Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia
This article aims to highlight the evolution of crime in Colombia and how it is a drawback to the current understanding of the applicability of international humanitarian law. The peace agreement between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-FARC, the government and the emerging armed actors ar...
- Autores:
-
Perret, Antoine
García Otero, Ruth Cristina
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7046
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7046
https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- International humanitarian law
Organized crime
Armed conflict
Government
Derecho internacional humanitario
Crimen organizado
Conflicto armado
Gobierno
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- CC0 1.0 Universal
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Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Desafíos jurídicos planteados por la guerra contra las drogas y la lucha contra el crimen organizado en Colombia |
| title |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| spellingShingle |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia International humanitarian law Organized crime Armed conflict Government Derecho internacional humanitario Crimen organizado Conflicto armado Gobierno |
| title_short |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| title_full |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| title_fullStr |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| title_sort |
Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Perret, Antoine García Otero, Ruth Cristina |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Perret, Antoine García Otero, Ruth Cristina |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
International humanitarian law Organized crime Armed conflict Government |
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International humanitarian law Organized crime Armed conflict Government Derecho internacional humanitario Crimen organizado Conflicto armado Gobierno |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Derecho internacional humanitario Crimen organizado Conflicto armado Gobierno |
| description |
This article aims to highlight the evolution of crime in Colombia and how it is a drawback to the current understanding of the applicability of international humanitarian law. The peace agreement between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-FARC, the government and the emerging armed actors are a challenge to Colombian law and legal institutions. Accordingly, the article concluded that the use of force by the Colombian government against drug trafficking organizations, or socalled Criminal Gangs-BACRIM, does not seem to be the legal way to combat them since these organizations do not necessarily participate in hostilities, which means that the government has to follow a specific procedure. |
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2020-05-29 |
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Perret, A. y García, R. (2020). Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia. Jurídicas CUC, 16(1), 371–390. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16 |
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2389-7716 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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1692-3030 |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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Perret, A. y García, R. (2020). Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia. Jurídicas CUC, 16(1), 371–390. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16 10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16 2389-7716 Corporación Universidad de la Costa 1692-3030 REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7046 https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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JURÍDICAS CUC; Vol. 16, Núm. 1 (2020) |
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JURÍDICAS CUC JURÍDICAS CUC |
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Arias, G. & Restrepo, E. (october, 2010). The Changing Remnants of the Colombian Paramilitary and their Impact in the region. XXIX Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, (pp. 2–27). LASA 2010, Toronto, Canada. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267203311_The_Changing_Remnants_of_the_Co- lombian_Paramilitary_and_their_Impact_in_the_Region Attanasio, D. (2013). Emerging Voices: Drug Cartels, Bacrim, and Other Militarized Criminal Organizations–A New Role for the InterAmerican System? Opinio Juris, [Online]. Available from http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/29/emerging-voices-drug-cartels-bacrim-militarized-criminal-organizations-new-role-interamerican-system/ Barón, M. & Gómez, A. (2015). New drug trafficking armed groups in Colombia and the applicability of International Humanitarian Law. EAFIT Journal of International Law, 6(1), 50–72. Available from http://publicaciones.eafit.edu. co/index.php/ejil/article/view/3352 BBC. (july 22, 2010). 'Deep in Taliban territory': A drone pilot's account. [Online]. Available from https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-south-asia-10733013 El Espectador. (november 14, 2012). Bacrim, más que delicuentes. [Online]. Available from http://www.elespectador.com/no- ticias/judicial/articulo-387073-bacrim-mas-delincuentes El Pais. (july 21, 2019). “Hay cinco conflictos armados hoy en Colombia”. [Online]. Available from https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/07/20/colombia/1563649226_997490.html El Tiempo. (november 13, 2012). Bandas criminales deben ser catalogadas como grupos armados ilegales. [Online]. Available from http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARTICULO- WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12376523.html Grajales, J. (2011). El proceso de desmovilización de los paramilitares en Colombia: entre lo político y lo judicial. Desafios, 23(2), 149–194. Available from https://revistas.urosario. edu.co/index.php/desafios/article/viewFile/1805/1608 Granada, S., Restrepo, J. & Tobón, A. (2009). Neoparamilitarismo en Colombia: una herramienta conceptual para la interpretación de dinámicas recientes del conflicto armado colombiano. In J. A. Restrepo and D. Aponte (eds), Guerra y Violencia en Colombia: Herramientas e interpretaciones (pp. 466–499). Bogotá, D.C.: Editorial Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Available from https://www.cerac.org.co/ es/assets/files/guerrayviolencias/10_Neoparamilitarismo_ en_Colombia.pdf HRW. (february 3, 2010). Paramilitaries’ Heirs. The New Face of Violence in Colombia. [Online]. https://www.hrw.org/re- port/2010/02/03/paramilitaries-heirs/new-face-violence- colombia ICG. (may 10, 2007). ‘Colombia’s New Armed Groups’. [Latin American Report N° 20]. Available from https://www. crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/colombia/ colombia-s-new-armed-groups ICRC. (2014). The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols. [Online]. Available from https://www.icrc. org/es/document/los-convenios-de-ginebra-de-1949-y-sus- protocolos-adicionales ICRC. (2004a). What is International Humanitarian Law. [Online]. Available from https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/ other/what_is_ihl.pdf ICRC. (2004b). Second Expert Meeting Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. [Expert Paper]. The Hague: ICRC and the TMC Asser Institute. Available from https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/ files/other/direct_participation_in_hostilities_2004_eng. pdf ICRC. (1949). Treatment of Prisoners of War. [Online]. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/ Doc.32_GC-III-EN.pdf ICTY. (30 November 2005). Prosecutor v. Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala, Isak Musliu. [Case No. IT-03-66-T ]. Available from https://www.icty.org/x/cases/limaj/tjug/en/lim-tj051130-e. pdf ICTY. (16 June 2004). Prosecutor v. Milosevic. [Case No. IT-02- 54-T ]. Available from https://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobo- dan_milosevic/tdec/en/040616.pdf ICTY. (7 May 1997). Prosecutor v. Du[Ko Tadi] a/k/a/ “Dule”. [Case No. IT-94-1-T ]. Available from https://www.icty.org/x/cas- es/tadic/tjug/en/tad-tsj70507JT2-e.pdf Janes. (september 18, 2014). Ambush indicates local FARC- BACRIM alliance raises crime, extortion and kidnap risks in Colombia´s Urabá region. IHS Jane´s 360. [Online]. Available from https://www.janes.com/article/43248/am- bush-indicates-local-farc-bacrim-alliance-raises-crime- extortion-and-kidnap-risks-in-colombia-s-urab%E1-region (Web, 22 August 2015) Lohmuller, M. (march 16, 2015). Insight Crime. Colombia intensifies search for Urabeños leader. Insight Crime. [Online]. Available from https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/ colombia-intensifies-search-for-urabenos-leader/ Massé, F. (2011). ¿Bandas criminales o neoparamilitares? Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica, 11(2), 42–49. Available from http:// revistafal.com/numeros-anteriores/fal-11-2/ Massé, F. (coord.) (2010). La Evolución de las Estructuras Arma- das Post-desmovilización: Pasado, Presente y Futuro. [Tercer Informe del Observatorio de DDR y Ley de Justicia y Paz]. Madrid: Centro Internacional de Toledo para la Paz. Available from https://www.academia.edu/9301176/ La_evoluci%C3%B3n_de_las_estructuras_armadas_en_ el_per%C3%ADodo_post-desmovilizaci%C3%B3n Massé, F. & Munevar, J. (2017). Due Diligence in Colombia Gold Supply Chain. [Online]. Paris: OECD. Available from https://mneguidelines.oecd.org/Colombia-gold-supply- chain-overview.pdf McDermott, J. (2014). The Changing Face of Colombian Organized Crime. Perspectivas, (9). Bogotá, D.C.: Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung. Available from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ bueros/la-seguridad/11153.pdf Melzer, N. (2009). Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law. International Review of the Red Cross, 90(872), 991–1047. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383109000319 Melzer, N. (2005). Third Expert Meeting on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities. [Online]. Geneva: ICRC. Available from https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/other/direct_participation_in_hostilities_2005_eng.pdf Melzer, N. (september 7, 2016). International Humanitarian Law: a Comprehensive Introduction. [4231_IHL]. Geneva: ICRC. Available from https://shop.icrc.org/international-humanitarian-law-a-comprehensive-introduction-2891.html Nieto, N. (2008). ¿Hay o no hay conflicto armado en Colombia?, Anuario Colombiano de Derecho Internacional, 1(1), 139–159. Available at https://revistas.urosario.edu.co/index. php/acdi/article/viewFile/132/100 OAS. IACHR. (1999). Third Report on Human Rights in Colombia. [OEA/Ser.L/V/II.102. Doc. 9 rev. 1]. Washington: OAS. Available from http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Co- lom99en/table%20of%20contents.htm ONU. UNHCR. (2015). Colombia: The Black Eagles (Águilas Ne- gras), including areas of operation and criminal activities; whether the Black Eagles seek out individuals within Colombia and abroad; state protection available (2014-March 2015). [COL105125.E]. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Available from https://www.refworld. org/docid/5534ac604.html Padilla, A. & Bermúdez, A. (2016). To normalize conflict and denormalize violence: challenges and possibilities in a critical teaching of history of the colombian armed conflict. Revista Colombiana de Educación, (71), 187–218. Available at http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rcde/n71/ n71a08.pdf Pérez-Santiago, M. (august 8, 2012). Colombia’s BACRIM: Common Criminals or Actors in Armed Conflict? InSight Crime. [Online]. Available from https://www.insightcrime. org/news/analysis/colombia-s-bacrim-common-criminals- or-actors-in-armed-conflict/ Perret, A. (2014). The Role of the Inter-American System of Human Rights in the Regulation of Private Military and Securi- ty Companies (PMSCs) in Latin America. [PhD Thesis]. European University Institute, Florence, Italia. Available from https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/33870 Quéguiner, J. (2003). Direct Participation in Hostilities under In- ternational Humanitarian Law. [Online]. Geneva: ICRC. Available from https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/ other/2003-02-background-document-icrc.pdf Repúblic of Colombia. FARC-EP. (2016). Final agreement for the termination of the conflict and the building of a stable and lasting peace. [Final Agreement 12.11.2016]. Available from https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/ Fotos2016/12.11_1.2016nuevoacuerdofinal.pdf Rico, D. (2013). La Dimensión Internacional del Crimen Organiza- do en Colombia: Las Bacrim, sus Rutas y Refugios. [Online]. Washington: Wilson Center. Available from https:// www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/docu- ments/misc/Daniel%20Rico.pdf Rojas, D. (2013). Much more than a war on drugs: elementos para un balance del Plan Colombia. Análisis Político, 26(77), 113–132. Available from https://revistas.unal.edu.co/in- dex.php/anpol/article/view/44006 Romero, M. & Arias, A. (2010). Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris, Sobre paramilitaries, neoparamilitares y afines: Crecen sus acciones, ¿qué dice el gobierno? Arcanos, 13(15), 34–45. Available from http://www.arcoiris.com.co/wp-content/up- loads/2011/arcanos/revista_ARCANOS_15.pdf Sassòli, M. (2003). Legitimate Targets of Attacks Under Inter- national Humanitarian Law. [Online]. Geneva: IHLRI. Available from http://humanrightsvoices.org/assets/attach- ments/documents/Session1.pdf Sassòli, M., Bouvier, A. & Quintin, A. (2011). How does Law protect in War? Volume I. [Online]. Available from https://www. icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/publications/icrc-0739-part-i.pdf Semana. (march 14, 2015). Tras Otoniel, el nuevo patrón del mal. [Online]. Available from http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/tras-el-nuevo-patron-del-mal-alias-otoniel/421081-3 Semana. (october 13, 2012). Así será la negociación. [Online]. Available from http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/asi-sera- negociacion/266286-3 Semana. (mayo 28, 2011). Ley de Víctimas: un paso histórico. [On- line]. Available from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/ley-victimas-paso-historico/240497-3 Vité, S. (2009). Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations. International review of the red cross, 91(873), 69–94. Available from https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/assets/files/ other/irrc-873-vite.pdf Von, C. (2011). The Conflict in Colombia and the Relationship be- tween Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law in Practice: Analysis of the New Operational Law of the Colombian Armed Forces. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 16(1), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krr004 Wienend, S. and Tremaria, S. (2017). Paramilitarism in a Post- Demobilization Context? Insights from the Department of Antioquia in Colombia. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, (103), 25–50. http://doi. org/10.18352/erlacs.10161 |
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Perret, AntoineGarcía Otero, Ruth Cristina2020-09-01T00:35:23Z2020-09-01T00:35:23Z2020-05-29Perret, A. y García, R. (2020). Legal challenges posed by the war on drugs and the fight against organized crime in Colombia. Jurídicas CUC, 16(1), 371–390. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.16https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7046https://doi.org/10.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.1610.17981/juridcuc.16.1.2020.162389-7716Corporación Universidad de la Costa1692-3030REDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This article aims to highlight the evolution of crime in Colombia and how it is a drawback to the current understanding of the applicability of international humanitarian law. The peace agreement between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia-FARC, the government and the emerging armed actors are a challenge to Colombian law and legal institutions. Accordingly, the article concluded that the use of force by the Colombian government against drug trafficking organizations, or socalled Criminal Gangs-BACRIM, does not seem to be the legal way to combat them since these organizations do not necessarily participate in hostilities, which means that the government has to follow a specific procedure.Este trabajo tiene como objeto exponer la evo- lución del crimen en Colombia y como esta desafía la comprensión actual de la aplicabilidad del derecho internacional humanitario. El acuerdo de paz entre las Fuerzas Arma- das Revolucionarias de Colombia-FARC, el gobierno y los actores armados emergentes son un reto para el derecho y las instituciones jurídicas colombianas. Luego del análisis de estos factores se concluye que el uso de la fuerza por parte del gobierno colombiano contra las organizaciones de narcotráfico, o las llamadas Bandas Criminales-BACRIM, no parece ser la forma legal para combatirlos, toda vez que estas organizaciones no necesariamente participan en las hostilidades, lo cual significa que el estado tiene que seguir un procedimiento específico.Perret, Antoine-will be generated-orcid-0000-0001-9081-1808-600García Otero, Ruth Cristina-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-3127-1183-60020 páginasapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaJURÍDICAS CUC; Vol. 16, Núm. 1 (2020)JURÍDICAS CUCJURÍDICAS CUCArias, G. & Restrepo, E. (october, 2010). The Changing Remnants of the Colombian Paramilitary and their Impact in the region. XXIX Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, (pp. 2–27). LASA 2010, Toronto, Canada. Available from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267203311_The_Changing_Remnants_of_the_Co- lombian_Paramilitary_and_their_Impact_in_the_RegionAttanasio, D. (2013). Emerging Voices: Drug Cartels, Bacrim, and Other Militarized Criminal Organizations–A New Role for the InterAmerican System? Opinio Juris, [Online]. Available from http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/29/emerging-voices-drug-cartels-bacrim-militarized-criminal-organizations-new-role-interamerican-system/Barón, M. & Gómez, A. (2015). New drug trafficking armed groups in Colombia and the applicability of International Humanitarian Law. EAFIT Journal of International Law, 6(1), 50–72. Available from http://publicaciones.eafit.edu. co/index.php/ejil/article/view/3352BBC. (july 22, 2010). 'Deep in Taliban territory': A drone pilot's account. [Online]. Available from https://www.bbc.com/ news/world-south-asia-10733013El Espectador. (november 14, 2012). Bacrim, más que delicuentes. [Online]. Available from http://www.elespectador.com/no- ticias/judicial/articulo-387073-bacrim-mas-delincuentesEl Pais. (july 21, 2019). “Hay cinco conflictos armados hoy en Colombia”. [Online]. Available from https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/07/20/colombia/1563649226_997490.htmlEl Tiempo. (november 13, 2012). Bandas criminales deben ser catalogadas como grupos armados ilegales. [Online]. Available from http://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/ARTICULO- WEB-NEW_NOTA_INTERIOR-12376523.htmlGrajales, J. (2011). El proceso de desmovilización de los paramilitares en Colombia: entre lo político y lo judicial. Desafios, 23(2), 149–194. Available from https://revistas.urosario. edu.co/index.php/desafios/article/viewFile/1805/1608Granada, S., Restrepo, J. & Tobón, A. (2009). Neoparamilitarismo en Colombia: una herramienta conceptual para la interpretación de dinámicas recientes del conflicto armado colombiano. In J. A. Restrepo and D. 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