Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview

Heavy metals (HMs) have attracted global attention due to their toxicity, persistence, and accumulation in aquatic fish in the polluted water environment. The consumption of these fishes exposed humans to a higher risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In this study, we provided a critical...

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Autores:: Ajala, Oluwaseyi Aderemi
Racheal Oke, Margret
Fausat Ajibade, Temitope
Ajibade, Fidelis O.
Adelodun, Bashir
Ighalo, Joshua O.
Opeyemi Ajala, Margaret
Kumar, Pankaj
Demissie, Hailu
Yunusa Ugya, Adamu
Dimeji Sulaymon, Ishaq
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe

Tipo de recurso:: Article of investigation

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	RCUC2
network_name_str	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
title	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
spellingShingle	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview Bioaccumulation Concentration (composition) Freshwater Health risk Heavy metal Risk assessment Water quality Nigeria
title_short	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
title_full	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
title_fullStr	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
title_full_unstemmed	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
title_sort	Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Ajala, Oluwaseyi Aderemi Racheal Oke, Margret Fausat Ajibade, Temitope Ajibade, Fidelis O. Adelodun, Bashir Ighalo, Joshua O. Opeyemi Ajala, Margaret Kumar, Pankaj Demissie, Hailu Yunusa Ugya, Adamu Dimeji Sulaymon, Ishaq Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv	Ajala, Oluwaseyi Aderemi Racheal Oke, Margret Fausat Ajibade, Temitope Ajibade, Fidelis O. Adelodun, Bashir Ighalo, Joshua O. Opeyemi Ajala, Margaret Kumar, Pankaj Demissie, Hailu Yunusa Ugya, Adamu Dimeji Sulaymon, Ishaq Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Bioaccumulation Concentration (composition) Freshwater Health risk Heavy metal Risk assessment Water quality Nigeria
topic	Bioaccumulation Concentration (composition) Freshwater Health risk Heavy metal Risk assessment Water quality Nigeria
description	Heavy metals (HMs) have attracted global attention due to their toxicity, persistence, and accumulation in aquatic fish in the polluted water environment. The consumption of these fishes exposed humans to a higher risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In this study, we provided a critical overview of the potential sources and concentration of HMs in Nigeria’s freshwater. Furthermore, we reported their pollution level in widely eaten fish species in the country. Our findings show that effluent from anthropogenic and industrial activities is one of the major sources HMs in the country. The mean concentration of Zn (9.02 mg/L), As (7.25 mg/L), Cu (4.35 mg/L), Fe (1.77 mg/L), and Pb (1.46 mg/L) in Nigeria’s freshwaters were found to be high than Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality permissible limit. This study demonstrated considerable health risks associated HMs via dietary consumption of different fishes from polluted waters. Therefore, we recommended an urgent need for effective management HMs in water bodies in order to protect the lives of people living in the country.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022-11
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2023-11 2024-03-04T21:38:52Z
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2024-03-04T21:38:52Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/draft
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcce
format	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
status_str	draft
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv	Ajala, O. A., Oke, M. R., Ajibade, T. F., Ajibade, F. O., Adelodun, B., Ighalo, J. O., Ajala, M. O., Kumar, P., Demissie, H., Ugya, A. Y., Sulaymon, I. D., & Silva, L. F. O. (2022). Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(55), 82660–82680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23390-1
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv	0944-1344
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10816
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.1007/s11356-022-23390-1
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv	1614-7499
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	REDICUC – Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Ajala, O. A., Oke, M. R., Ajibade, T. F., Ajibade, F. O., Adelodun, B., Ighalo, J. O., Ajala, M. O., Kumar, P., Demissie, H., Ugya, A. Y., Sulaymon, I. D., & Silva, L. F. O. (2022). Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(55), 82660–82680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23390-1 0944-1344 10.1007/s11356-022-23390-1 1614-7499 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC – Repositorio CUC
url	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10816 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Okolo, C.C., Oyedotun, T.D.T. Open cast mining: threat to water quality in rural community of Enyigba in southeastern Nigeria (2018) Appl Water Sci, 8 (7), pp. 1-11. Okonofua, E.S., Atikpo, E., Lasisi, K.H., Ajibade, F.O., Idowu, T.E. Effect of crude oil exploration and exploitation activities on soil, water and air in a Nigerian community (2021) Environ Technol, (,),.,., https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2021.1992508 Okunade, D.A., Adekalu, K.O. Physicochemical analysis of contaminated water resources due to cassava wastewater effluent disposal (2013) Euro Int J Sci Technol, 2 (6), pp. 75-84. Olaifa, F.E., Olaifa, A.K., Adelaja, A.A., Owolabi, A.G. Heavy metal contamination of Clarias gariepinus from a lake and fish farm in Ibadan, Nigeria (2004) Afr J Biomed Res, 7 (3), pp. 145-148. Olawusi-Peters, O.O., Ayo-Olalusi, C.I. 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dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv	55
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv	29
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv	© 2024 Springer Nature
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv	Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv	Springer Science + Business Media
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spelling	Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2024 Springer Naturehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfAjala, Oluwaseyi AderemiRacheal Oke, MargretFausat Ajibade, TemitopeAjibade, Fidelis O.Adelodun, BashirIghalo, Joshua O.Opeyemi Ajala, MargaretKumar, PankajDemissie, HailuYunusa Ugya, AdamuDimeji Sulaymon, IshaqSilva Oliveira, Luis Felipe2024-03-04T21:38:52Z2023-112024-03-04T21:38:52Z2022-11Ajala, O. A., Oke, M. R., Ajibade, T. F., Ajibade, F. O., Adelodun, B., Ighalo, J. O., Ajala, M. O., Kumar, P., Demissie, H., Ugya, A. Y., Sulaymon, I. D., & Silva, L. F. O. (2022). Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(55), 82660–82680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23390-10944-1344https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1081610.1007/s11356-022-23390-11614-7499Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC – Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Heavy metals (HMs) have attracted global attention due to their toxicity, persistence, and accumulation in aquatic fish in the polluted water environment. The consumption of these fishes exposed humans to a higher risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In this study, we provided a critical overview of the potential sources and concentration of HMs in Nigeria’s freshwater. Furthermore, we reported their pollution level in widely eaten fish species in the country. Our findings show that effluent from anthropogenic and industrial activities is one of the major sources HMs in the country. The mean concentration of Zn (9.02 mg/L), As (7.25 mg/L), Cu (4.35 mg/L), Fe (1.77 mg/L), and Pb (1.46 mg/L) in Nigeria’s freshwaters were found to be high than Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality permissible limit. This study demonstrated considerable health risks associated HMs via dietary consumption of different fishes from polluted waters. Therefore, we recommended an urgent need for effective management HMs in water bodies in order to protect the lives of people living in the country.12 páginasapplication/pdfengSpringer Science + Business MediaGermanyhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-23390-1Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overviewArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceEnvironmental Science and Pollution ResearchAbalaka, S.E. Heavy metals bioaccumulation and histopathological changes in Auchenoglanis occidentalis fish from Tiga dam, Nigeria (2015) J Environ Health Sci, 13 (1), pp. 1-8.Abalaka, S.E., Enem, S.I., Idoko, I.S., Sani, N.A., Tenuche, O.Z., Ejeh, S.A., Sambo, W.K. 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Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China (2009) Sci Total Environ, 407 (5), pp. 1551-1561.82680826605529BioaccumulationConcentration (composition)FreshwaterHealth riskHeavy metalRisk assessmentWater qualityNigeriaPublicationORIGINALConcentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater.pdfConcentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf348936https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63b44c42-4e36-433e-a307-e3a89840e6c1/download45184c080fc214022f4965fcbda4b19aMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/1e7d090a-8553-418e-a43a-5fbca6914671/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTConcentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.


Concentrations, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fishes from Nigeria’s freshwater: a general overview

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