Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli

The galvanic skin response (GSR; also widely known as electrodermal activity (EDA)) is a signal for stress-related studies. Given the sparsity of studies related to the GSR and the variety of devices, this study was conducted at the Human Health Activity Laboratory (H2AL) with 17 healthy subjects to...

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Autores:
Sanchez-Comas, Andres
Synnes, Kåre
Molina Estren, Diego
Troncoso Palacio, Alexander
Comas Gonzalez, Zhoe
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10713
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10713
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Stress
Wearable
Sensor
Physiological signals
Galvanic skin response
GSR
Electrodermal activity
EDA
Pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
Valence
Correlation
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id RCUC2_648db2461a34b52fbbb74c770b918869
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10713
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
title Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
spellingShingle Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
Stress
Wearable
Sensor
Physiological signals
Galvanic skin response
GSR
Electrodermal activity
EDA
Pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
Valence
Correlation
title_short Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
title_full Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
title_fullStr Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
title_full_unstemmed Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
title_sort Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Sanchez-Comas, Andres
Synnes, Kåre
Molina Estren, Diego
Troncoso Palacio, Alexander
Comas Gonzalez, Zhoe
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Sanchez-Comas, Andres
Synnes, Kåre
Molina Estren, Diego
Troncoso Palacio, Alexander
Comas Gonzalez, Zhoe
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Stress
Wearable
Sensor
Physiological signals
Galvanic skin response
GSR
Electrodermal activity
EDA
Pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
Valence
Correlation
topic Stress
Wearable
Sensor
Physiological signals
Galvanic skin response
GSR
Electrodermal activity
EDA
Pleasant and unpleasant stimuli
Valence
Correlation
description The galvanic skin response (GSR; also widely known as electrodermal activity (EDA)) is a signal for stress-related studies. Given the sparsity of studies related to the GSR and the variety of devices, this study was conducted at the Human Health Activity Laboratory (H2AL) with 17 healthy subjects to determine the variability in the detection of changes in the galvanic skin response among a test group with heterogeneous respondents facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli, correlating the GSR biosignals measured from different body sites. We experimented with the right and left wrist, left fingers, the inner side of the right foot using Shimmer3GSR and Empatica E4 sensors. The results indicated the most promising homogeneous places for measuring the GSR, namely, the left fingers and right foot. The results also suggested that due to a significantly strong correlation among the inner side of the right foot and the left fingers, as well as the moderate correlations with the right and left wrists, the foot may be a suitable place to homogenously measure a GSR signal in a test group. We also discuss some possible causes of weak and negative correlations from anomalies detected in the raw data possibly related to the sensors or the test group, which may be considered to develop robust emotion detection systems based on GRS biosignals.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-06-19
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-02-14T21:24:48Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-02-14T21:24:48Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv Sanchez-Comas, A.; Synnes, K.; Molina-Estren, D.; Troncoso-Palacio, A.; ComasGonzález, Z. Correlation Analysis of Different Measurement Places of Galvanic Skin Response in Test Groups Facing Pleasant and Unpleasant Stimuli. Sensors 2021, 21, 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21124210
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1424-3210
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10713
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.3390/ s21124210
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 1424-8220
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Sanchez-Comas, A.; Synnes, K.; Molina-Estren, D.; Troncoso-Palacio, A.; ComasGonzález, Z. Correlation Analysis of Different Measurement Places of Galvanic Skin Response in Test Groups Facing Pleasant and Unpleasant Stimuli. Sensors 2021, 21, 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s21124210
1424-3210
10.3390/ s21124210
1424-8220
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10713
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Sensors
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3. Peetoom, K.K.B.; Lexis, M.A.S.; Joore, M.; Dirksen, C.D.; de Witte, L.P. Literature review on monitoring technologies and their outcomes in independently living elderly people. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 2015, 10, 271–294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Jekel, K.; Damian, M.; Storf, H.; Hausner, L.; Frolich, L. Development of a Proxy-Free Objective Assessment Tool of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Smart Home Technologies. J. Alzheimer Dis. 2016, 52, 509–517. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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17. Westeyn, T.; Presti, P.; Starner, T. ActionGSR: A Combination Galvanic Skin Response—Accelerometer for Physiological Measurements in Active Environments. In Proceedings of the 2006 10th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, Montreux, Switzerland, 11–14 October 2006; pp. 3–4.
18. Fletcher, R.R.; Dobson, K.; Goodwin, M.S.; Eydgahi, H.; Wilder-smith, O.; Fernholz, D.; Kuboyama, Y.; Hedman, E.B.; Poh, M.; Member, S.; et al. iCalm: Wearable Sensor and Network Architecture for Wirelessly Communicating and Logging Autonomic Activity. IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed. 2010, 14, 215–223. [CrossRef]
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24. Synnes, K.; Lilja, M.; Nyman, A.; Espinilla, M.; Cleland, I.; Comas, A.G.S.; Comas-Gonzalez, Z.; Hallberg, J.; Karvonen, N.; de Morais, W.O.; et al. H2Al—The Human Health and Activity Laboratory. Proceedings 2018, 2, 1241. [CrossRef]
25. Anusha, A.S.; Preejith, S.P.; Akl, T.J.; Joseph, J.; Sivaprakasam, M. Dry Electrode Optimization for Wrist-based Electrodermal Activity Monitoring. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurement and Applications (MEMEA), Rome, Italy, 11–13 June 2018; pp. 1–6.
26. Kushki, A.; Fairley, J.; Merja, S.; King, G.; Chau, T. Comparison of blood volume pulse and skin conductance responses to mental and affective stimuli at different anatomical sites. Physiol. Meas. 2011, 32, 1529–1539. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
27. Kappeler-Setz, C.; Gravenhorst, F.; Schumm, J.; Arnrich, B.; Gerhard, T. Towards long term monitoring of electrodermal activity in daily life. Ubiquit. Comput. 2011, 17, 261–271. [CrossRef]
28. Borrego, A.; Latorre, J.; Alcaniz, M.; Llorens, R. Reliability of the Empatica E4 wristband to measure electrodermal activity to emotional stimuli. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation, Tel Aviv, Israel, 21–24 July 2019; pp. 3–4.
29. Kutt, K.; Binek, W.; Misiak, P.; Nalepa, G.J.; Bobek, S. Towards the Development of Sensor Platform for Processing Physiological Data from Wearable Sensors; Springer International Publishing: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2018; Volume 10842, ISBN 9783319912615.
30. Sagl, G.; Resch, B.; Petutschnig, A.; Kyriakou, K.; Liedlgruber, M.; Wilhelm, F.H. Wearables and the quantified self: Systematic benchmarking of physiological sensors. Sensors 2019, 19, 4448. [CrossRef]
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32. Kasos, K.; Kekecs, Z.; Csirmaz, L.; Zimonyi, S.; Vikor, F.; Kasos, E.; Veres, A.; Kotyuk, E.; Szekely, A. Bilateral comparison of traditional and alternate electrodermal measurement sites. Psychophysiology 2020, 57, 1–15. [CrossRef]
33. Phitayakorn, R.; Minehart, R.D.; Pian-Smith, M.C.M.; Hemingway, M.W.; Petrusa, E.R. Practicality of using galvanic skin response to measure intraoperative physiologic autonomic activation in operating room team members. Surgery 2015, 158, 1415–1420. [CrossRef]
34. Chen, S.T.; Lin, S.S.; Lan, C.W.; Hsu, H.Y. Design and development of awearable device for heat stroke detection. Sensors 2018, 18, 17. [CrossRef]
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36. Airij, A.G.; Sudirman, R.; Sheikh, U.U.; Khuan, L.Y.; Zakaria, N.A. Significance of electrodermal activity response in children with autism spectrum disorder. Indones. J. Electr. Eng. Comput. Sci. 2020, 19, 1113–1120. [CrossRef]
37. Winton, W.M.; Putnam, L.E.; Krauss, R.M. Facial and autonomic manifestations of the dimensional structure of emotion. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 1984, 20, 195–216. [CrossRef]
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43. Barrett, L.F.; Russell, J.A. The structure of current affect: Controversies and emerging consensus. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 1999, 8, 10–14. [CrossRef]
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46. Kianimajd, A.; Ruano, M.G.; Carvalho, P.; Henriques, J.; Rocha, T.; Paredes, S.; Ruano, A.E. Comparison of different methods of measuring similarity in physiologic time series. IFAC PapersOnline 2017, 50, 11005–11010. [CrossRef]
47. van Dooren, M.; de Vries, J.J.G.G.J.; Janssen, J.H. Emotional sweating across the body: Comparing 16 different skin conductance measurement locations. Physiol. Behav. 2012, 106, 298–304. [CrossRef]
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50. Picard, R.W.; Fedor, S.; Ayzenberg, Y. Multiple Arousal Theory and Daily-Life Electrodermal Activity Asymmetry. Emot. Rev. 2016, 8, 62–75. [CrossRef]
51. Kasos, K.; Zimonyi, S.; Kasos, E.; Lifshitz, A.; Varga, K.; Szekely, A. Does the Electrodermal System “Take Sides” When It Comes to Emotions? Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2018, 43, 203–210. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
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spelling Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Sanchez-Comas, Andresbbcc9503ee0687d1e2eaee7438dac048600Synnes, Kåre8dcd3b20fbdbe12ac689aada8bdecd5f600Molina Estren, Diegob5a50a9560184fbc5c1b5e3096a69261600Troncoso Palacio, Alexander15ad947c6cd74bba435afe21ecbe0d92600Comas Gonzalez, Zhoe3f24788cb75f892bb4dcf38f036694116002024-02-14T21:24:48Z2024-02-14T21:24:48Z2021-06-19Sanchez-Comas, A.; Synnes, K.; Molina-Estren, D.; Troncoso-Palacio, A.; ComasGonzález, Z. Correlation Analysis of Different Measurement Places of Galvanic Skin Response in Test Groups Facing Pleasant and Unpleasant Stimuli. Sensors 2021, 21, 4210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ s211242101424-3210https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1071310.3390/ s211242101424-8220Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The galvanic skin response (GSR; also widely known as electrodermal activity (EDA)) is a signal for stress-related studies. Given the sparsity of studies related to the GSR and the variety of devices, this study was conducted at the Human Health Activity Laboratory (H2AL) with 17 healthy subjects to determine the variability in the detection of changes in the galvanic skin response among a test group with heterogeneous respondents facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli, correlating the GSR biosignals measured from different body sites. We experimented with the right and left wrist, left fingers, the inner side of the right foot using Shimmer3GSR and Empatica E4 sensors. The results indicated the most promising homogeneous places for measuring the GSR, namely, the left fingers and right foot. The results also suggested that due to a significantly strong correlation among the inner side of the right foot and the left fingers, as well as the moderate correlations with the right and left wrists, the foot may be a suitable place to homogenously measure a GSR signal in a test group. We also discuss some possible causes of weak and negative correlations from anomalies detected in the raw data possibly related to the sensors or the test group, which may be considered to develop robust emotion detection systems based on GRS biosignals.27 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/12/4210Correlation analysis of different measurement places of galvanic skin response in test groups facing pleasant and unpleasant stimuliArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Sensors1. Kumari, P.; Mathew, L.; Syal, P. Increasing trend of wearables and multimodal interface for human activity monitoring: A review. Biosens. Bioelectron. 2017, 90, 298–307. [CrossRef]2. Ni, Q.; Hernando, A.B.G.; de la Cruz, I.P. The Elderly’s Independent Living in Smart Homes: A Characterization of Activities and Sensing Infrastructure Survey to Facilitate Services Development. Sensors 2015, 15, 11312–11362. [CrossRef] [PubMed]3. Peetoom, K.K.B.; Lexis, M.A.S.; Joore, M.; Dirksen, C.D.; de Witte, L.P. Literature review on monitoring technologies and their outcomes in independently living elderly people. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 2015, 10, 271–294. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Jekel, K.; Damian, M.; Storf, H.; Hausner, L.; Frolich, L. Development of a Proxy-Free Objective Assessment Tool of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Smart Home Technologies. J. Alzheimer Dis. 2016, 52, 509–517. [CrossRef] [PubMed]5. Coronato, A.; de Pietro, G.; Paragliola, G. A situation-aware system for the detection of motion disorders of patients with autism spectrum disorders. Expert Syst. Appl. 2014, 41, 7868–7877. [CrossRef]6. 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Thumbnailimage/jpeg16421https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/10713/4/Correlation%20Analysis%20of%20Different%20Measurement%20Places%20of%20Galvanic%20Skin%20Response%20in%20Test%20Groups%20Facing%20Pleasant%20and%20Unpleasant%20Stimuli.pdf.jpg8f72fbaf3b37a2851a5b4f863a7c3fe8MD54open access11323/10713oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/107132024-02-16 10:14:08.847An error occurred on the license name.|||https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La 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corporada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARAN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