Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions
Given that one of the most critical operations in the oil and gas industry is to instantly determine the volume and type of product passing through the pipelines, in this research, a detection system for monitoring oil pipelines is proposed. The proposed system works in such a way that the radiation...
- Autores:
-
Mayet, Abdulilah
Alizadeh, Mehdi
Mohammad Hamakarim, Karwan
Al-Qahtani, Ali Awadh
Alanazi, Abdullah
Grimaldo Guerrero, John William
alhashim, Hala
Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9548
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9548
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Volume fraction
Feature extraction
GMDH neural network
Dual-energy gamma source
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
id |
RCUC2_5b482a80a8b0d0558512236c85b47dba |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9548 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
title |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
spellingShingle |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions Volume fraction Feature extraction GMDH neural network Dual-energy gamma source |
title_short |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
title_full |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
title_fullStr |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
title_full_unstemmed |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
title_sort |
Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Mayet, Abdulilah Alizadeh, Mehdi Mohammad Hamakarim, Karwan Al-Qahtani, Ali Awadh Alanazi, Abdullah Grimaldo Guerrero, John William alhashim, Hala Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Mayet, Abdulilah Alizadeh, Mehdi Mohammad Hamakarim, Karwan Al-Qahtani, Ali Awadh Alanazi, Abdullah Grimaldo Guerrero, John William alhashim, Hala Eftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Volume fraction Feature extraction GMDH neural network Dual-energy gamma source |
topic |
Volume fraction Feature extraction GMDH neural network Dual-energy gamma source |
description |
Given that one of the most critical operations in the oil and gas industry is to instantly determine the volume and type of product passing through the pipelines, in this research, a detection system for monitoring oil pipelines is proposed. The proposed system works in such a way that the radiation from the dual-energy source which symmetrically emits radiation, was received by the NaI detector after passing through the shield window and test pipeline. In the test pipe, four petroleum products—ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoil, and gasoline—were simulated in pairs in different volume fractions. A total of 118 simulations were performed, and their signals were categorized. Then, feature extraction operations were started to reduce the volume of data, increase accuracy, increase the learning speed of the neural network, and better interpret the data. Wavelet features were extracted from the recorded signal and used as GMDH neural network input. The signals of each test were divided into details and approximation sections and characteristics with the names STD of A3, D3, D2 and were extracted. This described structure is modelled in the Monte Carlo N Particle code (MCNP). In fact, precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions were done using a combination of symmetrical source and asymmetrical neural network. Four GMDH neural networks were trained to estimate the volumetric ratio of each product, and the maximum RMSE was 0.63. In addition to this high accuracy, the low implementation and computational cost compared to previous detection methods are among the advantages of present investigation, which increases its application in the oil industry. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-30T00:47:51Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-30T00:47:51Z |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-30 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Hamakarim, K.M.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Alhashim, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E. Application of Wavelet Characteristics and GMDH Neural Networks for Precise Estimation of Oil Product Types and Volume Fractions. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ sym14091797 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9548 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.3390/ sym14091797 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
2073-8994 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Hamakarim, K.M.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Alhashim, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E. Application of Wavelet Characteristics and GMDH Neural Networks for Precise Estimation of Oil Product Types and Volume Fractions. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ sym14091797 10.3390/ sym14091797 2073-8994 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9548 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Symmetry |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
1. Nazemi, E.; Roshani, G.H.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Setayeshi, S.; Zadeh, E.E.; Fatehi, A. Optimization of a method for identifying the flow regime and measuring void fraction in a broad beam gamma-ray attenuation technique. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2016, 41, 7438–7444. [CrossRef] 2. Nazemi, E.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Peyvandi, R.G.; Setayeshi, S. Precise void fraction measurement in two-phase flows independent of the flow regime using gamma-ray attenuation. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2016, 48, 64–71. [CrossRef] 3. Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, E.; Feghhi, S.A.H. Investigation of using 60 Co source and one detector for determining the flow regime and void fraction in gas–liquid two-phase flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2016, 50, 73–79. [CrossRef] 4. Roshani, G.H.; Karami, A.; Nazemi, E.; Shama, F. Volume fraction determination of the annular three-phase flow of gas-oil-water using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Comput. Appl. Math. 2018, 37, 4321–4341. [CrossRef] 5. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Combination of X-ray tube and GMDH neural network as a nondestructive and potential technique for measuring characteristics of gas-oil–water three phase flows. Measurement 2021, 168, 108427. [CrossRef] 6. Roshani, G.H.; Karami, A.; Nazemi, E. An intelligent integrated approach of Jaya optimization algorithm and neuro-fuzzy network to model the stratified three-phase flow of gas–oil–water. Comput. Appl. Math. 2019, 38, 5. [CrossRef] 7. Sattari, M.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R. Improving the structure of two-phase flow meter using feature extraction and GMDH neural network. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 171, 108725. [CrossRef] 8. Sattari, M.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E. Applicability of time-domain feature extraction methods and artificial intelligence in two-phase flow meters based on gamma-ray absorption technique. Measurement 2021, 168, 108474. [CrossRef] 9. Roshani, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Ali, P.J.M.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Application of GMDH neural network technique to improve measuring precision of a simplified photon attenuation based two-phase flowmeter. Flow Meas. Instrum.2020, 75, 101804. [CrossRef] 10. Alamoudi, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Balubaid, M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E.; Taylan, O.; Kalmoun, E.M. Application of Gamma Attenuation Technique and Artificial Intelligence to Detect Scale Thickness in Pipelines in Which Two-Phase Flows with Different Flow Regimes and Void Fractions Exist. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1198. [CrossRef] 11. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Faraj, R.H.; Phan, N.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Proposing a gamma radiation based intelligent system for simultaneous analyzing and detecting type and amount of petroleum by-products. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2021, 53, 1277–1283. [CrossRef] 12. Mayet, A.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Narozhnyy, I.M.; Alhashim, H.H.; Nazemi, E.; Indrupskiy, I.M. Proposing a high precision petroleum pipeline’s monitoring system for identifying the type and amount of oil products using extraction of frequency characteristics and MLP neural network. Mathematics 2022, 10, 2916. [CrossRef] 13. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Kakarash, Z.A.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Alhashimi, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E. Increasing the Efficiency of a Control System for Detecting the Type and Amount of Oil Product Passing through Pipelines Based on Gamma-ray Attenuation, Time Domain Feature Extraction, and Artificial Neural Networks. Polymers 2022, 14, 2852. [CrossRef] 14. Basahel, A.; Sattari, M.A.; Taylan, O.; Nazemi, E. Application of Feature Extraction and Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Increasing the Accuracy of X-ray Radiation Based Two Phase Flow Meter. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1227. [CrossRef] 15. Taylan, O.; Sattari, M.A.; Elhachfi Essoussi, I.; Nazemi, E. Frequency Domain Feature Extraction Investigation to Increase the Accuracy of an Intelligent Nondestructive System for Volume Fraction and Regime Determination of Gas-Water-Oil Three-Phase Flows. Mathematics 2021, 9, 2091. [CrossRef] 16. Roshani, G.H.; Ali, P.J.; Mohammed, S.; Hanus, R.; Abdulkareem, L.; Alanezi, A.A.; Sattari, M.A.; Amiri, S.; Nazemi, E.; EftekhariZadeh, E.; et al. Simulation Study of Utilizing X-ray Tube in Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products. Processes 2021, 9, 828. [CrossRef] 17. Balubaid, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Taylan, O.; Bakhsh, A.A.; Nazemi, E. Applications of Discrete Wavelet Transform for Feature Extraction to Increase the Accuracy of Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products. Mathematics 2021, 9, 3215. [CrossRef] 18. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Extraction of Time-Domain Characteristics and Selection of Effective Features Using Correlation Analysis to Increase the Accuracy of Petroleum Fluid Monitoring Systems. Energies 2022, 15, 1986. [CrossRef] 19. Daubechies, I. The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 1990, 36, 961–1005. [CrossRef] 20. Soltani, S. On the use of the wavelet decomposition for time series prediction. Neurocomputing 2002, 48, 267–277. [CrossRef] 21. Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Bensalama, A.S.; Roshani, G.H.; Salama, A.S.; Spielmann, C.; Iliyasu, A.M. Enhanced Gamma-ray AttenuationBased Detection System Using an Artificial Neural Network. Photonics 2022, 9, 382. [CrossRef] 22. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Kakarash, Z.A.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Alhashimi, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. Introducing a Precise System for Determining Volume Percentages Independent of Scale Thickness and Type of Flow Regime. Mathematics 2022, 10, 1770. [CrossRef] 23. Ivakhnenko, A.G. Polynomial theory of complex systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 1971, 4, 364–378. [CrossRef] 24. Lalbakhsh, A.; Mohamadpour, G.; Roshani, S.; Ami, M.; Roshani, S.; Sayem, A.S.; Alibakhshikenari, M.; Koziel, S. Design of a compact planar transmission line for miniaturized rat-race coupler with harmonics suppression. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 129207–129217. [CrossRef] 25. Hookari, M.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S. High-efficiency balanced power amplifier using miniaturized harmonics suppressed coupler. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng. 2020, 30, e22252. [CrossRef] 26. Lotfi, S.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S.; Gilan, M.S. Wilkinson power divider with band-pass filtering response and harmonics suppression using open and short stubs. Frequenz 2020, 74, 169–176. [CrossRef] 27. Jamshidi, M.; Siahkamari, H.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S. A compact Gysel power divider design using U-shaped and T-shaped resonators with harmonics suppression. Electromagnetics 2019, 39, 491–504. [CrossRef] 28. Khaibullina, K. Technology to remove asphaltene, resin and paraffin deposits in wells using organic solvents. In Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 26–28 September 2016. [CrossRef] 29. Tikhomirova, E.A.; Sagirova, L.R.; Khaibullina, K.S. A review on methods of oil saturation modelling using IRAP RMS. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 378, 012075. [CrossRef] 30. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H.; Nazemi, F.; Khounani, Z.; Ghanavati, H.; Shafiei, M.; Karimi, K.; Lam, S.S.; Aghbashlo, M.; Tabatabaei, M. Safflower-based biorefinery producing a broad spectrum of biofuels and biochemicals: A life cycle assessment perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 802, 149842. [CrossRef] 31. Nazemi, F.; Karimi, K.; Denayer, J.F.; Shafiei, M. Techno-economic aspects of different process approaches based on brown macroalgae feedstock: A step toward commercialization of seaweed-based biorefineries. Algal Res. 2021, 58, 102366. [CrossRef] 32. Khaibullina, K.S.; Korobov, G.Y.; Lekomtsev, A.V. Development of an asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits inhibitor and substantiation of the technological parameters of its injection into the bottom-hole formation zone. Period. Tche Quim. 2020, 17, 769–781. [CrossRef] 33. Khaibullina, K.S.; Sagirova, L.R.; Sandyga, M.S. Substantiation and selection of an inhibitor for preventing the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. Period. Tche Quim. 2020, 17, 541–551. [CrossRef] 34. Mayet, A.; Smith, C.E.; Hussain, M.M. Energy reversible switching from amorphous metal based nanoelectromechanical switch. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO 2013), Beijing, China, 5–8 August 2013; pp. 366–369. 35. Khounani, Z.; Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H.; Nazemi, F.; Shaeifi, M.; Karimi, K.; Tabatabaei, M.; Aghbashlo, M.; Lam, S.S. Exergy analysis of a whole-crop safflower biorefinery: A step towards reducing agricultural wastes in a sustainable manner. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 279, 111822. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 36. Shukla, N.K.; Mayet, A.M.; Vats, A.; Aggarwal, M.; Raja, R.K.; Verma, R.; Muqeet, M.A. High speed integrated RF–VLC data communication system: Performance constraints and capacity considerations. Phys. Commun. 2022, 50, 101492. [CrossRef] 37. Mayet, A.; Hussain, A.; Hussain, M. Three-terminal nanoelectromechanical switch based on tungsten nitride—An amorphous metallic material. Nanotechnology 2016, 27, 035202. [CrossRef] 38. Mayet, A.; Hussain, M. Amorphous WNx Metal For Accelerometers and Gyroscope. In Proceedings of the MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, USA, 30 November–5 December 2014. 39. Gao, H.; Xu, K.; Cao, M.; Xiao, J.; Xu, Q.; Yin, Y. The Deep Features and Attention Mechanism-Based Method to Dish Healthcare Under Social IoT Systems: An Empirical Study With a Hand-Deep Local–Global Net. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 2021, 9, 336–347. [CrossRef] 40. Gao, H.; Xiao, J.; Yin, Y.; Liu, T.; Shi, J. A Mutually Supervised Graph Attention Network for Few-Shot Segmentation: The Perspective of Fully Utilizing Limited Samples. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 2022, 1–13. [CrossRef] 41. Roshani, S.; Jamshidi, M.B.; Mohebi, F.; Roshani, S. Design and modeling of a compact power divider with squared resonators using artificial intelligence. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2021, 117, 2085–2096. [CrossRef] 42. Roshani, S.; Azizian, J.; Roshani, S.; Jamshidi, M.B.; Parandin, F. Design of a miniaturized branch line microstrip coupler with a simple structure using artificial neural network. Frequenz 2022, 76, 255–263. [CrossRef] 43. Khaleghi, M.; Salimi, J.; Farhangi, V.; Moradi, M.J.; Karakouzian, M. Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predict Load Bearing Capacity and Stiffness of Perforated Masonry Walls. CivilEng 2021, 2, 48–67. [CrossRef] 44. Dabiri, H.; Farhangi, V.; Moradi, M.J.; Zadehmohamad, M.; Karakouzian, M. Applications of Decision Tree and Random Forest as Tree-Based Machine Learning Techniques for Analyzing the Ultimate Strain of Spliced and Non-Spliced Reinforcement Bars. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4851. [CrossRef] 45. Roshani, M.; Ali, P.J.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Phan, N.H.; Tran, H.N.; Nazemi, E. X-ray tube with artificial neural network model as a promising alternative for radioisotope source in radiation based two phase flowmeters. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2020, 164, 109255. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 46. Peyvandi, R.G.; Rad, S.I. Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of volume fraction using spectra of gamma rays backscattered by three-phase flows. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2017, 132, 511. [CrossRef] |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
9 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 |
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. |
dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
14 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Switzerland |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/9/1797 |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/58bb4a7e-9b2e-40d1-923d-23959db9f6a9/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f571b4ca-1012-43d5-8aa6-e99e421cc565/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/502b1daf-4c78-4b9b-a58b-f8f731b075d3/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d47cde0e-bb1f-4a6d-8d8e-224a0d4dc87c/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
6a602860a5e0c41952cbe20d721ad0bd 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 99c917a2239ed9480582dbd565095835 43da1e3f59af4dea5a8b007abbbb3e47 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760795530297344 |
spelling |
Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Mayet, AbdulilahAlizadeh, MehdiMohammad Hamakarim, KarwanAl-Qahtani, Ali AwadhAlanazi, AbdullahGrimaldo Guerrero, John Williamalhashim, HalaEftekhari-Zadeh, Ehsan2022-09-30T00:47:51Z2022-09-30T00:47:51Z2022-09-30Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Hamakarim, K.M.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Alhashim, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E. Application of Wavelet Characteristics and GMDH Neural Networks for Precise Estimation of Oil Product Types and Volume Fractions. Symmetry 2022, 14, 1797. https://doi.org/10.3390/ sym14091797https://hdl.handle.net/11323/954810.3390/ sym140917972073-8994Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Given that one of the most critical operations in the oil and gas industry is to instantly determine the volume and type of product passing through the pipelines, in this research, a detection system for monitoring oil pipelines is proposed. The proposed system works in such a way that the radiation from the dual-energy source which symmetrically emits radiation, was received by the NaI detector after passing through the shield window and test pipeline. In the test pipe, four petroleum products—ethylene glycol, crude oil, gasoil, and gasoline—were simulated in pairs in different volume fractions. A total of 118 simulations were performed, and their signals were categorized. Then, feature extraction operations were started to reduce the volume of data, increase accuracy, increase the learning speed of the neural network, and better interpret the data. Wavelet features were extracted from the recorded signal and used as GMDH neural network input. The signals of each test were divided into details and approximation sections and characteristics with the names STD of A3, D3, D2 and were extracted. This described structure is modelled in the Monte Carlo N Particle code (MCNP). In fact, precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions were done using a combination of symmetrical source and asymmetrical neural network. Four GMDH neural networks were trained to estimate the volumetric ratio of each product, and the maximum RMSE was 0.63. In addition to this high accuracy, the low implementation and computational cost compared to previous detection methods are among the advantages of present investigation, which increases its application in the oil industry.14 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerlandhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/9/1797Application of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractionsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Symmetry1. Nazemi, E.; Roshani, G.H.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Setayeshi, S.; Zadeh, E.E.; Fatehi, A. Optimization of a method for identifying the flow regime and measuring void fraction in a broad beam gamma-ray attenuation technique. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2016, 41, 7438–7444. [CrossRef]2. Nazemi, E.; Feghhi, S.A.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Peyvandi, R.G.; Setayeshi, S. Precise void fraction measurement in two-phase flows independent of the flow regime using gamma-ray attenuation. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2016, 48, 64–71. [CrossRef]3. Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, E.; Feghhi, S.A.H. Investigation of using 60 Co source and one detector for determining the flow regime and void fraction in gas–liquid two-phase flows. Flow Meas. Instrum. 2016, 50, 73–79. [CrossRef]4. Roshani, G.H.; Karami, A.; Nazemi, E.; Shama, F. Volume fraction determination of the annular three-phase flow of gas-oil-water using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Comput. Appl. Math. 2018, 37, 4321–4341. [CrossRef]5. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Combination of X-ray tube and GMDH neural network as a nondestructive and potential technique for measuring characteristics of gas-oil–water three phase flows. Measurement 2021, 168, 108427. [CrossRef]6. Roshani, G.H.; Karami, A.; Nazemi, E. An intelligent integrated approach of Jaya optimization algorithm and neuro-fuzzy network to model the stratified three-phase flow of gas–oil–water. Comput. Appl. Math. 2019, 38, 5. [CrossRef]7. Sattari, M.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R. Improving the structure of two-phase flow meter using feature extraction and GMDH neural network. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 171, 108725. [CrossRef]8. Sattari, M.A.; Roshani, G.H.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E. Applicability of time-domain feature extraction methods and artificial intelligence in two-phase flow meters based on gamma-ray absorption technique. Measurement 2021, 168, 108474. [CrossRef]9. Roshani, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Ali, P.J.M.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Application of GMDH neural network technique to improve measuring precision of a simplified photon attenuation based two-phase flowmeter. Flow Meas. Instrum.2020, 75, 101804. [CrossRef]10. Alamoudi, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Balubaid, M.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E.; Taylan, O.; Kalmoun, E.M. Application of Gamma Attenuation Technique and Artificial Intelligence to Detect Scale Thickness in Pipelines in Which Two-Phase Flows with Different Flow Regimes and Void Fractions Exist. Symmetry 2021, 13, 1198. [CrossRef]11. Roshani, M.; Phan, G.; Faraj, R.H.; Phan, N.H.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Nazemi, E. Proposing a gamma radiation based intelligent system for simultaneous analyzing and detecting type and amount of petroleum by-products. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2021, 53, 1277–1283. [CrossRef]12. Mayet, A.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Narozhnyy, I.M.; Alhashim, H.H.; Nazemi, E.; Indrupskiy, I.M. Proposing a high precision petroleum pipeline’s monitoring system for identifying the type and amount of oil products using extraction of frequency characteristics and MLP neural network. Mathematics 2022, 10, 2916. [CrossRef]13. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Kakarash, Z.A.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Grimaldo Guerrero, J.W.; Alhashimi, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E. Increasing the Efficiency of a Control System for Detecting the Type and Amount of Oil Product Passing through Pipelines Based on Gamma-ray Attenuation, Time Domain Feature Extraction, and Artificial Neural Networks. Polymers 2022, 14, 2852. [CrossRef]14. Basahel, A.; Sattari, M.A.; Taylan, O.; Nazemi, E. Application of Feature Extraction and Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Increasing the Accuracy of X-ray Radiation Based Two Phase Flow Meter. Mathematics 2021, 9, 1227. [CrossRef]15. Taylan, O.; Sattari, M.A.; Elhachfi Essoussi, I.; Nazemi, E. Frequency Domain Feature Extraction Investigation to Increase the Accuracy of an Intelligent Nondestructive System for Volume Fraction and Regime Determination of Gas-Water-Oil Three-Phase Flows. Mathematics 2021, 9, 2091. [CrossRef]16. Roshani, G.H.; Ali, P.J.; Mohammed, S.; Hanus, R.; Abdulkareem, L.; Alanezi, A.A.; Sattari, M.A.; Amiri, S.; Nazemi, E.; EftekhariZadeh, E.; et al. Simulation Study of Utilizing X-ray Tube in Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products. Processes 2021, 9, 828. [CrossRef]17. Balubaid, M.; Sattari, M.A.; Taylan, O.; Bakhsh, A.A.; Nazemi, E. Applications of Discrete Wavelet Transform for Feature Extraction to Increase the Accuracy of Monitoring Systems of Liquid Petroleum Products. Mathematics 2021, 9, 3215. [CrossRef]18. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Nurgalieva, K.S.; Hanus, R.; Nazemi, E.; Narozhnyy, I.M. Extraction of Time-Domain Characteristics and Selection of Effective Features Using Correlation Analysis to Increase the Accuracy of Petroleum Fluid Monitoring Systems. Energies 2022, 15, 1986. [CrossRef]19. Daubechies, I. The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis. IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 1990, 36, 961–1005. [CrossRef]20. Soltani, S. On the use of the wavelet decomposition for time series prediction. Neurocomputing 2002, 48, 267–277. [CrossRef]21. Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Bensalama, A.S.; Roshani, G.H.; Salama, A.S.; Spielmann, C.; Iliyasu, A.M. Enhanced Gamma-ray AttenuationBased Detection System Using an Artificial Neural Network. Photonics 2022, 9, 382. [CrossRef]22. Mayet, A.M.; Alizadeh, S.M.; Kakarash, Z.A.; Al-Qahtani, A.A.; Alanazi, A.K.; Alhashimi, H.H.; Eftekhari-Zadeh, E.; Nazemi, E. Introducing a Precise System for Determining Volume Percentages Independent of Scale Thickness and Type of Flow Regime. Mathematics 2022, 10, 1770. [CrossRef]23. Ivakhnenko, A.G. Polynomial theory of complex systems. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 1971, 4, 364–378. [CrossRef]24. Lalbakhsh, A.; Mohamadpour, G.; Roshani, S.; Ami, M.; Roshani, S.; Sayem, A.S.; Alibakhshikenari, M.; Koziel, S. Design of a compact planar transmission line for miniaturized rat-race coupler with harmonics suppression. IEEE Access 2021, 9, 129207–129217. [CrossRef]25. Hookari, M.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S. High-efficiency balanced power amplifier using miniaturized harmonics suppressed coupler. Int. J. RF Microw. Comput.-Aided Eng. 2020, 30, e22252. [CrossRef]26. Lotfi, S.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S.; Gilan, M.S. Wilkinson power divider with band-pass filtering response and harmonics suppression using open and short stubs. Frequenz 2020, 74, 169–176. [CrossRef]27. Jamshidi, M.; Siahkamari, H.; Roshani, S.; Roshani, S. A compact Gysel power divider design using U-shaped and T-shaped resonators with harmonics suppression. Electromagnetics 2019, 39, 491–504. [CrossRef]28. Khaibullina, K. Technology to remove asphaltene, resin and paraffin deposits in wells using organic solvents. In Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition 2016, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 26–28 September 2016. [CrossRef]29. Tikhomirova, E.A.; Sagirova, L.R.; Khaibullina, K.S. A review on methods of oil saturation modelling using IRAP RMS. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 2019, 378, 012075. [CrossRef]30. Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H.; Nazemi, F.; Khounani, Z.; Ghanavati, H.; Shafiei, M.; Karimi, K.; Lam, S.S.; Aghbashlo, M.; Tabatabaei, M. Safflower-based biorefinery producing a broad spectrum of biofuels and biochemicals: A life cycle assessment perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 802, 149842. [CrossRef]31. Nazemi, F.; Karimi, K.; Denayer, J.F.; Shafiei, M. Techno-economic aspects of different process approaches based on brown macroalgae feedstock: A step toward commercialization of seaweed-based biorefineries. Algal Res. 2021, 58, 102366. [CrossRef]32. Khaibullina, K.S.; Korobov, G.Y.; Lekomtsev, A.V. Development of an asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits inhibitor and substantiation of the technological parameters of its injection into the bottom-hole formation zone. Period. Tche Quim. 2020, 17, 769–781. [CrossRef]33. Khaibullina, K.S.; Sagirova, L.R.; Sandyga, M.S. Substantiation and selection of an inhibitor for preventing the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits. Period. Tche Quim. 2020, 17, 541–551. [CrossRef]34. Mayet, A.; Smith, C.E.; Hussain, M.M. Energy reversible switching from amorphous metal based nanoelectromechanical switch. In Proceedings of the 13th IEEE International Conference on Nanotechnology (IEEE-NANO 2013), Beijing, China, 5–8 August 2013; pp. 366–369.35. Khounani, Z.; Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha, H.; Nazemi, F.; Shaeifi, M.; Karimi, K.; Tabatabaei, M.; Aghbashlo, M.; Lam, S.S. Exergy analysis of a whole-crop safflower biorefinery: A step towards reducing agricultural wastes in a sustainable manner. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 279, 111822. [CrossRef] [PubMed]36. Shukla, N.K.; Mayet, A.M.; Vats, A.; Aggarwal, M.; Raja, R.K.; Verma, R.; Muqeet, M.A. High speed integrated RF–VLC data communication system: Performance constraints and capacity considerations. Phys. Commun. 2022, 50, 101492. [CrossRef]37. Mayet, A.; Hussain, A.; Hussain, M. Three-terminal nanoelectromechanical switch based on tungsten nitride—An amorphous metallic material. Nanotechnology 2016, 27, 035202. [CrossRef]38. Mayet, A.; Hussain, M. Amorphous WNx Metal For Accelerometers and Gyroscope. In Proceedings of the MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, USA, 30 November–5 December 2014.39. Gao, H.; Xu, K.; Cao, M.; Xiao, J.; Xu, Q.; Yin, Y. The Deep Features and Attention Mechanism-Based Method to Dish Healthcare Under Social IoT Systems: An Empirical Study With a Hand-Deep Local–Global Net. IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst. 2021, 9, 336–347. [CrossRef]40. Gao, H.; Xiao, J.; Yin, Y.; Liu, T.; Shi, J. A Mutually Supervised Graph Attention Network for Few-Shot Segmentation: The Perspective of Fully Utilizing Limited Samples. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 2022, 1–13. [CrossRef]41. Roshani, S.; Jamshidi, M.B.; Mohebi, F.; Roshani, S. Design and modeling of a compact power divider with squared resonators using artificial intelligence. Wirel. Pers. Commun. 2021, 117, 2085–2096. [CrossRef]42. Roshani, S.; Azizian, J.; Roshani, S.; Jamshidi, M.B.; Parandin, F. Design of a miniaturized branch line microstrip coupler with a simple structure using artificial neural network. Frequenz 2022, 76, 255–263. [CrossRef]43. Khaleghi, M.; Salimi, J.; Farhangi, V.; Moradi, M.J.; Karakouzian, M. Application of Artificial Neural Network to Predict Load Bearing Capacity and Stiffness of Perforated Masonry Walls. CivilEng 2021, 2, 48–67. [CrossRef]44. Dabiri, H.; Farhangi, V.; Moradi, M.J.; Zadehmohamad, M.; Karakouzian, M. Applications of Decision Tree and Random Forest as Tree-Based Machine Learning Techniques for Analyzing the Ultimate Strain of Spliced and Non-Spliced Reinforcement Bars. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4851. [CrossRef]45. Roshani, M.; Ali, P.J.; Roshani, G.H.; Nazemi, B.; Corniani, E.; Phan, N.H.; Tran, H.N.; Nazemi, E. X-ray tube with artificial neural network model as a promising alternative for radioisotope source in radiation based two phase flowmeters. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2020, 164, 109255. [CrossRef] [PubMed]46. Peyvandi, R.G.; Rad, S.I. Application of artificial neural networks for the prediction of volume fraction using spectra of gamma rays backscattered by three-phase flows. Eur. Phys. J. Plus 2017, 132, 511. [CrossRef]141914Volume fractionFeature extractionGMDH neural networkDual-energy gamma sourcePublicationORIGINALApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdfApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf4802536https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/58bb4a7e-9b2e-40d1-923d-23959db9f6a9/download6a602860a5e0c41952cbe20d721ad0bdMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/f571b4ca-1012-43d5-8aa6-e99e421cc565/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdf.txtApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain49122https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/502b1daf-4c78-4b9b-a58b-f8f731b075d3/download99c917a2239ed9480582dbd565095835MD53THUMBNAILApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdf.jpgApplication of wavelet characteristics and gmdh neural networks for precise estimation of oil product types and volume fractions.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg16322https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d47cde0e-bb1f-4a6d-8d8e-224a0d4dc87c/download43da1e3f59af4dea5a8b007abbbb3e47MD5411323/9548oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/95482024-09-17 12:44:42.558https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |