and exergy destruction is also investigated. The comparative analysis of natural gas engine performance indicators integrated with ORC configurations present evidence that RORC with toluene improves the operational performance by achieving a net power output of 146.25 kW, an overall conversion efficiency of 11.58%, an ORC thermal efficiency of 28.4%, and a specific fuel consumption reduction of 7.67% at a 1482 rpm engine speed, a 120.2 L/min natural gas flow, 1.784 lambda, and 1758.77 kW of mechanical engine power |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-11T13:13:33Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-07-11T13:13:33Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-06-18 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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acceptedVersion |
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1996-1073 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11323/4937 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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1996-1073 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11323/4937 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122378 |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Nawi, Z.M.; Kamarudin, S.; Abdullah, S.S.; Lam, S. The potential of exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) from marine diesel engines via organic rankine cycle. Energy 2019, 166, 17–31. [CrossRef] 2. Alshammari, F.; Pesyridis, A.; Karvountzis-Kontakiotis, A.; Franchetti, B.; Pesmazoglou, Y. Experimental study of a small scale organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system for a heavy duty diesel engine with focus on the radial inflow turbine expander performance. Appl. Energy 2018, 215, 543–555. [CrossRef] 3. Liu, P.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wang, X.; Yu, Z. Alkanes based two-stage expansion with interheating Organic Rankine cycle for multi-waste heat recovery of truck diesel engine. Energy 2018, 147, 337–350. [CrossRef] 4. Michos, C.N.; Lion, S.; Vlaskos, I.; Taccani, R. Analysis of the backpressure effect of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) evaporator on the exhaust line of a turbocharged heavy duty diesel power generator for marine applications. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 132, 347–360. [CrossRef] 5. Patel, P.S.; Doyle, E.F. Compounding the Truck Diesel Engine with an Organic Rankine-Cycle System; SAE International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1976. 6. Peris, B.; Navarro-Esbrí, J.; Molés, F. Bottoming organic Rankine cycle configurations to increase Internal Combustion Engines power output from cooling water waste heat recovery. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 61, 364–371. [CrossRef] 7. Yu, G.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wei, H.; Liu, L. Simulation and thermodynamic analysis of a bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) of diesel engine (DE). Energy 2013, 51, 281–290. [CrossRef] 8. Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Dong, C.; Wang, L.; Roskilly, A.P. Design and assessment on a novel integrated system for power and refrigeration using waste heat from diesel engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015, 91, 591–599. [CrossRef] 9. Vaja, I.; Gambarotta, A. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) bottoming with Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Energy 2010, 35, 1084–1093. [CrossRef] 10. Kalina, J. Integrated biomass gasification combined cycle distributed generation plant with reciprocating gas engine and ORC. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2011, 31, 2829–2840. [CrossRef] 11. Mingshan, W.; Jinli, F.; Chaochen, M.; Noman, D.S. Waste heat recovery from heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust gases by medium temperature ORC system. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2011, 54, 2746–2753. 12. Yao, B.; Yang, F.; Zhang, H.; Wang, E.; Yang, K. Analyzing the Performance of a Dual Loop Organic Rankine Cycle System for Waste Heat Recovery of a Heavy-Duty Compressed Natural Gas Engine. Energies 2014, 7, 7794–7815. [CrossRef] 13. Yang, F.; Zhang, H.; Yu, Z.; Wang, E.; Meng, F.; Liu, H.; Wang, J. Parametric optimization and heat transfer analysis of a dual loop ORC (organic Rankine cycle) system for CNG engine waste heat recovery. Energy 2017, 118, 753–775. [CrossRef] 14. Yang, F.; Cho, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J. Thermoeconomic multi-objective optimization of a dual loop organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for CNG engine waste heat recovery. Appl. Energy 2017, 205, 1100–1118. [CrossRef] 15. Wang, E.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Yang, F. A regenerative supercritical-subcritical dual-loop organic Rankine cycle system for energy recovery from the waste heat of internal combustion engines. Appl. Energy 2017, 190, 574–590. [CrossRef] 16. Han, Y.; Kang, J.; Wang, X.; Liu, Z.; Tian, J.; Wang, Y. Modelling and simulation analysis of an ORC-FPC waste heat recovery system for the stationary CNG-fuelled compressor. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015, 87, 481–490. [CrossRef] 17. Song, S.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, R.; Meng, F.; Liu, H.; Wang, J.; Yao, B. Simulation and Performance Analysis of Organic Rankine Systems for Stationary Compressed Natural Gas Engine. Energies 2017, 10, 544. [CrossRef] 18. Liu, P.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wang, X. Engine Load Effects on the Energy and Exergy Performance of a Medium Cycle/Organic Rankine Cycle for Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery. Entropy 2018, 20, 137. 19. Chacartegui, R.; Sánchez, D.; Múñoz, J.; Sánchez, T. Alternative ORC bottoming cycles FOR combined cycle power plants. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 2162–2170. [CrossRef] 20. Qiu, K.; Hayden, A. Integrated thermoelectric and organic Rankine cycles for micro-CHP systems. Appl. Energy 2012, 97, 667–672. [CrossRef] 21. Drescher, U.; Brüggemann, D. Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2007, 27, 223–228. [CrossRef] 22. Mago, P.J.; Chamra, L.M.; Srinivasan, K.; Somayaji, C. An examination of regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry fluids. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008, 28, 998–1007. [CrossRef] 23. Kosmadakis, G.; Manolakos, D.; Kyritsis, S.; Papadakis, G. Comparative thermodynamic study of refrigerants to select the best for use in the high-temperature stage of a two-stage organic Rankine cycle for RO desalination. Desalination 2009, 243, 74–94. [CrossRef] 24. Tchanche, B.F.; Papadakis, G.; Lambrinos, G.; Frangoudakis, A. Fluid selection for a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 2468–2476. [CrossRef] 25. Tian, H.; Shu, G.; Wei, H.; Liang, X.; Liu, L. Fluids and parameters optimization for the organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) used in exhaust heat recovery of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Energy 2012, 47, 125–136. [CrossRef] 26. Hung, T.-C.; Lee, D.-S.; Lin, J.-R. An Innovative Application of a Solar Storage Wall Combined with the Low-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle. Int. J. Photoenergy 2014, 2014, 1–12. [CrossRef] 27. Zare, V. A comparative exergoeconomic analysis of different ORC configurations for binary geothermal power plants. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 105, 127–138. [CrossRef] 28. Fontalvo, A.; Solano, J.; Pedraza, C.; Bula, A.; Quiroga, A.G.; Padilla, R.V. Energy, Exergy and Economic Evaluation Comparison of Small-Scale Single and Dual Pressure Organic Rankine Cycles Integrated with Low-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 476. [CrossRef] 29. Calise, F.; D’Accadia, M.D.; Macaluso, A.; Piacentino, A.; Vanoli, L. Exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis of a novel hybrid solar–geothermal polygeneration system producing energy and water. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016, 115, 200–220. [CrossRef] 30. Kerme, E.D.; Orfi, J. Exergy-based thermodynamic analysis of solar driven organic Rankine cycle. J. Therm. Eng. 2015, 1, 192–202. [CrossRef] 31. Jouhara, H.; Sayegh, M.A. Energy efficient thermal systems and processes. Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 2018, 7, e1–e2. [CrossRef] 32. Chen, T.; Zhuge, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L. A novel cascade organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for waste heat recovery of truck diesel engines. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 138, 210–223. [CrossRef] 33. Moran, M.J.; Saphiro, H.N.; Boettner, D.D.; Bailey, M.B. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2011. 34. Quoilin, S.; Aumann, R.; Grill, A.; Schuster, A.; Lemort, V.; Spliethoff, H. Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycles. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 2183–2190. [CrossRef] 35. Mathworks. Matlab: Computer Program; The MatlabWorks Inc.: Denver, CO, USA, 2018. 36. Lemmon, E.W.; Huber, M.L.; McLinden, M.O. NIST Standard Reference Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties-REFPROP, Version 9.1.; Technical Report; National Institute of Standards and Technology: Gaithersburg, MD, USA, 2013. 37. Trindade, A.B.; Palacio, J.C.E.; González, A.M.; Orozco, D.J.R.; Lora, E.E.S.; Renó, M.L.G.; Del Olmo, O.A. Advanced exergy analysis and environmental assesment of the steam cycle of an incineration system of municipal solid waste with energy recovery. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 157, 195–214. [CrossRef] 38. Val, C.G.F.; De Oliveira, S., Jr. Deep Water Cooled ORC for Offshore Floating Oil Platform Applications. Int. J. Thermodyn. 2017, 20, 229–237. [CrossRef] 39. El-Emam, R.S.; Dincer, I. Exergy and exergoeconomic analyses and optimization of geothermal organic Rankine cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 59, 435–444. [CrossRef] 40. Uusitalo, A.; Honkatukia, J.; Turunen-Saaresti, T.; Larjola, J. A thermodynamic analysis of waste heat recovery from reciprocating engine power plants by means of Organic Rankine Cycles. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2014, 70, 33–41. [CrossRef] 41. Feng, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Li, B.; Yang, J.; Shi, Y. Comparison between regenerative organic Rankine cycle (RORC) and basic organic Rankine cycle (BORC) based on thermoeconomic multi-objective optimization considering exergy efficiency and levelized energy cost (LEC). Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 96, 58–71. [CrossRef] 42. Lai, N.A.; Wendland, M.; Fischer, J. Working fluids for high-temperature organic Rankine cycles. Energy 2011, 36, 199–211. [CrossRef] 43. Desai, N.B.; Bandyopadhyay, S. Process integration of organic Rankine cycle. Energy 2009, 34, 1674–1686. [CrossRef] 44. Rayegan, R.; Tao, Y.X. A procedure to select working fl uids for Solar Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 659–670. [CrossRef] 45. Guzovi, Z. The comparision of a basic and a dual-pressure ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle): Geothermal Power Plant Velika Ciglena case study. Energy 2015, 76, 175–186. [CrossRef] 46. Minea, V. Power generation with ORC machines using low-grade waste heat or renewable energy. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2014, 69, 143–154. [CrossRef] 47. Nami, H.; Mohammadkhani, F.; Ranjbar, F. Utilization of waste heat from GTMHR for hydrogen generation via combination of organic Rankine cycles and PEM electrolysis. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016, 127, 589–598. [CrossRef] |
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Valencia, GuillermoFontalvo, ArmandoCárdenas, YulinethDuarte, JorgeIsaza, Cesar2019-07-11T13:13:33Z2019-07-11T13:13:33Z2019-06-181996-1073http://hdl.handle.net/11323/4937Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Waste heat recovery (WHR) from exhaust gases in natural gas engines improves the overall conversion efficiency. The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) has emerged as a promising technology to convert medium and low-grade waste heat into mechanical power and electricity. This paper presents the energy and exergy analyses of three ORC–WHR configurations that use a coupling thermal oil circuit. A simple ORC (SORC), an ORC with a recuperator (RORC), and an ORC with double-pressure (DORC) configuration are considered; cyclohexane, toluene, and acetone are simulated as ORC working fluids. Energy and exergy thermodynamic balances are employed to evaluate each configuration performance, while the available exhaust thermal energy variation under different engine loads is determined through an experimentally validated mathematical model. In addition, the effect of evaporating pressure on the net power output, thermal efficiency increase, specific fuel consumption, overall energy conversion efficiency, and exergy destruction is also investigated. The comparative analysis of natural gas engine performance indicators integrated with ORC configurations present evidence that RORC with toluene improves the operational performance by achieving a net power output of 146.25 kW, an overall conversion efficiency of 11.58%, an ORC thermal efficiency of 28.4%, and a specific fuel consumption reduction of 7.67% at a 1482 rpm engine speed, a 120.2 L/min natural gas flow, 1.784 lambda, and 1758.77 kW of mechanical engine powerValencia, Guillermo-0000-0001-5437-1964-600Fontalvo, Armando-0000-0002-3445-1649-600Cárdenas, YulinethDuarte, Jorge-0000-0001-7345-9590-600Isaza, CesarengEnergieshttps://doi.org/10.3390/en121223781. Nawi, Z.M.; Kamarudin, S.; Abdullah, S.S.; Lam, S. The potential of exhaust waste heat recovery (WHR) from marine diesel engines via organic rankine cycle. Energy 2019, 166, 17–31. [CrossRef] 2. Alshammari, F.; Pesyridis, A.; Karvountzis-Kontakiotis, A.; Franchetti, B.; Pesmazoglou, Y. Experimental study of a small scale organic Rankine cycle waste heat recovery system for a heavy duty diesel engine with focus on the radial inflow turbine expander performance. Appl. Energy 2018, 215, 543–555. [CrossRef] 3. Liu, P.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wang, X.; Yu, Z. Alkanes based two-stage expansion with interheating Organic Rankine cycle for multi-waste heat recovery of truck diesel engine. Energy 2018, 147, 337–350. [CrossRef] 4. Michos, C.N.; Lion, S.; Vlaskos, I.; Taccani, R. Analysis of the backpressure effect of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) evaporator on the exhaust line of a turbocharged heavy duty diesel power generator for marine applications. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 132, 347–360. [CrossRef] 5. Patel, P.S.; Doyle, E.F. Compounding the Truck Diesel Engine with an Organic Rankine-Cycle System; SAE International: Warrendale, PA, USA, 1976. 6. Peris, B.; Navarro-Esbrí, J.; Molés, F. Bottoming organic Rankine cycle configurations to increase Internal Combustion Engines power output from cooling water waste heat recovery. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2013, 61, 364–371. [CrossRef] 7. Yu, G.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wei, H.; Liu, L. Simulation and thermodynamic analysis of a bottoming Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) of diesel engine (DE). Energy 2013, 51, 281–290. [CrossRef] 8. Lu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Dong, C.; Wang, L.; Roskilly, A.P. Design and assessment on a novel integrated system for power and refrigeration using waste heat from diesel engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015, 91, 591–599. [CrossRef] 9. Vaja, I.; Gambarotta, A. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) bottoming with Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Energy 2010, 35, 1084–1093. [CrossRef] 10. Kalina, J. Integrated biomass gasification combined cycle distributed generation plant with reciprocating gas engine and ORC. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2011, 31, 2829–2840. [CrossRef] 11. Mingshan, W.; Jinli, F.; Chaochen, M.; Noman, D.S. Waste heat recovery from heavy-duty diesel engine exhaust gases by medium temperature ORC system. Sci. China Technol. Sci. 2011, 54, 2746–2753. 12. Yao, B.; Yang, F.; Zhang, H.; Wang, E.; Yang, K. Analyzing the Performance of a Dual Loop Organic Rankine Cycle System for Waste Heat Recovery of a Heavy-Duty Compressed Natural Gas Engine. Energies 2014, 7, 7794–7815. [CrossRef] 13. Yang, F.; Zhang, H.; Yu, Z.; Wang, E.; Meng, F.; Liu, H.; Wang, J. Parametric optimization and heat transfer analysis of a dual loop ORC (organic Rankine cycle) system for CNG engine waste heat recovery. Energy 2017, 118, 753–775. [CrossRef] 14. Yang, F.; Cho, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J. Thermoeconomic multi-objective optimization of a dual loop organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for CNG engine waste heat recovery. Appl. Energy 2017, 205, 1100–1118. [CrossRef] 15. Wang, E.; Yu, Z.; Zhang, H.; Yang, F. A regenerative supercritical-subcritical dual-loop organic Rankine cycle system for energy recovery from the waste heat of internal combustion engines. Appl. Energy 2017, 190, 574–590. [CrossRef] 16. Han, Y.; Kang, J.; Wang, X.; Liu, Z.; Tian, J.; Wang, Y. Modelling and simulation analysis of an ORC-FPC waste heat recovery system for the stationary CNG-fuelled compressor. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2015, 87, 481–490. [CrossRef] 17. Song, S.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, R.; Meng, F.; Liu, H.; Wang, J.; Yao, B. Simulation and Performance Analysis of Organic Rankine Systems for Stationary Compressed Natural Gas Engine. Energies 2017, 10, 544. [CrossRef] 18. Liu, P.; Shu, G.; Tian, H.; Wang, X. Engine Load Effects on the Energy and Exergy Performance of a Medium Cycle/Organic Rankine Cycle for Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery. Entropy 2018, 20, 137. 19. Chacartegui, R.; Sánchez, D.; Múñoz, J.; Sánchez, T. Alternative ORC bottoming cycles FOR combined cycle power plants. Appl. Energy 2009, 86, 2162–2170. [CrossRef] 20. Qiu, K.; Hayden, A. Integrated thermoelectric and organic Rankine cycles for micro-CHP systems. Appl. Energy 2012, 97, 667–672. [CrossRef] 21. Drescher, U.; Brüggemann, D. Fluid selection for the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) in biomass power and heat plants. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2007, 27, 223–228. [CrossRef] 22. Mago, P.J.; Chamra, L.M.; Srinivasan, K.; Somayaji, C. An examination of regenerative organic Rankine cycles using dry fluids. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2008, 28, 998–1007. [CrossRef] 23. Kosmadakis, G.; Manolakos, D.; Kyritsis, S.; Papadakis, G. Comparative thermodynamic study of refrigerants to select the best for use in the high-temperature stage of a two-stage organic Rankine cycle for RO desalination. Desalination 2009, 243, 74–94. [CrossRef] 24. Tchanche, B.F.; Papadakis, G.; Lambrinos, G.; Frangoudakis, A. Fluid selection for a low-temperature solar organic Rankine cycle. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2009, 29, 2468–2476. [CrossRef] 25. Tian, H.; Shu, G.; Wei, H.; Liang, X.; Liu, L. Fluids and parameters optimization for the organic Rankine cycles (ORCs) used in exhaust heat recovery of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). Energy 2012, 47, 125–136. [CrossRef] 26. Hung, T.-C.; Lee, D.-S.; Lin, J.-R. An Innovative Application of a Solar Storage Wall Combined with the Low-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle. Int. J. Photoenergy 2014, 2014, 1–12. [CrossRef] 27. Zare, V. A comparative exergoeconomic analysis of different ORC configurations for binary geothermal power plants. Energy Convers. Manag. 2015, 105, 127–138. [CrossRef] 28. Fontalvo, A.; Solano, J.; Pedraza, C.; Bula, A.; Quiroga, A.G.; Padilla, R.V. Energy, Exergy and Economic Evaluation Comparison of Small-Scale Single and Dual Pressure Organic Rankine Cycles Integrated with Low-Grade Heat Sources. Entropy 2017, 19, 476. [CrossRef] 29. Calise, F.; D’Accadia, M.D.; Macaluso, A.; Piacentino, A.; Vanoli, L. Exergetic and exergoeconomic analysis of a novel hybrid solar–geothermal polygeneration system producing energy and water. Energy Convers. Manag. 2016, 115, 200–220. [CrossRef] 30. Kerme, E.D.; Orfi, J. Exergy-based thermodynamic analysis of solar driven organic Rankine cycle. J. Therm. Eng. 2015, 1, 192–202. [CrossRef] 31. Jouhara, H.; Sayegh, M.A. Energy efficient thermal systems and processes. Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog. 2018, 7, e1–e2. [CrossRef] 32. Chen, T.; Zhuge, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L. A novel cascade organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for waste heat recovery of truck diesel engines. Energy Convers. Manag. 2017, 138, 210–223. [CrossRef] 33. Moran, M.J.; Saphiro, H.N.; Boettner, D.D.; Bailey, M.B. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2011. 34. Quoilin, S.; Aumann, R.; Grill, A.; Schuster, A.; Lemort, V.; Spliethoff, H. Dynamic modeling and optimal control strategy of waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycles. Appl. Energy 2011, 88, 2183–2190. 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