Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action
In last years, the insurgency attacks on task forces bases and checkpoints have been common. The study of psychophysiological response of soldiers in these asymmetrical and non-controlled situations remains a challenge. The present research aimed to analyze the psychophysiological response and the v...
- Autores:
-
Sánchez-Molina, Joaquín
Robles-Pérez, José J
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/3333
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3333
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Psychophysiology
Lactate
Stress
Anxiety
Military
Psicofisiologia
Lactato
Estrés
Ansiedad
Militar
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Modificaciones psicofisiológicas y específicas de la motricidad fina en una acción de control. |
| title |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| spellingShingle |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action Psychophysiology Lactate Stress Anxiety Military Psicofisiologia Lactato Estrés Ansiedad Militar |
| title_short |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| title_full |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| title_fullStr |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| title_sort |
Psychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint action |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Sánchez-Molina, Joaquín Robles-Pérez, José J Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Sánchez-Molina, Joaquín Robles-Pérez, José J Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Psychophysiology Lactate Stress Anxiety Military Psicofisiologia Lactato Estrés Ansiedad Militar |
| topic |
Psychophysiology Lactate Stress Anxiety Military Psicofisiologia Lactato Estrés Ansiedad Militar |
| description |
In last years, the insurgency attacks on task forces bases and checkpoints have been common. The study of psychophysiological response of soldiers in these asymmetrical and non-controlled situations remains a challenge. The present research aimed to analyze the psychophysiological response and the variations in specific fine motor skill after a checkpoint simulation which included surveillance, unexpected attacks, and melee combat. Psychophysiological parameters –heart rate, blood glucose, pressure, oxygen saturation, and lactate, legs´ strength, skin temperature, cortical activation, anxiety-, as well as fine motor skills were analyzed in a sample of 24 professional Spanish Army soldiers (35.67 ± 6.62 years, 177.21 ± 7.37 cm, 82.29 ± 11.02 kg, 26.17 ± 2.82 BMI, 15.25 ± 7.44 years of experience in their unit) before and after a checkpoint simulation. The checkpoint surveillance operation produced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in rated perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, legs´ strength and somatic anxiety, and a significant decrease in blood oxygen saturation and skin temperature values. We concluded that results were consistent with an activation of sympathetic nervous system, triggering a fight-flight response, a chain of intense psychophysiological reactions and a misinterpretation of perceived exertion. Results may help predicting soldiers´ physical and operative behavior in real situations. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-15T14:06:54Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-15T14:06:54Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-02-07 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
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acceptedVersion |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3333 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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eng |
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eng |
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Arch med deporte 149:680– 686, 2012. 9. Sánchez-Molina, J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Assessment of psychophysiological response and specific finemotor skills in combat units. J. Med. Syst. 42(4):67, 2018. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10916-018-0922-9. 10. Clemente-Suárez, V., and Robles-Pérez, J., Organic response in a combat simulation. Sanid. Mil. 68(2):97–100, 2012. 11. Delgado-Moreno, R., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Combat stress decreases memory of warfighters in action. J. Med. Syst. 41(8):124, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916- 017-0772-x. 12. Curtis, B. M., and O’Keefe, J. H. Jr, Autonomic tone as a cardiovascular risk factor: the dangers of chronic fight or flight. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier, p 45–54. https://doi.org/10.4065/77. 1.45. 2002. 13. Lee, E. A. D., and Theus, S. A., Lower heart rate variability associated with military sexual trauma rape and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Res. Nurs. 14(4):412–418, 2012. https://doi.org/10. 1177/1099800412454453. 14. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., and Robles-Perez, J. J., Mechanical, physical, and physiological analysis of symmetrical and asymmetrical combat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(9):2420–2426, 2013. https://doi. org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31828055e9. 15. Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., and Clemente-Suarez, V. J., Effect of experience, equipment and fire actions in psychophysiological response and memory of soldiers in actual underground operations. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 128:40–46, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. ijpsycho.2018.03.009. 16. Al Jazzera, Iraq: Deadly car bomb hits market near Mosul. At least six killed in the blast that targeted a crowded market area in the northern Iraqi town of Qayyara. www.aljazeera.com. https://www. aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/iraq-car-bomb-blast-kills-wounds-15- mosul-181023080243163.html. Accessed 1 Nov 2018. 2018. 17. Al Jazzera, Taliban attacks heavily fortified Kandahar airport At least 22 officers killed and hostages held as regional leaders meet in Pakistan to discuss Afghanistan’s future. www.aljazeera.com. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/taliban-attackskandahar-airport-nato-base-151208151915195.html. Accessed 15 Oct 2018. 2015. 18. Faiez, R., Taliban hit Afghan checkpoint, kill 13 soldiers, policemen - The Washington Post. Washington Post:1. https://www. washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/taliban-attack-an-afghanforces-check-point-killing-13/2018/11/05/6fac46a0-e0dc-11e8- ba30-a7ded04d8fac_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=. 492ea6afa9af. Accessed 20 October 2018. 2018. 19. Webb S., Inside ISIS terror tunnels: Iraqi army stunned to find secret underground military base - Mirror Online. Available at: https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/inside-isis-terrortunnels-iraqi-8075560. Accessed 19November 2018. 2016. 20. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., Palomera, P. R., and Robles-Pérez, J. J., Psychophysiological response to acute-high-stress combat situations in professional soldiers. Stress. Health 34(2):247–252, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2778. 21. Drain, J. R., Groeller, H., Burley, S. D., and Nindl, B. C., Hormonal response patterns are differentially influenced by physical conditioning programs during basic military training. J. Sci. Med. Sport 20(4):98–103, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.020. 22. Gomez-Merino, D., Chennaoui, M., Burnat, P., Drogou, C., and Guezennec, C. Y., Immune and hormonal changes following intense military training. Mil. Med. 168(12):1034, 2003. https://doi. org/10.1093/milmed/168.12.1034. 23. Ramos, D. J. C., Peraza, A. A. S., Robles-Pérez, J. J., MontañezToledo, P., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Technical efficiency in shackled actions after a short audiovisual training session. Open Sports Sci. J. 7(1):29–34, 2014. 24. Robles-Pérez, J., Aguirre-Puig, J. A., Montañez-González, P., and Jesús, D., Technical analysis of close quarter combat with rifle. Open Sports Sci J 7(1):49–52, 2014. 25. Aguirre-Puig, J. A., Clemente Suárez, V. J., Montañez-González, P., and Robles Pérez, J. J., Efficacy of an intense rifle fencing training. Open Sport Sci. J. 7(Suppl-1, M10):60–64, 2014 http://hdl.handle. net/11268/6650. 26. Starcke, K., Wiesen, C., Trotzke, P., and Brand, M., Effects of acute laboratory stress on executive functions. Front. Psychol. 7:461, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00461. 27. Diamond, A., Executive functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 64:135– 168, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. 28. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., and Robles-Pérez, J. J., Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on cortical arousal, anxiety, physiological response and marksmanship in close quarter combat. Ergonomics 58(11):1842–1850, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015. 1036790. 29. Tenan, M. S., LaFiandra, M. E., and Ortega, S. V., The effect of soldier marching, rucksack load, and heart rate on marksmanship. Hum. Factors.59(2):259–267, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0018720816671604. 30. Frykman, P. N., Merullo, D. J., Banderet, L. E., Gregorczyk, K., and Hasselquist, L., Marksmanship deficits caused by an exhaustive whole-body lifting task with and without torso-borne loads. J. Strength Cond. Res. 26(Suppl 2):S30–S36, 2012. https://doi. org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825cedfa. 31. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Psychophysiological response in parachute jumps, the effect of experience and type of jump. Physiol. Behav. 179(10):178–183, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.06.006. 32. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., de la Vega, R., Robles-Pérez, J. J., Lautenschlaeger, M., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 110: 212–216, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.502. 33. Sánchez-Molina, J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Effect of parachute jump in the psychophysiological response of soldiers in urban combat. J. Med. Syst. 41(6):99, 2017. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10916-017-0749-9. 34. Borg, G., Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med. 2:92–98, 1970. 35. Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., and Russell, W. D., Measuring anxiety in athletics: The revised competitive state anxiety inventory-2. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 25(4):519–533, 2003. https://doi.org/10. 1123/jsep.25.4.519. 36. Guillén-Riquelme, A., and Buela-Casal, G., Actualización psicométrica y funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems en el state trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Psicothema 23(3):510–515, 2011. 37. Goodwin, M. L., Harris, J. E., Hernández, A., and Gladden, L. B., Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: A guide for clinicians. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 1(4):558–569, 2007. https:// doi.org/10.1177/193229680700100414. 38. Maack, D. J., Buchanan, E., and Young, J., Development and psychometric investigation of an inventory to assess fight, flight, and freeze tendencies: The fight, flight, freeze questionnaire. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 44(2):117–127, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 16506073.2014.972443. 39. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump. J. Sports Sci. 35(19):1872–1878, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02640414.2016.1240878. 40. Clemente Suárez, V. J., and Robles Pérez, J. J., Respuesta orgánica en una simulación de combate. Sanid. Mil. 68(2):97–100, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1887-85712012000200006. 41. Borg, G., Ljunggren, G., and Ceci, R., The increase of perceived exertion, aches and pain in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 54(4):343–349, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02337176. 42. Hormeño-Holgado, A. J., Perez-Martinez, M. A., and ClementeSuárez, V. J., Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre. Physiol. Behav. 199:79–83, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.11.006. 43. Sanchez-Medina, L., and González-Badillo, J. J., Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43(9):1725–1734, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1249/ MSS.0b013e318213f880. 44. Gorostiaga, E. M. et al., Vertical jump performance and blood ammonia and lactate levels during typical training sessions in elite 400- m runners. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(4):1138–1149, 2010. https:// doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cf769f. 45. Bustamante-Sánchez, Á., Delgado-Terán, M., and ClementeSuárez, V. J., Psychophysiological response of different aircrew in normobaric hypoxia training. Ergonomics:1–9, 2018. https://doi. org/10.1080/00140139.2018.1510541. 46. Romanovsky, A. A., Skin temperature: Its role in thermoregulation. Acta Physiol. 210(3):498–507, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha. 12231. 47. Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., Burton, D., Competitive anxiety in sport. Champaign: Human kinetics, 1990. 48. Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Ruisoto-Palomera, P., Bellido-Esteban, A., García-Mateos, M., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Analysis of psychophysiological stress response in higher education students undergoing clinical practice evaluation. J. Med. Syst. 43(3):68, 2019. 49. Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Effect of combat stress in the psychophysiological response of elite and non-elite soldiers. J. Med. Syst. 41(6):100, 2017. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10916-017-0748-x. 50. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Delgado-Moreno, R., González-Gómez, B., and Robles-Pérez, J. J., Respuesta psicofisiológica en un salto táctico paracaidista HAHO: caso de Estudio. Sanid. Mil. 71(3): 179 – 182, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1887- 85712015000300004. 51. Curiel-Regueros, A., Fernández-Lucas, J., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Effectiveness of an applied high intensity interval training as a specific operative training. Physiol. Behav. 201:208–211, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.009. 52. Renden, P. G. et al., Effects of anxiety on the execution of police arrest and self-defense skills. Anxiety Stress Coping 27(1):100–112, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.810213. |
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Sánchez-Molina, JoaquínRobles-Pérez, José JClemente Suárez, Vicente Javier2019-05-15T14:06:54Z2019-05-15T14:06:54Z2019-02-07https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3333Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/In last years, the insurgency attacks on task forces bases and checkpoints have been common. The study of psychophysiological response of soldiers in these asymmetrical and non-controlled situations remains a challenge. The present research aimed to analyze the psychophysiological response and the variations in specific fine motor skill after a checkpoint simulation which included surveillance, unexpected attacks, and melee combat. Psychophysiological parameters –heart rate, blood glucose, pressure, oxygen saturation, and lactate, legs´ strength, skin temperature, cortical activation, anxiety-, as well as fine motor skills were analyzed in a sample of 24 professional Spanish Army soldiers (35.67 ± 6.62 years, 177.21 ± 7.37 cm, 82.29 ± 11.02 kg, 26.17 ± 2.82 BMI, 15.25 ± 7.44 years of experience in their unit) before and after a checkpoint simulation. The checkpoint surveillance operation produced a significant increase (p < 0.05) in rated perceived exertion, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, legs´ strength and somatic anxiety, and a significant decrease in blood oxygen saturation and skin temperature values. We concluded that results were consistent with an activation of sympathetic nervous system, triggering a fight-flight response, a chain of intense psychophysiological reactions and a misinterpretation of perceived exertion. Results may help predicting soldiers´ physical and operative behavior in real situations.En los últimos años, los ataques de insurgencia en las bases de los grupos de trabajo y los puntos de control han sido comunes. El estudio de la respuesta psicofisiológica de los soldados en estas situaciones asimétricas y no controladas sigue siendo un desafío. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la respuesta psicofisiológica y las variaciones en las habilidades motoras finas específicas después de una simulación de punto de control que incluía vigilancia, ataques inesperados y combate cuerpo a cuerpo. Parámetros psicofisiológicos: ritmo cardíaco, glucemia, presión, saturación de oxígeno y lactato, fuerza de las piernas, temperatura de la piel, activación cortical, ansiedad, así como habilidades motoras finas, se analizaron en una muestra de 24 soldados profesionales del Ejército Español (35.67 ± 6.62 años, 177.21 ± 7.37 cm, 82.29 ± 11.02 kg, 26.17 ± 2.82 IMC, 15.25 ± 7.44 años de experiencia en su unidad) antes y después de una simulación de punto de control. La operación de vigilancia del punto de control produjo un aumento significativo (p <0.05) en el esfuerzo percibido, la frecuencia cardíaca, la concentración de lactato en la sangre, la fuerza de las piernas y la ansiedad somática, y una disminución significativa en la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre y los valores de temperatura de la piel. Concluimos que los resultados fueron consistentes con una activación del sistema nervioso simpático, desencadenando una respuesta de lucha-huida, una cadena de reacciones psicofisiológicas intensas y una mala interpretación del esfuerzo percibido. Los resultados pueden ayudar a predecir el comportamiento físico y operativo de los soldados en situaciones reales.Sánchez-Molina, Joaquín-18a8e89d-3fbe-4041-8e47-ef7ef50b3b06-0Robles-Pérez, José J-c27bf126-ea5a-4875-9f08-3762d5242047-0Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier-0000-0002-2397-2801-600engUniversidad De La CostaAttribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2PsychophysiologyLactateStressAnxietyMilitaryPsicofisiologiaLactatoEstrésAnsiedadMilitarPsychophysiological and specific fine motor skill modifications in a checkpoint actionModificaciones psicofisiológicas y específicas de la motricidad fina en una acción de control.Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Lester, M. 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Anxiety Stress Coping 27(1):100–112, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.810213.PublicationORIGINALPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdfPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdfapplication/pdf183327https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/404200ed-2a5e-403c-b1bd-fe8619f6f06c/downloadd011fa62fa34e9d0156a1211f7a17aafMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-81031https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a088a61-56a4-4f3d-b899-5a66a34136f7/download934f4ca17e109e0a05eaeaba504d7ce4MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/785395d5-8279-4269-93ae-11d81bc9fcbd/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53THUMBNAILPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdf.jpgPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg43359https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/772611ea-54ef-4e82-b8d2-9eac51e8f3cf/download1b07aebc460945597b59f70ea92d1594MD55TEXTPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdf.txtPsychophysiological and Specific Fine Motor Skill.pdf.txttext/plain1744https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/06dd5ef9-6c39-44ce-8289-b07c4a9661c6/download8edf78b0b55ed7652446b0ed87468d9cMD5611323/3333oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/33332024-09-17 11:02:55.426http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |