Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building

This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmoni...

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Autores:
Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivan
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Sarmiento Crespo, Paulo Cesar
Gómez Sarduy, Julio R.
Viego Felipe, Percy R.
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5231
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5231
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Administrative building
Effects of harmonics
Non-linear loads
Power electronics devices
Energy quality
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
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oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/5231
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
title Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
spellingShingle Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
Administrative building
Effects of harmonics
Non-linear loads
Power electronics devices
Energy quality
title_short Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
title_full Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
title_fullStr Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
title_full_unstemmed Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
title_sort Effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivan
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Sarmiento Crespo, Paulo Cesar
Gómez Sarduy, Julio R.
Viego Felipe, Percy R.
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Silva Ortega, Jorge Ivan
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Sarmiento Crespo, Paulo Cesar
Gómez Sarduy, Julio R.
Viego Felipe, Percy R.
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Administrative building
Effects of harmonics
Non-linear loads
Power electronics devices
Energy quality
topic Administrative building
Effects of harmonics
Non-linear loads
Power electronics devices
Energy quality
description This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmonics on the power factor. As a case study, the offices of an administrative building were used, where the measurements of the main energy quality parameters were carried out for a week. The results showed the presence of current harmonics and flicker problems due to non-linear loads such as the frequency inverters that drive the motors of the elevators and escalators, as well as the LED lamps. These problems cause systematic damage to the lighting system, UPS and improper correction of the power factor. The study also demonstrates the need to deepen the effects of energy quality not only in the industrial and residential sectors. In addition, attention must be paid to the tertiary sector, specifically to administrative buildings.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-02T19:33:51Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-09-02T19:33:51Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-12
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5231
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv http://DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.1951-1960
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] L. Hens, et al., “On the evolution of “Cleaner Production” as a concept and a practice,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 172, pp. 3323-3333, 2018. [2] IEA, “Key world energy statistics,” International energy agency, Paris, 2018. [3] IEA, “CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2018,” International energy agency, Paris, 2018. [4] J. W. Grimaldo, et al., “Forecast electricity demand model using predicted values of sectorial gross domestic product: Case of Colombia,” Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 3-14, 2017. [5] S. Rönnberg and M. Bollen, “Power quality issues in the electric power system of the future,” The electricity journal, vol. 29, pp. 49–61, 2016. [6] R. Aboelsaud, et al., “Review of three-phase inverters control for unbalanced load compensation,” International journal of power electronics and drive system (IJPEDS), vol. 10, pp. 242-255, 2019. [7] S. A. Zegnoun, et al., “Power quality enhancement by using D-FACTS systems applied to distributed generation,” International journal of power electronics and drive system (IJPEDS), vol. 10, pp. 330-341, 2019. [8] A. Rash, et al., “Harmonics-what are they, how to measure them and how to solve the problem (in connection with standards IEEE 1159-1995 and IEEE 519-1992),” in Proceedings of 19th convention of electrical and electronics engineers in Israel, 1996, pp. 83-86. [9] J. Mazumdar and R. G. Harley, “Determining IEEE 519 compliance of a customer in a power system,” in 2007 IEEE Power electronics specialists conference, 2007, pp. 2758-2764. [10] IEEE, IEEE Std 519-1992: Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in power systems, 1993. [11] V. Sousa, et al., “Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by pwm motor drives in electrical industrial systems,” International journal of electrical and computer engineering (IJECE), vol. 7, pp. 3207-3216, 2017. [12] S.R. Movahed, et al., “Estimation of insulation life of inverter- fed induction motors,” in 2010 1st Power electronic & drive systems & technologies conference (PEDSTC), 2010, pp. 335 - 339. [13] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation, vol. 7, pp. 790-796, 2000. [14] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proceedings electrotechnical conference, MELECON 98, vol.2, 1998, pp. 997-999. [15] G. K. Singh, "A research survey of induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply wave forms," Electric power systems research, vol. 75, pp. 200-213, 2005. [16] Y. Wang, et al, “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proceedings 2014 International power electronics and application conference and exposition, Shanghai, 2014. pp. 1428-1433. [17] Y. Wang, et al, “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proceedings electrical machines and systems (ICEMS), 2014, pp. 2945-2949. [18] V. Sousa, et al, “Estimating induction motor efficiency under no-controlled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages,” in 2015 CHILEAN Conference on electrical, electronics engineering, information and communication technologies (CHILECON), 2015, pp. 567-572. [19] P. Donolo, et al., “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Electric power systems research, vol. 140, pp. 866-873, 2016. [20] M. Digalovski, et al, “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proceedings. EUROCON, 2013, pp. 1531-1535. [21] D. M. Said, et al, “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proceedings 14th International conference on harmonics and quality of power - ICHQP 2010, 2010, pp. 1-6. [22] M. T. Bishop, et al., “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 305-311, 1996. [23] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proceedings second international conference on properties and applications, vol.2, 1988. pp. 645-648. [24] C. Boonseng, et al, “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proceedings power engineering society winter meeting, vol.3, 2001, pp. 1003-1008. [25] A. S. Gutiérrez, et al., “Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 198, pp. 1443-1458, 2018. [26] E. C. Quispe, et al., “Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors,” International journal of electrical and computer engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, pp. 1412-1422, 2018. [27] J. I. Silva-Ortega, et al., “ Monitoring electromagnetic fields and safe operation levels in electrical power transmission lines,” Chemical engineering transactions, vol. 67, pp. 715-720, 2018. [28] J. I. Silva-Ortega, et al., “Demand energy forecasting using genetic algorithm to guarantee safety on electrical transportation system,” Chemical engineering transactions, vol. 67, pp. 787-792, 2018. [29] M. Liua and B. Mi, “Life cycle cost analysis of energy-efficient buildings subjected to earthquakes,” Energy and buildings, vol. 154, pp. 581–589, 2017. [30] M. Balbis, et al., “Energy assessment of the system pumping a climate control scheme with water coolers for an educational building using dynamic simulation,” Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 19-31, 2017. [31] M. Barros, et al., "Energy consumption comparison between air conditioning system mini-split and variable refrigerant flow in an educational building," Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 19-27, 2017. [32] Z. Zheng, et al., “Study on energy consumption ration for office buildings,” Energy procedia, vol. 142, pp. 2317-2322, 2017. [33] J. Jia and W. Lee, “The rising energy efficiency of office buildings in Hong Kong,” Energy and buildings, vol. 166, pp. 296–304, 2018. [34] J. J. C. Eras, et al., “Tools to improve forecasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 137, pp. 803-812, 2016. [35] J. A. Madrigal, et al., “Evaluation of air conditioning in commercial buildings, integrating thermography techniques, simulation and modeling by finite elements,” Información tecnológica, vol. 29, pp. 179-188, 2018. [36] A. Ospino, et al., “Analysis of energy management and financial planning in the implementation of photovoltaic systems,” International journal of energy economics and policy, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, 2019. [37] A. De Almeida, et al., “Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures,” Energy and buildings, vol. 47, pp. 151-158, 2012. [38] X. Xu, et al., “A review on temperature and humidity control methods focusing on air-conditioning equipment and control algorithms applied in small-to-medium-sized buildings,” Energy and buildings, vol. 162, pp. 163–176, 2018. [39] C. K. Gan, et al., “Techno-economic analysis of LED lighting: A case study in UTeM's faculty building,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 208-216, 2013. [40] A. Moreno-Munoz, et al., “Distributed DC-UPS for energy smart buildings,” Energy and buildings, vol. 43, pp. 93-100, 2011. [41] IEEE, IEEE Std 1159: IEEE Recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality, 2009. [42] IEEE, IEEE Std 1453-2004: IEEE Recommended practice for measurement and limits of voltage fluctuations and associated light flicker on ac power systems, 2005. [43] H. W. Beaty, et al., “Electrical power systems quality”, Chicago: McGraw Hill, 2004. [44] IEEE, EEE 519-2014: Recommended practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems., 2014. [45] V. Sousa, et al., “Assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering realtime monitoring,” Measurement, vol. 136, p. 237–247, 2019.
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spelling Silva Ortega, Jorge IvanSousa Santos, VladimirSarmiento Crespo, Paulo CesarGómez Sarduy, Julio R.Viego Felipe, Percy R.Quispe, Enrique Ciro2019-09-02T19:33:51Z2019-09-02T19:33:51Z2019-122088-8694https://hdl.handle.net/11323/5231Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper proposes the analysis of the effects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative building. For the study a method is applied that allows the analysis of the main problems of energy quality such as voltage variation, harmonics, flicker, and the effect of harmonics on the power factor. As a case study, the offices of an administrative building were used, where the measurements of the main energy quality parameters were carried out for a week. The results showed the presence of current harmonics and flicker problems due to non-linear loads such as the frequency inverters that drive the motors of the elevators and escalators, as well as the LED lamps. These problems cause systematic damage to the lighting system, UPS and improper correction of the power factor. The study also demonstrates the need to deepen the effects of energy quality not only in the industrial and residential sectors. In addition, attention must be paid to the tertiary sector, specifically to administrative buildings.Universidad de la Costa, Universidad de Cienfuegos, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente.Silva Ortega, Jorge IvanSousa Santos, VladimirSarmiento Crespo, Paulo CesarGómez Sarduy, Julio R.Viego Felipe, Percy R.Quispe, Enrique CiroengInternational Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systemhttp://DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i4.1951-1960[1] L. Hens, et al., “On the evolution of “Cleaner Production” as a concept and a practice,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 172, pp. 3323-3333, 2018. [2] IEA, “Key world energy statistics,” International energy agency, Paris, 2018. [3] IEA, “CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2018,” International energy agency, Paris, 2018. [4] J. W. Grimaldo, et al., “Forecast electricity demand model using predicted values of sectorial gross domestic product: Case of Colombia,” Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 3-14, 2017. [5] S. Rönnberg and M. Bollen, “Power quality issues in the electric power system of the future,” The electricity journal, vol. 29, pp. 49–61, 2016. [6] R. Aboelsaud, et al., “Review of three-phase inverters control for unbalanced load compensation,” International journal of power electronics and drive system (IJPEDS), vol. 10, pp. 242-255, 2019. [7] S. A. Zegnoun, et al., “Power quality enhancement by using D-FACTS systems applied to distributed generation,” International journal of power electronics and drive system (IJPEDS), vol. 10, pp. 330-341, 2019. [8] A. Rash, et al., “Harmonics-what are they, how to measure them and how to solve the problem (in connection with standards IEEE 1159-1995 and IEEE 519-1992),” in Proceedings of 19th convention of electrical and electronics engineers in Israel, 1996, pp. 83-86. [9] J. Mazumdar and R. G. Harley, “Determining IEEE 519 compliance of a customer in a power system,” in 2007 IEEE Power electronics specialists conference, 2007, pp. 2758-2764. [10] IEEE, IEEE Std 519-1992: Recommended practices and requirements for harmonic control in power systems, 1993. [11] V. Sousa, et al., “Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by pwm motor drives in electrical industrial systems,” International journal of electrical and computer engineering (IJECE), vol. 7, pp. 3207-3216, 2017. [12] S.R. Movahed, et al., “Estimation of insulation life of inverter- fed induction motors,” in 2010 1st Power electronic & drive systems & technologies conference (PEDSTC), 2010, pp. 335 - 339. [13] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation, vol. 7, pp. 790-796, 2000. [14] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proceedings electrotechnical conference, MELECON 98, vol.2, 1998, pp. 997-999. [15] G. K. Singh, "A research survey of induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply wave forms," Electric power systems research, vol. 75, pp. 200-213, 2005. [16] Y. Wang, et al, “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proceedings 2014 International power electronics and application conference and exposition, Shanghai, 2014. pp. 1428-1433. [17] Y. Wang, et al, “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proceedings electrical machines and systems (ICEMS), 2014, pp. 2945-2949. [18] V. Sousa, et al, “Estimating induction motor efficiency under no-controlled conditions in the presences of unbalanced and harmonics voltages,” in 2015 CHILEAN Conference on electrical, electronics engineering, information and communication technologies (CHILECON), 2015, pp. 567-572. [19] P. Donolo, et al., “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Electric power systems research, vol. 140, pp. 866-873, 2016. [20] M. Digalovski, et al, “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proceedings. EUROCON, 2013, pp. 1531-1535. [21] D. M. Said, et al, “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proceedings 14th International conference on harmonics and quality of power - ICHQP 2010, 2010, pp. 1-6. [22] M. T. Bishop, et al., “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 305-311, 1996. [23] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proceedings second international conference on properties and applications, vol.2, 1988. pp. 645-648. [24] C. Boonseng, et al, “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proceedings power engineering society winter meeting, vol.3, 2001, pp. 1003-1008. [25] A. S. Gutiérrez, et al., “Electricity management in the production of lead-acid batteries: The industrial case of a production plant in Colombia,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 198, pp. 1443-1458, 2018. [26] E. C. Quispe, et al., “Unbalanced voltages impacts on the energy performance of induction motors,” International journal of electrical and computer engineering (IJECE), vol. 8, pp. 1412-1422, 2018. [27] J. I. Silva-Ortega, et al., “ Monitoring electromagnetic fields and safe operation levels in electrical power transmission lines,” Chemical engineering transactions, vol. 67, pp. 715-720, 2018. [28] J. I. Silva-Ortega, et al., “Demand energy forecasting using genetic algorithm to guarantee safety on electrical transportation system,” Chemical engineering transactions, vol. 67, pp. 787-792, 2018. [29] M. Liua and B. Mi, “Life cycle cost analysis of energy-efficient buildings subjected to earthquakes,” Energy and buildings, vol. 154, pp. 581–589, 2017. [30] M. Balbis, et al., “Energy assessment of the system pumping a climate control scheme with water coolers for an educational building using dynamic simulation,” Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 19-31, 2017. [31] M. Barros, et al., "Energy consumption comparison between air conditioning system mini-split and variable refrigerant flow in an educational building," Espacios, vol. 38, pp. 19-27, 2017. [32] Z. Zheng, et al., “Study on energy consumption ration for office buildings,” Energy procedia, vol. 142, pp. 2317-2322, 2017. [33] J. Jia and W. Lee, “The rising energy efficiency of office buildings in Hong Kong,” Energy and buildings, vol. 166, pp. 296–304, 2018. [34] J. J. C. Eras, et al., “Tools to improve forecasting and control of the electricity consumption in hotels,” Journal of cleaner production, vol. 137, pp. 803-812, 2016. [35] J. A. Madrigal, et al., “Evaluation of air conditioning in commercial buildings, integrating thermography techniques, simulation and modeling by finite elements,” Información tecnológica, vol. 29, pp. 179-188, 2018. [36] A. Ospino, et al., “Analysis of energy management and financial planning in the implementation of photovoltaic systems,” International journal of energy economics and policy, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, 2019. [37] A. De Almeida, et al., “Energy-efficient elevators and escalators in Europe: An analysis of energy efficiency potentials and policy measures,” Energy and buildings, vol. 47, pp. 151-158, 2012. [38] X. Xu, et al., “A review on temperature and humidity control methods focusing on air-conditioning equipment and control algorithms applied in small-to-medium-sized buildings,” Energy and buildings, vol. 162, pp. 163–176, 2018. [39] C. K. Gan, et al., “Techno-economic analysis of LED lighting: A case study in UTeM's faculty building,” Procedia Engineering, vol. 53, pp. 208-216, 2013. [40] A. Moreno-Munoz, et al., “Distributed DC-UPS for energy smart buildings,” Energy and buildings, vol. 43, pp. 93-100, 2011. [41] IEEE, IEEE Std 1159: IEEE Recommended practice for monitoring electric power quality, 2009. [42] IEEE, IEEE Std 1453-2004: IEEE Recommended practice for measurement and limits of voltage fluctuations and associated light flicker on ac power systems, 2005. [43] H. W. Beaty, et al., “Electrical power systems quality”, Chicago: McGraw Hill, 2004. [44] IEEE, EEE 519-2014: Recommended practice and requirements for harmonic control in electric power systems., 2014. [45] V. Sousa, et al., “Assessment of the energy efficiency estimation methods on induction motors considering realtime monitoring,” Measurement, vol. 136, p. 237–247, 2019.CC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Administrative buildingEffects of harmonicsNon-linear loadsPower electronics devicesEnergy qualityEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality of an administrative buildingArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionPublicationLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/7d77b60d-d3cc-487b-98ad-00257ffbb19e/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53ORIGINALEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdfEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdfapplication/pdf401939https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/eac255da-b776-457d-bb47-ecc5086ae7fa/downloadb476a12811672815d35de7bf7d4845c1MD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/5448f050-0daa-4c68-b778-3aae8e961c7b/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52THUMBNAILEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdf.jpgEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg57749https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c65288e2-b00c-43fa-915a-1e15e290695f/download4df6ef54fa36c845f289c5ad0da2b7aaMD55TEXTEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdf.txtEffects of power electronics devices on the energy quality.pdf.txttext/plain32635https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e5d0d878-879b-4771-bc4d-ce647c53796b/download259c0521e787275c33e2f4ef7fc38aa0MD5611323/5231oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/52312024-09-17 10:18:06.713http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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