Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has surprised health authorities around the world producing a global health crisis. This research discusses the main psychosocial stressors associated with COVID-19 in the literature, and the responses of global public mental health services to these...

Full description

Autores:
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Jiménez, Manuel
Hormeno-Holgado, Alberto Joaquin
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Pérez Palencia, Natalia
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8262
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8262
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
COVID-19
Pandemic
Stress
Anxiety
Quarantine
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_5c5d21779615916d4bd045b6e9c96553
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8262
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
title Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
spellingShingle Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
COVID-19
Pandemic
Stress
Anxiety
Quarantine
title_short Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
title_full Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
title_fullStr Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
title_full_unstemmed Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
title_sort Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative review
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Jiménez, Manuel
Hormeno-Holgado, Alberto Joaquin
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Pérez Palencia, Natalia
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Jiménez, Manuel
Hormeno-Holgado, Alberto Joaquin
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Pérez Palencia, Natalia
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv COVID-19
Pandemic
Stress
Anxiety
Quarantine
topic COVID-19
Pandemic
Stress
Anxiety
Quarantine
description The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has surprised health authorities around the world producing a global health crisis. This research discusses the main psychosocial stressors associated with COVID-19 in the literature, and the responses of global public mental health services to these events. Thus, a consensus and critical review were performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The method was a systematic literature review (SLR) of the available literature regarding mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic to conduct the present narrative review. Different stressors are identified in this pandemic, from psychophysiological, confinement, to social and work. Depending on the level of severity and the country of origin, various interventions have been applied that mark different ways of returning to normality and preparing new interventions. This new stressor has a direct impact on the mental health of the population, provoking governments, and health services to become more flexible, innovate and adapt to the changing situation. The use of technology and mass media could be an important tool in this aim. Independent of this, preparing the general population for possible future waves of the pandemic is currently the best measure to mitigate more serious effects on the mental health of the population.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-14T21:41:16Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-14T21:41:16Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-03-15
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2071-1050
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8262
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2071-1050
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8262
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Mas-Coma, S.; Jones, M.K.; Marty, A.M. COVID-19 and globalization. One Health 2020, 9, 100132. [CrossRef]
2. Sohrabi, C.; Alsafi, Z.; O’Neill, N.; Khan, M.; Kerwan, A.; Al-Jabir, A.; Iosifidis, C.; Agha, R. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coro-navirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. 2020, 76, 71–76. [CrossRef]
3. Wang, H.; Xia, Q.; Xiong, Z.; Li, Z.; Xiang, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233410. [CrossRef]
4. Lu, H.; Stratton, C.W.; Tang, Y.-W. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 401–402. [CrossRef]
5. Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA 2020, 323, 1239–1242. [CrossRef]
6. Leung, C.C.; Lam, T.H.; Cheng, K.K. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: People need guidance. Lancet 2020, 395, 945. [CrossRef]
7. Leung, N.H.L.; Chu, D.K.W.; Shiu, E.Y.C.; Chan, K.-H.; McDevitt, J.J.; Hau, B.J.P.; Yen, H.-L.; Li, Y.; Ip, D.K.M.; Peiris, J.S.M.; et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 676–680. [CrossRef]
8. Ahmed, F.; Ahmed, N.; Pissarides, C.; Stiglitz, J. Why inequality could spread COVID-19. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e240. [CrossRef]
9. Mobarak, A.M.; Barnett-Howell, Z. Poor countries need to think twice about social distancing. Foreign Policy 2020. Available online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/10/poor-countries-social-distancing-coronavirus/ (accessed on 2 December 2020).
10. Bedford, J.; Enria, D.; Giesecke, J.; Heymann, D.L.; Ihekweazu, C.; Kobinger, G.; Lane, H.C.; Memish, Z.; Oh, M.-D.; Sall, A.A.; et al. COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet 2020, 395, 1015–1018. [CrossRef]
11. Devi, S. Travel restrictions hampering COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020, 395, 1331–1332. [CrossRef]
12. Linka, K.; Peirlinck, M.; Costabal, F.S.; Kuhl, E. Outbreak dynamics of COVID-19 in Europe and the effect of travel restrictions. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 23, 710–717. [CrossRef]
13. Nicola, M.; Alsafi, Z.; Sohrabi, C.; Kerwan, A.; Al-Jabir, A.; Iosifidis, C.; Agha, M.; Agha, R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. Int. J. Surg. 2020, 78, 185–193. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Ruiu, M.L. Mismanagement of Covid-19: Lessons learned from Italy. J. Risk Res. 2020, 23, 1007–1020. [CrossRef]
15. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Jiménez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.C.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Maestre-Serrano, R.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Dynamics of Population Immunity Due to the Herd Effect in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines 2020, 8, 236. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
16. Udwadia, Z.F.; Raju, R.S. How to protect the protectors: 10 lessons to learn for doctors fighting the COVID-19 coronavirus. Med. J. Armed Forces India 2020, 76, 128–131. [CrossRef]
17. Mamun, M.A.; Ullah, I. COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty?—The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 163–166. [CrossRef]
18. Kalu, B. COVID-19 in Nigeria: A disease of hunger. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020, 8, 556–557. [CrossRef]
19. Bonilla-Guachamín, J.A. Las dos caras de la educación en el COVID-19. CienciAmérica 2020, 9, 89. [CrossRef]
20. Abizaid, C.; Panduro, L.; Ángel, C.; Egusquiza, S.G. Pobreza y Medios de Subsistencia en la Amazonía Peruana en Tiempos del COVID-19. J. Lat. Am. Geogr. 2020. [CrossRef]
21. de Bruin, Y.B.; Lequarre, A.-S.; McCourt, J.; Clevestig, P.; Pigazzani, F.; Jeddi, M.Z.; Colosio, C.; Goulart, M. Initial impacts of global risk mitigation measures taken during the combatting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Saf. Sci. 2020, 128, 104773. [CrossRef]
22. de Maranhão, R.A. A violência doméstica durante a quarentena da COVID-19: Entre romances, feminicídios e prevenção. Braz. J. Health Rev. 2020, 3, 3197–3211. [CrossRef]
23. Kim, H.; Hwang, Y.H. Factors contributing to clinical nurse compliance with infection prevention and control practices: A cross-sectional study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2019, 22, 126–133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Marques, E.S.; De Moraes, C.L.; Hasselmann, M.H.; Deslandes, S.F.; Reichenheim, M.E. A violência contra mulheres, crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia pela COVID-19: Panorama, motivações e formas de enfrentamento. Cad. Saúde Públ. 2020, 36, e00074420. [CrossRef]
25. Omarini, C.; Maur, M.; Luppi, G.; Narni, F.; Luppi, M.; Dominici, M.; Longo, G.; Piacentini, F. Cancer treatment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Do not postpone, do it! Eur. J. Cancer 2020, 133, 29–32. [CrossRef]
26. Altena, E.; Baglioni, C.; Espie, C.A.; Ellis, J.; Gavriloff, D.; Holzinger, B.; Schlarb, A.; Frase, L.; Jernelöv, S.; Riemann, D. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13052. [CrossRef]
27. Petersen, E.; Wasserman, S.; Lee, S.-S.; Go, U.; Holmes, A.H.; Al-Abri, S.; McLellan, S.; Blumberg, L.; Tambyah, P. COVID-19–We urgently need to start developing an exit strategy. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 96, 233–239. [CrossRef]
28. Zhang, J.; Lu, H.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, S.; Du, Q.; Jiang, T.; Du, B. The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 49–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Shanafelt, T.; Ripp, J.; Trockel, M. Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2020, 323, 2133. [CrossRef]
30. Holmes, E.A.; O’Connor, R.C.; Perry, V.H.; Tracey, I.; Wessely, S.; Arseneault, L.; Ballard, C.; Christensen, H.; Silver, R.C.; Everall, I.; et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 547–560. [CrossRef]
31. Thompson, R.S.; Strong, P.V.; Fleshner, M. Physiological Consequences of Repeated Exposures to Conditioned Fear. Behav. Sci. 2012, 2, 57–78. [CrossRef]
32. Vanuytsel, T.; Van Wanrooy, S.; Vanheel, H.; Vanormelingen, C.; Verschueren, S.; Houben, E.; Rasoel, S.S.; Tóth, J.; Holvoet, L.; Farré, R.; et al. Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Gut 2014, 63, 1293–1299. [CrossRef]
33. Andersen, A.L.; Hansen, E.T.; Johannesen, N.; Sheridan, A. Consumer Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Bank Account Transaction Data. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]
34. Kohl, H.W., 3rd; Craig, C.L.; Lambert, E.V.; Inoue, S.; Alkandari, J.R.; Leetongin, G.; Kahlmeier, S. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. Lancet 2012, 380, 294–305. [CrossRef]
35. Fiuza-Luces, C.; Garatachea, N.; Berger, N.A.; Lucia, A. Exercise is the Real Polypill. Physiology 2013, 28, 330–358. [CrossRef]
36. Martinez-Ferran, M.; De La Guía-Galipienso, F.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Pareja-Galeano, H. Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1549. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
37. Anderson, G. Psychological Stress and Covid-19: Interactions with Gut Microbiome and Circadian Rhythm in Driving Symptom Severity. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Anderson-/publication/340418206_Psychological_Stress_and_Covid-19_Interactions_with_Gut_Microbiome_and_Circadian_Rhythm_in_Driving_Symptom_ Severity/links/5ebbd539458515626ca5b5f5/Psychological-Stress-and-Covid-19-Interactions-with-Gut-Microbiome-andCircadian-Rhythm-in-Driving-Symptom-Severity.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2020).
38. West, R.; Michie, S.; Rubin, G.J.; Amlôt, R. Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2020, 4, 451–459. [CrossRef]
39. Soper, G. The Lessons of the Pandemic. Glob. Health 2017, 2017, 185–190. [CrossRef]
40. Raihani, N.; de-Wit, L. Factors associated with concern, behaviour & policy support in response to SARS-CoV-2. PsyArXiv 2020. [CrossRef]
41. Yamin, M. Counting the cost of COVID-19. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 2020, 12, 311–317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
42. Raker, E.J.; Zacher, M.; Lowe, S.R. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina for predicting the indirect health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 12595–12597. [CrossRef]
43. Satici, B.; Gocet-Tekin, E.; Deniz, M.E.; Satici, S.A. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 2020, 1–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
44. Lu, W.; Wang, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112936. [CrossRef]
45. Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [CrossRef]
46. Ozili, P.K.; Arun, T. Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]
47. Iacus, S.M.; Natale, F.; Satamaria, C.; Spyratos, S.; Vespe, M. Estimating and Projecting Air Passenger Traffic during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak and its Socio-Economic Impact. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2004.08460. [CrossRef]
48. Blustein, D.L.; Guarino, P.A. Work and Unemployment in the Time of COVID-19: The Existential Experience of Loss and Fear. J. Humanist. Psychol. 2020, 60, 702–709. [CrossRef]
49. Gunnell, D.; Appleby, L.; Arensman, E.; Hawton, K.; John, A.; Kapur, N.; Khan, M.; O’Connor, R.C.; Pirkis, J.; Caine, E.D.; et al. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 468–471. [CrossRef]
50. Cao, W.; Fang, Z.; Hou, G.; Han, M.; Xu, X.; Dong, J.; Zheng, J. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 287, 112934. [CrossRef]
51. Campbell, A.M. An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Sci. Int. Rep. 2020, 2, 100089. [CrossRef]
52. Lebel, C.; MacKinnon, A.; Bagshawe, M.; Tomfohr-Madsen, L.; Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 5–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
53. Hooper, M.W.; Nápoles, A.M.; Pérez-Stable, E.J. COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities. JAMA 2020, 323, 2466. [CrossRef]
54. Tan, W.; Hao, F.; McIntyre, R.S.; Jiang, L.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, X.; Zou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Luo, X.; et al. Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 84–92. [CrossRef]
55. Park, C.L.; Russell, B.S.; Fendrich, M.; Finkelstein-Fox, L.; Hutchison, M.; Becker, J. Americans’ COVID-19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC Guidelines. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2020, 35, 2296–2303. [CrossRef]
56. Horesh, D.; Brown, A.D. Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pr. Policy 2020, 12, 331–335. [CrossRef]
57. Santarnecchi, E.; Sprugnoli, G.; Tatti, E.; Mencarelli, L.; Neri, F.; Momi, D.; Di Lorenzo, G.; Pascual-Leone, A.; Rossi, S.; Rossi, A. Brain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2018, 18, 495–508. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Ripp, J.; Peccoralo, L.; Charney, D. Attending to the Emotional Well-Being of the Health Care Workforce in a New York City Health System During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acad. Med. 2020, 95, 1136–1139. [CrossRef]
59. Kaufman, K.R.; Petkova, E.; Bhui, K.S.; Schulze, T.G. A global needs assessment in times of a global crisis: World psychiatry response to the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open 2020, 6, 1–11. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
60. Abdulah, D.M.; Musa, D.H. Insomnia and stress of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak. Sleep Med. X 2020, 2, 100017. [CrossRef]
61. Nogueira, P.J.; Nobre, M.D.A.; Nicola, P.J.; Furtado, C.; Carneiro, A.V. Excess Mortality Estimation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Data from Portugal. Acta Méd. Port. 2020, 33, 376. [CrossRef]
62. Hamzah, F.B.; Lau, C.H.; Nazri, H.; Ligot, D.V.; Lee, G.; Tan, C.L.; Shaib, M.K.B.M.; Zaidon, U.H.B.; Abdullah, A.B.; Chung, M.H.; et al. CoronaTracker: Worldwide COVID-19 outbreak data analysis and prediction. Bull. World Health Organ. 2020, 1, 32.
63. World Health Organization. Overview of Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 18 May 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/PHSM_Overview/2020.1); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.
64. Guidance for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support for COVID-19. Africacdc.org. Published 29 May 2020. Available online: https://africacdc.org/download/guidance-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-for-covid-19/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).
65. Guidance for Parents and Carers on Supporting Children and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Gov.uk. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-supporting-children-and-young-peoples-mental-health-and-wellbeing/guidance-for-parents-and-carers-onsupporting-children-and-young-peoples-mental-health-and-wellbeing-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak (accessed on 7 October 2020).
66. Kannarkat, J.T.; Smith, N.N.; McLeod-Bryant, S.A. Mobilization of Telepsychiatry in Response to COVID-19—Moving Toward 21st Century Access to Care. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 2020, 1–3. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
67. Xiang, Y.-T.; Yang, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Ng, C.H. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 228–229. [CrossRef]
68. Yip, P.S.F.; Chau, P.H. Physical Distancing and Emotional Closeness Amidst COVID-19. Crisis 2020, 41, 153–155. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
69. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Marcos, R.D.L.V.; Patiño, M.J.M. Modulators of the Personal and Professional Threat Perception of Olympic Athletes in the Actual COVID-19 Crisis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1985. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
70. Stefana, A.; Youngstrom, E.A.; Hopwood, C.J.; Dakanalis, A. The COVID-19 pandemic brings a second wave of social isolation and disrupted services. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 270, 785–786. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
71. Fegert, J.M.; Vitiello, B.; Plener, P.L.; Clemens, V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 2020, 14, 1–11. [CrossRef]
72. Shah, K.; Kamrai, D.; Mekala, H.; Mann, B.; Desai, K.; Patel, R.S. Focus on Mental Health During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Applying Learnings from the Past Outbreaks. Cureus 2020, 12, e7405. [CrossRef]
73. Gritsenko, V.; Skugarevsky, O.; Konstantinov, V.; Khamenka, N.; Marinova, T.; Reznik, A.; Isralowitz, R. COVID 19 Fear, Stress, Anxiety, and Substance Use Among Russian and Belarusian University Students. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]
74. Fuentes-García, J.P.; Patiño, M.J.M.; Villafaina, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1812. [CrossRef]
75. Coyne, L.; Gould, E.R.; Grimaldi, M.; Wilson, K.G.; Baffuto, G. First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and SelfCompassion During COVID-19 Lisa. Behav. Anal. Pract. 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]
76. WHO: Mental Health Considerations during COVID-19 Outbreak—Psychosocial Support IFRC. Pscentre.org. Available online: https://pscentre.org/?resource=9031 (accessed on 7 October 2020).
77. Goyal, K.; Chauhan, P.; Chhikara, K.; Gupta, P.; Singh, M.P. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India! Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 49, 101989. [CrossRef]
78. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Social and psychophysiological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: An extensive literature review. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 3077. [CrossRef]
79. Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Available online: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed on 29 October 2020).
80. Arango, C. Lessons Learned from the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Madrid, Spain: How COVID-19 Has Changed Our Lives in the Last 2 Weeks. Biol. Psychiatry 2020, 88, e33–e34. [CrossRef]
81. Legido-Quigley, H.; Mateos-García, J.T.; Campos, V.R.; Gea-Sánchez, M.; Muntaner, C.; McKee, M. The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e251–e252. [CrossRef]
82. Verelst, F.; Kuylen, E.; Beutels, P. Indications for healthcare surge capacity in European countries facing an exponential increase in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020, 25, 2000323. [CrossRef]
83. Topic: COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. Statista.com. Available online: https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid19-impact-on-the-global-economy/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).
84. Ornell, F.; Halpern, S.C.; Kessler, F.H.P.; Narvaez, J.C.D.M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad. Saúde Públ. 2020, 36, e00063520. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Ornell, F.; Schuch, J.B.; Sordi, A.O.; Kessler, F.H.P. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Braz. J. Psychiatry 2020, 42, 232–235. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
86. Bloom, D.E.; Cadarette, D. Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 549. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
87. Tucci, V.; Moukaddam, N.; Meadows, J.; Shah, S.; Galwankar, S.C.; Kapur, G.B. The forgotten plague: Psychiatric manifestations of ebola, zika, and emerging infectious diseases. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2017, 9, 151–156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
88. Rufai, S.R.; Bunce, C. World leaders’ usage of Twitter in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A content analysis. J. Public Health 2020, 42, 510–516. [CrossRef]
89. Di Lorenzo, G.; Di Trolio, R.; Kozlakidis, Z.; Busto, G.; Ingenito, C.; Buonerba, L.; Ferrara, C.; Libroia, A.; Ragone, G.; Ioio, C.D.; et al. COVID 19 therapies and anti-cancer drugs: A systematic review of recent literature. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020, 152, 102991. [CrossRef]
90. Delgado, D.; Quintana, F.W.; Perez, G.; Liprandi, A.S.; Ponte-Negretti, C.; Mendoza, I.; Baranchuk, A. Personal Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Realities and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers in Latin America. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2798. [CrossRef]
91. Uddin, M.; Mustafa, F.; Rizvi, T.A.; Loney, T.; Al Suwaidi, H.; Al-Marzouqi, A.H.H.; Eldin, A.K.; Alsabeeha, N.; Adrian, T.E.; Stefanini, C.; et al. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral genomics, epidemiology, vaccines, and therapeutic inter-ventions. Viruses 2020, 12, 526. [CrossRef]
92. Kissler, S.M.; Tedijanto, C.; Goldstein, E.; Grad, Y.H.; Lipsitch, M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020, 368, 860–868. [CrossRef]
93. Torales, J.; O’Higgins, M.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Ventriglio, A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2020, 66, 317–320. [CrossRef]
94. Jakovljevic, M.; Bjedov, S.; Jaksic, N.; Jakovljevic, I. COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health security. Psychiatr. Danub. 2020, 32, 6–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
95. Public Health England. COVID-19: Guidance for the Public on Mental Health and Wellbeing. Gov.uk. Published 29 March 2020. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-for-the-public-on-mental-health-andwellbeing (accessed on 7 October 2020).
96. Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action. Gbvguidelines.org. Available online: https://gbvguidelines.org/en/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).
97. Enfermedad Por Nuevo Coronavirus, COVID-19. Gob.es. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/home.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).
98. Public Health Agency of Canada. COVID-19: Taking Care of Your Mental and Physical Health during the Pandemic—Canada.ca. Published 13 September 2020. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novelcoronavirus-infection/mental-health.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).
99. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cdc.gov. Published 22 September 2020. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).
100. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Socialde Colombia. Todos a Cuidar Nuestra Salud Mental Durante la COVID-19. Gov.co. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Todos-a-cuidar-nuestra-salud-mental-durante-la-COVID-19.aspx(accessed on 7 October 2020).
101. OME. Guía de Apoyo Psicosocial Durante Esta Epidemia de Coronavirus. Ome-aen.org. Published 23 March 2020. Available online: https://ome-aen.org/guia-de-apoyo-psicosocial-durante-esta-epidemia-de-coronavirus/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).
102. MOH. Gov.sg. Available online: https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/confirmed-imported-case-of-novelcoronavirus-infection-in-singapore-multi-ministry-taskforce-ramps-up-precautionary-measures (accessed on 7 October 2020).
103. Gov.au. Available online: https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/ coronavirus-covid-19-current-situation-and-case-numbers (accessed on 7 October 2020).
104. Kavoor, A.R.; Chakravarthy, K.; John, T. Remote consultations in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary experience in a regional Australian public acute mental health care setting. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102074. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
105. Rapisarda, F.; Corbière, M.; Lesage, A.D.; De Benedictis, L.; Pelletier, J.F.; Felx, A.; Leblanc, Y.; Vallarino, M.; Miglioretti, M. Development and validation of the mental health professional culture inventory. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2019, 29. [CrossRef]
106. Rapisarda, F.; Felx, A.; Gagnon, S.; De Benedictis, L.; Luyet, A.; Boutin, M.; Corbière, M.; Lesage, A. Housing Orientations and Needs of Above-Average Length of Stay Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
107. Rapisarda, F.; Vallarino, M.; Cavallini, E.; Barbato, A.; Brousseau-Paradis, C.; De Benedictis, L.; Lesage, A. The Early Impact of the Covid-19 Emergency on Mental Health Workers: A Survey in Lombardy, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8615. [CrossRef]
108. Mental Health in the Bahamas. Heart to Heart International. Available online: https://www.hearttoheart.org/mental-health-inthe-bahamas/ (accessed on 28 January 2021).
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv Sustainability
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3221
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0e7bc019-d1cf-4f07-8ac6-d49dfe17bb28/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/363b396f-67ed-4b9d-8d75-24508042a1fd/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f547f7f0-6bc7-4067-a091-71c4f7b97aca/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5de55cbe-6d6e-40f2-a918-bada30d6257b/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e1d10f6e-39d1-4191-91b1-a3e039cd5a37/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8b61c840-c54a-4131-867f-83a541100584/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 5e7b5f767b72e6adf155174823def806
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
44c91bee8e187109e9664cdefc3981aa
44c91bee8e187109e9664cdefc3981aa
12565fde935b127779bff51a3a2b3c91
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1811760852957659136
spelling Clemente-Suárez, Vicente JavierNavarro Jiménez, EduardoJiménez, ManuelHormeno-Holgado, Alberto JoaquinBenitez Agudelo, Juan CamiloPérez Palencia, NataliaLaborde Cardenas, CarmenTornero Aguilera, José FranciscoMartínez-González, Marina Begoña2021-05-14T21:41:16Z2021-05-14T21:41:16Z2021-03-152071-1050https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8262https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063221Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has surprised health authorities around the world producing a global health crisis. This research discusses the main psychosocial stressors associated with COVID-19 in the literature, and the responses of global public mental health services to these events. Thus, a consensus and critical review were performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The method was a systematic literature review (SLR) of the available literature regarding mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic to conduct the present narrative review. Different stressors are identified in this pandemic, from psychophysiological, confinement, to social and work. Depending on the level of severity and the country of origin, various interventions have been applied that mark different ways of returning to normality and preparing new interventions. This new stressor has a direct impact on the mental health of the population, provoking governments, and health services to become more flexible, innovate and adapt to the changing situation. The use of technology and mass media could be an important tool in this aim. Independent of this, preparing the general population for possible future waves of the pandemic is currently the best measure to mitigate more serious effects on the mental health of the population.Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-2397-2801-600Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8171-662X-600Jiménez, Manuel-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8617-1067-600Hormeno-Holgado, Alberto Joaquin-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-7858-661X-600Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-1995-1300-600Pérez Palencia, Natalia-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-3994-5699-600Laborde Cardenas, Carmen-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-6225-8072-600Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-0747-8133-600Martínez-González, Marina Begoña-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-5840-6383-600application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Sustainabilityhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3221COVID-19PandemicStressAnxietyQuarantineImpact of COVID-19 pandemic in public mental health: an extensive narrative reviewArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Mas-Coma, S.; Jones, M.K.; Marty, A.M. COVID-19 and globalization. One Health 2020, 9, 100132. [CrossRef]2. Sohrabi, C.; Alsafi, Z.; O’Neill, N.; Khan, M.; Kerwan, A.; Al-Jabir, A.; Iosifidis, C.; Agha, R. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coro-navirus (COVID-19). Int. J. Surg. 2020, 76, 71–76. [CrossRef]3. Wang, H.; Xia, Q.; Xiong, Z.; Li, Z.; Xiang, W.; Yuan, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, Z. The psychological distress and coping styles in the early stages of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic in the general mainland Chinese population: A web-based survey. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233410. [CrossRef]4. Lu, H.; Stratton, C.W.; Tang, Y.-W. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J. Med. Virol. 2020, 92, 401–402. [CrossRef]5. Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J.M. Characteristics of and important lessons from the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA 2020, 323, 1239–1242. [CrossRef]6. Leung, C.C.; Lam, T.H.; Cheng, K.K. Mass masking in the COVID-19 epidemic: People need guidance. Lancet 2020, 395, 945. [CrossRef]7. Leung, N.H.L.; Chu, D.K.W.; Shiu, E.Y.C.; Chan, K.-H.; McDevitt, J.J.; Hau, B.J.P.; Yen, H.-L.; Li, Y.; Ip, D.K.M.; Peiris, J.S.M.; et al. Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nat. Med. 2020, 26, 676–680. [CrossRef]8. Ahmed, F.; Ahmed, N.; Pissarides, C.; Stiglitz, J. Why inequality could spread COVID-19. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e240. [CrossRef]9. Mobarak, A.M.; Barnett-Howell, Z. Poor countries need to think twice about social distancing. Foreign Policy 2020. Available online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/04/10/poor-countries-social-distancing-coronavirus/ (accessed on 2 December 2020).10. Bedford, J.; Enria, D.; Giesecke, J.; Heymann, D.L.; Ihekweazu, C.; Kobinger, G.; Lane, H.C.; Memish, Z.; Oh, M.-D.; Sall, A.A.; et al. COVID-19: Towards controlling of a pandemic. Lancet 2020, 395, 1015–1018. [CrossRef]11. Devi, S. Travel restrictions hampering COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020, 395, 1331–1332. [CrossRef]12. Linka, K.; Peirlinck, M.; Costabal, F.S.; Kuhl, E. Outbreak dynamics of COVID-19 in Europe and the effect of travel restrictions. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 2020, 23, 710–717. [CrossRef]13. Nicola, M.; Alsafi, Z.; Sohrabi, C.; Kerwan, A.; Al-Jabir, A.; Iosifidis, C.; Agha, M.; Agha, R. The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. Int. J. Surg. 2020, 78, 185–193. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Ruiu, M.L. Mismanagement of Covid-19: Lessons learned from Italy. J. Risk Res. 2020, 23, 1007–1020. [CrossRef]15. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Jiménez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.C.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Maestre-Serrano, R.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Dynamics of Population Immunity Due to the Herd Effect in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Vaccines 2020, 8, 236. [CrossRef] [PubMed]16. Udwadia, Z.F.; Raju, R.S. How to protect the protectors: 10 lessons to learn for doctors fighting the COVID-19 coronavirus. Med. J. Armed Forces India 2020, 76, 128–131. [CrossRef]17. Mamun, M.A.; Ullah, I. COVID-19 suicides in Pakistan, dying off not COVID-19 fear but poverty?—The forthcoming economic challenges for a developing country. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 163–166. [CrossRef]18. Kalu, B. COVID-19 in Nigeria: A disease of hunger. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020, 8, 556–557. [CrossRef]19. Bonilla-Guachamín, J.A. Las dos caras de la educación en el COVID-19. CienciAmérica 2020, 9, 89. [CrossRef]20. Abizaid, C.; Panduro, L.; Ángel, C.; Egusquiza, S.G. Pobreza y Medios de Subsistencia en la Amazonía Peruana en Tiempos del COVID-19. J. Lat. Am. Geogr. 2020. [CrossRef]21. de Bruin, Y.B.; Lequarre, A.-S.; McCourt, J.; Clevestig, P.; Pigazzani, F.; Jeddi, M.Z.; Colosio, C.; Goulart, M. Initial impacts of global risk mitigation measures taken during the combatting of the COVID-19 pandemic. Saf. Sci. 2020, 128, 104773. [CrossRef]22. de Maranhão, R.A. A violência doméstica durante a quarentena da COVID-19: Entre romances, feminicídios e prevenção. Braz. J. Health Rev. 2020, 3, 3197–3211. [CrossRef]23. Kim, H.; Hwang, Y.H. Factors contributing to clinical nurse compliance with infection prevention and control practices: A cross-sectional study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2019, 22, 126–133. [CrossRef] [PubMed]24. Marques, E.S.; De Moraes, C.L.; Hasselmann, M.H.; Deslandes, S.F.; Reichenheim, M.E. A violência contra mulheres, crianças e adolescentes em tempos de pandemia pela COVID-19: Panorama, motivações e formas de enfrentamento. Cad. Saúde Públ. 2020, 36, e00074420. [CrossRef]25. Omarini, C.; Maur, M.; Luppi, G.; Narni, F.; Luppi, M.; Dominici, M.; Longo, G.; Piacentini, F. Cancer treatment during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Do not postpone, do it! Eur. J. Cancer 2020, 133, 29–32. [CrossRef]26. Altena, E.; Baglioni, C.; Espie, C.A.; Ellis, J.; Gavriloff, D.; Holzinger, B.; Schlarb, A.; Frase, L.; Jernelöv, S.; Riemann, D. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13052. [CrossRef]27. Petersen, E.; Wasserman, S.; Lee, S.-S.; Go, U.; Holmes, A.H.; Al-Abri, S.; McLellan, S.; Blumberg, L.; Tambyah, P. COVID-19–We urgently need to start developing an exit strategy. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020, 96, 233–239. [CrossRef]28. Zhang, J.; Lu, H.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, S.; Du, Q.; Jiang, T.; Du, B. The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 49–50. [CrossRef] [PubMed]29. Shanafelt, T.; Ripp, J.; Trockel, M. Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2020, 323, 2133. [CrossRef]30. Holmes, E.A.; O’Connor, R.C.; Perry, V.H.; Tracey, I.; Wessely, S.; Arseneault, L.; Ballard, C.; Christensen, H.; Silver, R.C.; Everall, I.; et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 547–560. [CrossRef]31. Thompson, R.S.; Strong, P.V.; Fleshner, M. Physiological Consequences of Repeated Exposures to Conditioned Fear. Behav. Sci. 2012, 2, 57–78. [CrossRef]32. Vanuytsel, T.; Van Wanrooy, S.; Vanheel, H.; Vanormelingen, C.; Verschueren, S.; Houben, E.; Rasoel, S.S.; Tóth, J.; Holvoet, L.; Farré, R.; et al. Psychological stress and corticotropin-releasing hormone increase intestinal permeability in humans by a mast cell-dependent mechanism. Gut 2014, 63, 1293–1299. [CrossRef]33. Andersen, A.L.; Hansen, E.T.; Johannesen, N.; Sheridan, A. Consumer Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis: Evidence from Bank Account Transaction Data. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]34. Kohl, H.W., 3rd; Craig, C.L.; Lambert, E.V.; Inoue, S.; Alkandari, J.R.; Leetongin, G.; Kahlmeier, S. Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. The pandemic of physical inactivity: Global action for public health. Lancet 2012, 380, 294–305. [CrossRef]35. Fiuza-Luces, C.; Garatachea, N.; Berger, N.A.; Lucia, A. Exercise is the Real Polypill. Physiology 2013, 28, 330–358. [CrossRef]36. Martinez-Ferran, M.; De La Guía-Galipienso, F.; Sanchis-Gomar, F.; Pareja-Galeano, H. Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1549. [CrossRef] [PubMed]37. Anderson, G. Psychological Stress and Covid-19: Interactions with Gut Microbiome and Circadian Rhythm in Driving Symptom Severity. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George-Anderson-/publication/340418206_Psychological_Stress_and_Covid-19_Interactions_with_Gut_Microbiome_and_Circadian_Rhythm_in_Driving_Symptom_ Severity/links/5ebbd539458515626ca5b5f5/Psychological-Stress-and-Covid-19-Interactions-with-Gut-Microbiome-andCircadian-Rhythm-in-Driving-Symptom-Severity.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2020).38. West, R.; Michie, S.; Rubin, G.J.; Amlôt, R. Applying principles of behaviour change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2020, 4, 451–459. [CrossRef]39. Soper, G. The Lessons of the Pandemic. Glob. Health 2017, 2017, 185–190. [CrossRef]40. Raihani, N.; de-Wit, L. Factors associated with concern, behaviour & policy support in response to SARS-CoV-2. PsyArXiv 2020. [CrossRef]41. Yamin, M. Counting the cost of COVID-19. Int. J. Inf. Technol. 2020, 12, 311–317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]42. Raker, E.J.; Zacher, M.; Lowe, S.R. Lessons from Hurricane Katrina for predicting the indirect health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2020, 117, 12595–12597. [CrossRef]43. Satici, B.; Gocet-Tekin, E.; Deniz, M.E.; Satici, S.A. Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its Association with Psychological Distress and Life Satisfaction in Turkey. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 2020, 1–9. [CrossRef] [PubMed]44. Lu, W.; Wang, H.; Lin, Y.; Li, L. Psychological status of medical workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 288, 112936. [CrossRef]45. Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.K.; Smith, L.E.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [CrossRef]46. Ozili, P.K.; Arun, T. Spillover of COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]47. Iacus, S.M.; Natale, F.; Satamaria, C.; Spyratos, S.; Vespe, M. Estimating and Projecting Air Passenger Traffic during the COVID-19 Coronavirus Outbreak and its Socio-Economic Impact. arXiv 2020, arXiv:2004.08460. [CrossRef]48. Blustein, D.L.; Guarino, P.A. Work and Unemployment in the Time of COVID-19: The Existential Experience of Loss and Fear. J. Humanist. Psychol. 2020, 60, 702–709. [CrossRef]49. Gunnell, D.; Appleby, L.; Arensman, E.; Hawton, K.; John, A.; Kapur, N.; Khan, M.; O’Connor, R.C.; Pirkis, J.; Caine, E.D.; et al. Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 468–471. [CrossRef]50. Cao, W.; Fang, Z.; Hou, G.; Han, M.; Xu, X.; Dong, J.; Zheng, J. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 287, 112934. [CrossRef]51. Campbell, A.M. An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Sci. Int. Rep. 2020, 2, 100089. [CrossRef]52. Lebel, C.; MacKinnon, A.; Bagshawe, M.; Tomfohr-Madsen, L.; Giesbrecht, G. Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 5–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]53. Hooper, M.W.; Nápoles, A.M.; Pérez-Stable, E.J. COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities. JAMA 2020, 323, 2466. [CrossRef]54. Tan, W.; Hao, F.; McIntyre, R.S.; Jiang, L.; Jiang, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, X.; Zou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Luo, X.; et al. Is returning to work during the COVID-19 pandemic stressful? A study on immediate mental health status and psychoneuroimmunity prevention measures of Chinese workforce. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 84–92. [CrossRef]55. Park, C.L.; Russell, B.S.; Fendrich, M.; Finkelstein-Fox, L.; Hutchison, M.; Becker, J. Americans’ COVID-19 Stress, Coping, and Adherence to CDC Guidelines. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2020, 35, 2296–2303. [CrossRef]56. Horesh, D.; Brown, A.D. Traumatic stress in the age of COVID-19: A call to close critical gaps and adapt to new realities. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pr. Policy 2020, 12, 331–335. [CrossRef]57. Santarnecchi, E.; Sprugnoli, G.; Tatti, E.; Mencarelli, L.; Neri, F.; Momi, D.; Di Lorenzo, G.; Pascual-Leone, A.; Rossi, S.; Rossi, A. Brain functional connectivity correlates of coping styles. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 2018, 18, 495–508. [CrossRef] [PubMed]58. Ripp, J.; Peccoralo, L.; Charney, D. Attending to the Emotional Well-Being of the Health Care Workforce in a New York City Health System During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Acad. Med. 2020, 95, 1136–1139. [CrossRef]59. Kaufman, K.R.; Petkova, E.; Bhui, K.S.; Schulze, T.G. A global needs assessment in times of a global crisis: World psychiatry response to the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open 2020, 6, 1–11. [CrossRef] [PubMed]60. Abdulah, D.M.; Musa, D.H. Insomnia and stress of physicians during COVID-19 outbreak. Sleep Med. X 2020, 2, 100017. [CrossRef]61. Nogueira, P.J.; Nobre, M.D.A.; Nicola, P.J.; Furtado, C.; Carneiro, A.V. Excess Mortality Estimation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Data from Portugal. Acta Méd. Port. 2020, 33, 376. [CrossRef]62. Hamzah, F.B.; Lau, C.H.; Nazri, H.; Ligot, D.V.; Lee, G.; Tan, C.L.; Shaib, M.K.B.M.; Zaidon, U.H.B.; Abdullah, A.B.; Chung, M.H.; et al. CoronaTracker: Worldwide COVID-19 outbreak data analysis and prediction. Bull. World Health Organ. 2020, 1, 32.63. World Health Organization. Overview of Public Health and Social Measures in the Context of COVID-19: Interim Guidance, 18 May 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/PHSM_Overview/2020.1); World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020.64. Guidance for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support for COVID-19. Africacdc.org. Published 29 May 2020. Available online: https://africacdc.org/download/guidance-for-mental-health-and-psychosocial-support-for-covid-19/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).65. Guidance for Parents and Carers on Supporting Children and Young People’s Mental Health and Wellbeing during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic. Gov.uk. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-on-supporting-children-and-young-peoples-mental-health-and-wellbeing/guidance-for-parents-and-carers-onsupporting-children-and-young-peoples-mental-health-and-wellbeing-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak (accessed on 7 October 2020).66. Kannarkat, J.T.; Smith, N.N.; McLeod-Bryant, S.A. Mobilization of Telepsychiatry in Response to COVID-19—Moving Toward 21st Century Access to Care. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 2020, 1–3. [CrossRef] [PubMed]67. Xiang, Y.-T.; Yang, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, Q.; Cheung, T.; Ng, C.H. Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 228–229. [CrossRef]68. Yip, P.S.F.; Chau, P.H. Physical Distancing and Emotional Closeness Amidst COVID-19. Crisis 2020, 41, 153–155. [CrossRef] [PubMed]69. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Marcos, R.D.L.V.; Patiño, M.J.M. Modulators of the Personal and Professional Threat Perception of Olympic Athletes in the Actual COVID-19 Crisis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1985. [CrossRef] [PubMed]70. Stefana, A.; Youngstrom, E.A.; Hopwood, C.J.; Dakanalis, A. The COVID-19 pandemic brings a second wave of social isolation and disrupted services. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2020, 270, 785–786. [CrossRef] [PubMed]71. Fegert, J.M.; Vitiello, B.; Plener, P.L.; Clemens, V. Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 2020, 14, 1–11. [CrossRef]72. Shah, K.; Kamrai, D.; Mekala, H.; Mann, B.; Desai, K.; Patel, R.S. Focus on Mental Health During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Applying Learnings from the Past Outbreaks. Cureus 2020, 12, e7405. [CrossRef]73. Gritsenko, V.; Skugarevsky, O.; Konstantinov, V.; Khamenka, N.; Marinova, T.; Reznik, A.; Isralowitz, R. COVID 19 Fear, Stress, Anxiety, and Substance Use Among Russian and Belarusian University Students. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020, 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]74. Fuentes-García, J.P.; Patiño, M.J.M.; Villafaina, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1812. [CrossRef]75. Coyne, L.; Gould, E.R.; Grimaldi, M.; Wilson, K.G.; Baffuto, G. First Things First: Parent Psychological Flexibility and SelfCompassion During COVID-19 Lisa. Behav. Anal. Pract. 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]76. WHO: Mental Health Considerations during COVID-19 Outbreak—Psychosocial Support IFRC. Pscentre.org. Available online: https://pscentre.org/?resource=9031 (accessed on 7 October 2020).77. Goyal, K.; Chauhan, P.; Chhikara, K.; Gupta, P.; Singh, M.P. Fear of COVID 2019: First suicidal case in India! Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 49, 101989. [CrossRef]78. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Social and psychophysiological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: An extensive literature review. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 3077. [CrossRef]79. Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Available online: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (accessed on 29 October 2020).80. Arango, C. Lessons Learned from the Coronavirus Health Crisis in Madrid, Spain: How COVID-19 Has Changed Our Lives in the Last 2 Weeks. Biol. Psychiatry 2020, 88, e33–e34. [CrossRef]81. Legido-Quigley, H.; Mateos-García, J.T.; Campos, V.R.; Gea-Sánchez, M.; Muntaner, C.; McKee, M. The resilience of the Spanish health system against the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e251–e252. [CrossRef]82. Verelst, F.; Kuylen, E.; Beutels, P. Indications for healthcare surge capacity in European countries facing an exponential increase in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases, March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020, 25, 2000323. [CrossRef]83. Topic: COVID-19: Impact on the Global Economy. Statista.com. Available online: https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid19-impact-on-the-global-economy/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).84. Ornell, F.; Halpern, S.C.; Kessler, F.H.P.; Narvaez, J.C.D.M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad. Saúde Públ. 2020, 36, e00063520. [CrossRef] [PubMed]85. Ornell, F.; Schuch, J.B.; Sordi, A.O.; Kessler, F.H.P. Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Braz. J. Psychiatry 2020, 42, 232–235. [CrossRef] [PubMed]86. Bloom, D.E.; Cadarette, D. Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Front. Immunol. 2019, 10, 549. [CrossRef] [PubMed]87. Tucci, V.; Moukaddam, N.; Meadows, J.; Shah, S.; Galwankar, S.C.; Kapur, G.B. The forgotten plague: Psychiatric manifestations of ebola, zika, and emerging infectious diseases. J. Glob. Infect. Dis. 2017, 9, 151–156. [CrossRef] [PubMed]88. Rufai, S.R.; Bunce, C. World leaders’ usage of Twitter in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A content analysis. J. Public Health 2020, 42, 510–516. [CrossRef]89. Di Lorenzo, G.; Di Trolio, R.; Kozlakidis, Z.; Busto, G.; Ingenito, C.; Buonerba, L.; Ferrara, C.; Libroia, A.; Ragone, G.; Ioio, C.D.; et al. COVID 19 therapies and anti-cancer drugs: A systematic review of recent literature. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 2020, 152, 102991. [CrossRef]90. Delgado, D.; Quintana, F.W.; Perez, G.; Liprandi, A.S.; Ponte-Negretti, C.; Mendoza, I.; Baranchuk, A. Personal Safety during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Realities and Perspectives of Healthcare Workers in Latin America. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2798. [CrossRef]91. Uddin, M.; Mustafa, F.; Rizvi, T.A.; Loney, T.; Al Suwaidi, H.; Al-Marzouqi, A.H.H.; Eldin, A.K.; Alsabeeha, N.; Adrian, T.E.; Stefanini, C.; et al. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral genomics, epidemiology, vaccines, and therapeutic inter-ventions. Viruses 2020, 12, 526. [CrossRef]92. Kissler, S.M.; Tedijanto, C.; Goldstein, E.; Grad, Y.H.; Lipsitch, M. Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 2020, 368, 860–868. [CrossRef]93. Torales, J.; O’Higgins, M.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Ventriglio, A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry 2020, 66, 317–320. [CrossRef]94. Jakovljevic, M.; Bjedov, S.; Jaksic, N.; Jakovljevic, I. COVID-19 pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health security. Psychiatr. Danub. 2020, 32, 6–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]95. Public Health England. COVID-19: Guidance for the Public on Mental Health and Wellbeing. Gov.uk. Published 29 March 2020. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/covid-19-guidance-for-the-public-on-mental-health-andwellbeing (accessed on 7 October 2020).96. Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action. Gbvguidelines.org. Available online: https://gbvguidelines.org/en/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).97. Enfermedad Por Nuevo Coronavirus, COVID-19. Gob.es. Available online: https://www.mscbs.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCov/home.htm (accessed on 7 October 2020).98. Public Health Agency of Canada. COVID-19: Taking Care of Your Mental and Physical Health during the Pandemic—Canada.ca. Published 13 September 2020. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novelcoronavirus-infection/mental-health.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).99. CDC. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cdc.gov. Published 22 September 2020. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html (accessed on 7 October 2020).100. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Socialde Colombia. Todos a Cuidar Nuestra Salud Mental Durante la COVID-19. Gov.co. Available online: https://www.minsalud.gov.co/Paginas/Todos-a-cuidar-nuestra-salud-mental-durante-la-COVID-19.aspx(accessed on 7 October 2020).101. OME. Guía de Apoyo Psicosocial Durante Esta Epidemia de Coronavirus. Ome-aen.org. Published 23 March 2020. Available online: https://ome-aen.org/guia-de-apoyo-psicosocial-durante-esta-epidemia-de-coronavirus/ (accessed on 7 October 2020).102. MOH. Gov.sg. Available online: https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/confirmed-imported-case-of-novelcoronavirus-infection-in-singapore-multi-ministry-taskforce-ramps-up-precautionary-measures (accessed on 7 October 2020).103. Gov.au. Available online: https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/ coronavirus-covid-19-current-situation-and-case-numbers (accessed on 7 October 2020).104. Kavoor, A.R.; Chakravarthy, K.; John, T. Remote consultations in the era of COVID-19 pandemic: Preliminary experience in a regional Australian public acute mental health care setting. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102074. [CrossRef] [PubMed]105. Rapisarda, F.; Corbière, M.; Lesage, A.D.; De Benedictis, L.; Pelletier, J.F.; Felx, A.; Leblanc, Y.; Vallarino, M.; Miglioretti, M. Development and validation of the mental health professional culture inventory. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2019, 29. [CrossRef]106. Rapisarda, F.; Felx, A.; Gagnon, S.; De Benedictis, L.; Luyet, A.; Boutin, M.; Corbière, M.; Lesage, A. Housing Orientations and Needs of Above-Average Length of Stay Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 231. [CrossRef] [PubMed]107. Rapisarda, F.; Vallarino, M.; Cavallini, E.; Barbato, A.; Brousseau-Paradis, C.; De Benedictis, L.; Lesage, A. The Early Impact of the Covid-19 Emergency on Mental Health Workers: A Survey in Lombardy, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8615. [CrossRef]108. Mental Health in the Bahamas. Heart to Heart International. Available online: https://www.hearttoheart.org/mental-health-inthe-bahamas/ (accessed on 28 January 2021).PublicationORIGINALImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdfImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdfapplication/pdf308155https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0e7bc019-d1cf-4f07-8ac6-d49dfe17bb28/download5e7b5f767b72e6adf155174823def806MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/363b396f-67ed-4b9d-8d75-24508042a1fd/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f547f7f0-6bc7-4067-a091-71c4f7b97aca/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53THUMBNAILImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.jpgImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg74019https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5de55cbe-6d6e-40f2-a918-bada30d6257b/download44c91bee8e187109e9664cdefc3981aaMD54THUMBNAILImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.jpgImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg74019https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e1d10f6e-39d1-4191-91b1-a3e039cd5a37/download44c91bee8e187109e9664cdefc3981aaMD54TEXTImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.txtImpact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health.pdf.txttext/plain79656https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/8b61c840-c54a-4131-867f-83a541100584/download12565fde935b127779bff51a3a2b3c91MD5511323/8262oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/82622024-09-17 14:11:30.651http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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