Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem

Voltage Stability has emerged in recent decades as one of the most common phenomena, occurrence in Electrical Power Systems. Prior researches focused on the development of algorithm indices to solve the stability problem and in the determination of factors with most influence in voltage collapse to...

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Autores:
García Sanchez, Zaid
Gonzalez Cueto Cruz, Jose Antonio
Crespo Sanchez, Gustavo
Hernández Herrera, Hernán
Silva Ortega, Jorge I
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6208
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6208
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Voltage stability
Voltage collapse
Maximum point of load
Modal analysis
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openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_68766434ec912e00ea1b93270cc5d952
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6208
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
title Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
spellingShingle Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
Voltage stability
Voltage collapse
Maximum point of load
Modal analysis
title_short Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
title_full Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
title_fullStr Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
title_full_unstemmed Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
title_sort Voltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem
dc.creator.fl_str_mv García Sanchez, Zaid
Gonzalez Cueto Cruz, Jose Antonio
Crespo Sanchez, Gustavo
Hernández Herrera, Hernán
Silva Ortega, Jorge I
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv García Sanchez, Zaid
Gonzalez Cueto Cruz, Jose Antonio
Crespo Sanchez, Gustavo
Hernández Herrera, Hernán
Silva Ortega, Jorge I
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Voltage stability
Voltage collapse
Maximum point of load
Modal analysis
topic Voltage stability
Voltage collapse
Maximum point of load
Modal analysis
description Voltage Stability has emerged in recent decades as one of the most common phenomena, occurrence in Electrical Power Systems. Prior researches focused on the development of algorithm indices to solve the stability problem and in the determination of factors with most influence in voltage collapse to solve the stability problem. This paper evaluates the influence that the load dependence has with the voltage on the phenomenon of the voltage stability and especially on the characteristics the collapse point or instability point. Load modeling used is detailed and comparisons of the results obtained are made with those described in the bibliography and those obtained with commercial software. The results of the load margin are also compared when a constant load or a voltage-dependent load is considered as well as the values obtained at the maximum load point and the point of voltage instability.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-04-17T00:14:36Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-04-17T00:14:36Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2088-8708
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6208
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp61-71
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
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identifier_str_mv 2088-8708
DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp61-71
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6208
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] O. G. Ibe, and A. I. Onyema, "Concepts of reactive power control and voltage stability methods in power system network," IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, vol. 11(2), pp. 15-25, 2013.
[2] Y. A. Mobarak., "Voltage collapse prediction for Egyptian interconnected electrical grid EIEG, "International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 7(1), pp. 79-88, 2015.
[3] S. Gitanjali, et al., "Voltage Stability Prediction on Power Networks using Artificial Neural Networks," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 10(1), pp. 1-9, 2018.
[4] M. Khairuzzaman et al., "Optimal SVC allocation via symbiotic organisms search for voltage security improvement," TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 17 (3), pp. 1267-1274, 2019.
[5] R. Masood et al., "A statistical jacobian application for power system optimization of voltage stability," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 13(1), pp. 331-338, 2019.
[6] J. P. Sridhar and Prakash, R. "Multi-objective whale optimization based minimization of loss, maximization of voltage stability considering cost of DG for optimal sizing and placement of DG," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9(2), pp. 835-839, 2019.
[7] D. H. Aik Lee., "Voltage Stability Assessment Using Equivalent Nodal Analysis," IEEE transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31(1), pp. 454-463, 2016.
[8] S. Perez and L. Rodriguez, "A simplifield voltage stability index SVSI," International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 63(1), pp. 806-813, 2014.
[9] S. D. Sayed, et al., "A Review of Voltage Stability Assessment Technique with an Improved voltage Stability Indicator," International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 16(2), pp. 107-115, 2015.
[10] L. F. Acevedo, G. Bothia-Vargas and J. E. Candelo., "Dynamic Voltage Stability Comparison of Thermal and Wind Power Generation with Different Static and Dynamic Load Models," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8(3), pp. 1401, 2018.
[11] A. Mohamad, et al., "Voltage Instability Analysis for Electrical Power System Using Voltage Stabilty Margin and Modal Analysis," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 3(3), pp. 655-662. 2016.
[12] C. A. Canizares., "Voltage stability assessment: concepts, practices and tools," IEEE/PES power system stability subcommittee special publication SP101PSS, 2002.
[13] P. Singh., "On-line Assessment of Voltage Stability using Synchrophasor Technology," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 8(1), pp. 1-8. 2017.
[14] S. Gitanjali, et al., "Detection of Proximity to Voltage Collapse of Multi-Bus Power Network using Transmission Line Voltage Stability Indicator," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 11(17), pp. 10689-10694. 2016.
[15] Z Garcia, et al., "Implementación de un estudio de estabilidad de la tensión al Paquete de Programas Psx. 2.87," Revista Ingeniería Energética, vol. 34(1), pp. 33-42, 2013.
[16] V. Sousa, H. H. Herrera, E. C. Quispe, P. R. Viego, and J. R. Gómez., "Harmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor Drives in Electrical Industrial Systems," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 7(6), pp. 3207-3216, 2017.
[17] V. Sousa, H. Hernández, E. C. Quispe, J. R. Gómez and P. R. Viego., "Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives," In 2017 IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications (PEPQA) pp. 1-6, 2017.
[18] Z. Garcia, et al., "Modelling of the load for stable state studies of voltage stability (in Spanish)," Revista Ingeniería Energética, vol. 34(2), pp. 129-136, 2013.
[19] L. Rodriguez, et al., "Parameter estimation of an exponential recovery load model using metaheuristic techniques (in Spanish)," Revista Scientia et Technica, vol. 18(3), pp. 453-462. 2013.
[20] S. Basu, et al., "Voltage Stability Margin (VSM ) and Maximum Loading Point (MLP) Of A Multi-Bus System Before and After Compensation," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 5(7), pp. 30-35, 2013.
[21] Y. Zhichun, et al., "Analytical Method of Distributed Generation on Static Voltage Stability," TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 11(9), pp. 5018-5029, 2013.
[22] T. Van Cutsem and C. Vournas, "Voltaje Stability of Electric Power Systems," 3rd ed., Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 1-380, 2003.
[23] K. Jae-Kyeong, et al., "Fast and Reliable Estimation of Composite Load Model Parameters Using Analytical Similarity of Parameter Sensitivity," IEEE transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31(1), pp. 673-671, 2016.
[24] P. Kundur, "Power system stability and control," New York, The EPRI Power Systems Engineering Series 1st Ed, McGraw-Hill, pp. 306-311, 1994.
[25] Y. Makarov., "Expected Voltage Stability Margin," Consultado 6 de marzo de 2011, Disponible en: [Online] Available: http://ee.usyd.edu.au/~yuri/NAPS-98-EVSM.ps.
[26] J. Silva-Ortega., "Categorization and study of ieee9 Model toward transient stability analysis (in Spanish)" Inge CUC, vol. 8(1), pp. 173-190, 2012.
[27] Duran, Q. et al., "Recent trends of the most used metaheuristic techniques for distribution network reconfiguration," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 10 (5), pp. 159-173, 2017.
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spelling García Sanchez, ZaidGonzalez Cueto Cruz, Jose AntonioCrespo Sanchez, GustavoHernández Herrera, HernánSilva Ortega, Jorge I2020-04-17T00:14:36Z2020-04-17T00:14:36Z2020-022088-8708https://hdl.handle.net/11323/6208DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp61-71Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Voltage Stability has emerged in recent decades as one of the most common phenomena, occurrence in Electrical Power Systems. Prior researches focused on the development of algorithm indices to solve the stability problem and in the determination of factors with most influence in voltage collapse to solve the stability problem. This paper evaluates the influence that the load dependence has with the voltage on the phenomenon of the voltage stability and especially on the characteristics the collapse point or instability point. Load modeling used is detailed and comparisons of the results obtained are made with those described in the bibliography and those obtained with commercial software. The results of the load margin are also compared when a constant load or a voltage-dependent load is considered as well as the values obtained at the maximum load point and the point of voltage instability.García Sanchez, ZaidGonzalez Cueto Cruz, Jose AntonioCrespo Sanchez, Gustavo-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-0850-197X-600Hernández Herrera, HernánSilva Ortega, Jorge I-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-7813-0142-600engInternational Journal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Voltage stabilityVoltage collapseMaximum point of loadModal analysisVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problemArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] O. G. Ibe, and A. I. Onyema, "Concepts of reactive power control and voltage stability methods in power system network," IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering, vol. 11(2), pp. 15-25, 2013.[2] Y. A. Mobarak., "Voltage collapse prediction for Egyptian interconnected electrical grid EIEG, "International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 7(1), pp. 79-88, 2015.[3] S. Gitanjali, et al., "Voltage Stability Prediction on Power Networks using Artificial Neural Networks," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 10(1), pp. 1-9, 2018.[4] M. Khairuzzaman et al., "Optimal SVC allocation via symbiotic organisms search for voltage security improvement," TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 17 (3), pp. 1267-1274, 2019.[5] R. Masood et al., "A statistical jacobian application for power system optimization of voltage stability," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 13(1), pp. 331-338, 2019.[6] J. P. Sridhar and Prakash, R. "Multi-objective whale optimization based minimization of loss, maximization of voltage stability considering cost of DG for optimal sizing and placement of DG," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9(2), pp. 835-839, 2019.[7] D. H. Aik Lee., "Voltage Stability Assessment Using Equivalent Nodal Analysis," IEEE transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31(1), pp. 454-463, 2016.[8] S. Perez and L. Rodriguez, "A simplifield voltage stability index SVSI," International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol. 63(1), pp. 806-813, 2014.[9] S. D. Sayed, et al., "A Review of Voltage Stability Assessment Technique with an Improved voltage Stability Indicator," International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, vol. 16(2), pp. 107-115, 2015.[10] L. F. Acevedo, G. Bothia-Vargas and J. E. Candelo., "Dynamic Voltage Stability Comparison of Thermal and Wind Power Generation with Different Static and Dynamic Load Models," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 8(3), pp. 1401, 2018.[11] A. Mohamad, et al., "Voltage Instability Analysis for Electrical Power System Using Voltage Stabilty Margin and Modal Analysis," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 3(3), pp. 655-662. 2016.[12] C. A. Canizares., "Voltage stability assessment: concepts, practices and tools," IEEE/PES power system stability subcommittee special publication SP101PSS, 2002.[13] P. Singh., "On-line Assessment of Voltage Stability using Synchrophasor Technology," Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 8(1), pp. 1-8. 2017.[14] S. Gitanjali, et al., "Detection of Proximity to Voltage Collapse of Multi-Bus Power Network using Transmission Line Voltage Stability Indicator," Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 11(17), pp. 10689-10694. 2016.[15] Z Garcia, et al., "Implementación de un estudio de estabilidad de la tensión al Paquete de Programas Psx. 2.87," Revista Ingeniería Energética, vol. 34(1), pp. 33-42, 2013.[16] V. Sousa, H. H. Herrera, E. C. Quispe, P. R. Viego, and J. R. Gómez., "Harmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor Drives in Electrical Industrial Systems," International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 7(6), pp. 3207-3216, 2017.[17] V. Sousa, H. Hernández, E. C. Quispe, J. R. Gómez and P. R. Viego., "Analysis of harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives," In 2017 IEEE Workshop on Power Electronics and Power Quality Applications (PEPQA) pp. 1-6, 2017.[18] Z. Garcia, et al., "Modelling of the load for stable state studies of voltage stability (in Spanish)," Revista Ingeniería Energética, vol. 34(2), pp. 129-136, 2013.[19] L. Rodriguez, et al., "Parameter estimation of an exponential recovery load model using metaheuristic techniques (in Spanish)," Revista Scientia et Technica, vol. 18(3), pp. 453-462. 2013.[20] S. Basu, et al., "Voltage Stability Margin (VSM ) and Maximum Loading Point (MLP) Of A Multi-Bus System Before and After Compensation," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 5(7), pp. 30-35, 2013.[21] Y. Zhichun, et al., "Analytical Method of Distributed Generation on Static Voltage Stability," TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control), vol. 11(9), pp. 5018-5029, 2013.[22] T. Van Cutsem and C. Vournas, "Voltaje Stability of Electric Power Systems," 3rd ed., Springer Science & Business Media, pp. 1-380, 2003.[23] K. Jae-Kyeong, et al., "Fast and Reliable Estimation of Composite Load Model Parameters Using Analytical Similarity of Parameter Sensitivity," IEEE transactions on Power Systems, vol. 31(1), pp. 673-671, 2016.[24] P. Kundur, "Power system stability and control," New York, The EPRI Power Systems Engineering Series 1st Ed, McGraw-Hill, pp. 306-311, 1994.[25] Y. Makarov., "Expected Voltage Stability Margin," Consultado 6 de marzo de 2011, Disponible en: [Online] Available: http://ee.usyd.edu.au/~yuri/NAPS-98-EVSM.ps.[26] J. Silva-Ortega., "Categorization and study of ieee9 Model toward transient stability analysis (in Spanish)" Inge CUC, vol. 8(1), pp. 173-190, 2012.[27] Duran, Q. et al., "Recent trends of the most used metaheuristic techniques for distribution network reconfiguration," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 10 (5), pp. 159-173, 2017.PublicationORIGINALVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdfVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdfapplication/pdf621696https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e75aa5dc-5abc-4d38-9505-81a6920bdc39/downloadeb5b09b6c24cf352dfdcbe1a63db2a2bMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f19988e0-c40b-46af-9b21-19fbc2318f66/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/43a64de2-c5f3-4a35-9306-66c97aefa22d/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdf.jpgVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdf.jpgimage/jpeg66642https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fa494a08-406a-4238-b763-02c7e3299807/download4abde781bfde8c090c20ca34cfb96723MD54TEXTVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdf.txtVoltage collapse point evaluation considering the load dependence in a power system stability problem .pdf.txttext/plain36151https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ee7e04a3-6975-484a-b12a-fc87d7c79bc7/download824ed7980f23e5ce43856a5bf0d6e37eMD5511323/6208oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/62082024-09-17 10:52:21.013http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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