Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems

This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and tra...

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Autores:
Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Viego, Percy Rafael
Gómez, Julio Rafael
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2017
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/952
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/952
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
PWM motor drives
Harmonic statistical analysis
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openAccess
License
Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id RCUC2_3faf8bd69ee96dc7eec007d0624c9335
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/952
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
title Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
spellingShingle Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
PWM motor drives
Harmonic statistical analysis
title_short Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
title_full Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
title_fullStr Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
title_full_unstemmed Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
title_sort Harmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systems
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Viego, Percy Rafael
Gómez, Julio Rafael
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Sousa Santos, Vladimir
Hernandez Herrera, Hernan
Quispe, Enrique Ciro
Viego, Percy Rafael
Gómez, Julio Rafael
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
PWM motor drives
Harmonic statistical analysis
topic Electrical industrial system
Harmonic distortion
PWM motor drives
Harmonic statistical analysis
description This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated voltage harmonics mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. With these values, the operation of elements such as capacitors, motors and transformers can be affected. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2017-12-06
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-14T15:13:05Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2018-11-14T15:13:05Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 20888708
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/952
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 20888708
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/952
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv [1] S. R. Movahed, et al., “Estimation of insulation life of inverter-fed induction motors,” in Proceedings Conference Power Electronic & Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 335-339, 2010. [2] G. K. Singh, “A research survey of induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply wave forms,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol/issue: 75(2), pp. 200-213, 2005. [3] G. Suresh, et al., “Analysis of the effect of feeder cable on the stator winding voltage stress in a PWM induction motor drive,” in Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference, 1997, and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, pp. 407-412, 1997. [4] M. C. Di Piazza and M. Pucci. “Techniques for efficiency improvement in PWM motor drives,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 136, pp. 270-280, 2016. [5] M. Chirindo, et al., “Considerations for nonintrusive efficiency estimation of inverter-fed induction motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol/issue: 63(2), pp. 741-749, 2016. [6] C. J. R. Kriel, et al., “The influence of variable speed drives on electric motor opperating temperatures,” in Proceedings Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy Conference (ICUE), pp. 1-6, 2013. [7] R. Mayuri, et al., “Eddy current loss modelling in transformer iron losses operated by PWM inverter,” in Proceedings. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International on, pp. 1-5, 2010. [8] M. Digalovski, et al., “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proceedings. EUROCON, pp. 1531-1535, 2013. [9] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol/issue: 7(6), pp. 790-796, 2000. [10] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proceedings Electrotechnical Conference, MELECON 98, vol. 2, pp. 997-999, 1998. [11] J. P. G. de Abreu and A. E. Emanuel, “Induction motor thermal aging caused by voltage distortion and imbalance: loss of useful life and its estimated cost,” in Proceedings Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, pp. 105-114, 2001. [12] V. S. Santos, et al., “Procedure for determining induction motor efficiency working under distorted grid voltages,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol/issue: 30(1), pp. 331-339, 2015. [13] P. Donolo, et al., “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol/issue: 140(1), pp. 866-873, 2016. [14] “IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality,” IEEE Standard 1159, 2009. [15] Y. Wang, et al., “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proceedings 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, Shanghai, pp. 1428-1433, 2014. [16] Y. Wang, et al., “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proceedings Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 2945-2949, 2014. [17] B. Zhu, et al., “Effects of the inverter parameters on the eddy current losses in induction motor fed by PWM inverter,” in Proceedings Electrical Machines and Systems ICEMS 2008, pp. 4240-4243, 2008. [18] A. Strandt, et al., “No-load power losses and motor overheating effects versus PWM switching frequencies,” in Proceedings Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), pp. 280-283, 2014. [19] D. M. Said, et al., “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proceedings 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power - ICHQP 2010, pp. 1-6, 2010. [20] G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power distribution transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol/issue: 30(2), pp. 485-489, 1994. [21] M. T. Bishop, et al., “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol/issue: 11(1), pp. 305-311, 1996. [22] L. W. Pierce, “Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol/issue: 32(3), pp. 633-645, 1996. [23] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proceedings Second International Conference on Properties and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 645-648, 1988. [24] C. Boonseng, et al., “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proceedings Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE, Columbus, vol. 3, pp. 1003-1008, 2001. [25] A. Souli and A. Hellal, “Design of a Computer Code To Evaluate the Influence of the Harmonics in the Electrical Networks,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol/issue: 2(5), pp. 681-690, 2012. [26] M. J. H. Rawa, et al., “Power quality monitoring and simulation of a personal computer based on IEEE 1459- 2010,” in Proceedings International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 671-675, 2013. [27] P. Aramwanid and I. Boonyaroonate, “Power quality impact study and analysis of electrical power efficacy in sugar industry,” in Proceedings Conference Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, pp. 1-4, 2015. [28] M. J. Ghorbani and H. Mokhtari, “Impact of Harmonics on Power Quality and Losses in Power Distribution Systems,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol/issue: 5(1), pp. 166-174, 2015. [29] Y. Baghzouz, et al., “Time-varying harmonics. I. Characterizing measured data,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol/issue: 13(3), pp. 938-944, 1998. [30] A. E. Emanuel and J. A. Orr, “Six-pulse converter atypical harmonics caused by second harmonic voltage,” in Proceedings Conference 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 340-346, 2002. [31] C. Collombet, et al., “Harmonics disturbances in networks, and their treatment,” Cahier Technique Merlin Gerin, vol/issue: 1(152), pp. 1-31, 1999.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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rights_invalid_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
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spelling Sousa Santos, VladimirHernandez Herrera, HernanQuispe, Enrique CiroViego, Percy RafaelGómez, Julio Rafael2018-11-14T15:13:05Z2018-11-14T15:13:05Z2017-12-0620888708https://hdl.handle.net/11323/952Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This paper evaluates the harmonic distortion generated by PWM motor drives in an electrical industrial system of a wheat flour mill company. For this, a comparative study between two industrial circuits connected at the same point of common coupling (PCC) with similar characteristics of load and transformers is presented. The difference is that one circuit has PWM motor drives and the other does not have them. In the study, a practical method based on the statistical characterization of the total harmonic distortion of voltage (THDV) and current (THDI), individual voltage distortion (IVD), individual current distortion (ICD) and K-Factor is applied. As result, it was observed that PWM motor drives generated voltage harmonics mainly of fifth and seventh order with values that exceed limits established by standards in both circuits. With these values, the operation of elements such as capacitors, motors and transformers can be affected. In the work is also demonstrated that in the analysis of harmonics is necessary to consider various parameters and not only one.Sousa Santos, Vladimir-0000-0001-8808-1914-600Hernandez Herrera, Hernan-d3f0ff8a-ec90-485a-b33b-40d187052285-0Quispe, Enrique Ciro-82fa64db-e560-4049-85e9-ee34bf04f8f7-0Viego, Percy Rafael-73186627-023b-4e63-af11-5eef74f4f434-0Gómez, Julio Rafael-36158e7a-d9e6-4448-8a78-a3ce97be46cf-0International Journal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Electrical industrial systemHarmonic distortionPWM motor drivesHarmonic statistical analysisHarmonic distortion evaluation generated by PWM motor drives in electrical industrial systemsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion[1] S. R. Movahed, et al., “Estimation of insulation life of inverter-fed induction motors,” in Proceedings Conference Power Electronic & Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), pp. 335-339, 2010. [2] G. K. Singh, “A research survey of induction motor operation with non-sinusoidal supply wave forms,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol/issue: 75(2), pp. 200-213, 2005. [3] G. Suresh, et al., “Analysis of the effect of feeder cable on the stator winding voltage stress in a PWM induction motor drive,” in Proceedings Electrical Insulation Conference, 1997, and Electrical Manufacturing & Coil Winding Conference, pp. 407-412, 1997. [4] M. C. Di Piazza and M. Pucci. “Techniques for efficiency improvement in PWM motor drives,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 136, pp. 270-280, 2016. [5] M. Chirindo, et al., “Considerations for nonintrusive efficiency estimation of inverter-fed induction motors,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol/issue: 63(2), pp. 741-749, 2016. [6] C. J. R. Kriel, et al., “The influence of variable speed drives on electric motor opperating temperatures,” in Proceedings Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy Conference (ICUE), pp. 1-6, 2013. [7] R. Mayuri, et al., “Eddy current loss modelling in transformer iron losses operated by PWM inverter,” in Proceedings. Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International on, pp. 1-5, 2010. [8] M. Digalovski, et al., “Impact of current high order harmonic to core losses of three-phase distribution transformer,” in Proceedings. EUROCON, pp. 1531-1535, 2013. [9] H. Oraee, “A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motor insulation systems,” IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol/issue: 7(6), pp. 790-796, 2000. [10] A. Inan and F. Attar, “The life expectancy analysis for an electric motor due to harmonics,” in Proceedings Electrotechnical Conference, MELECON 98, vol. 2, pp. 997-999, 1998. [11] J. P. G. de Abreu and A. E. Emanuel, “Induction motor thermal aging caused by voltage distortion and imbalance: loss of useful life and its estimated cost,” in Proceedings Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference, pp. 105-114, 2001. [12] V. S. Santos, et al., “Procedure for determining induction motor efficiency working under distorted grid voltages,” IEEE Transaction on Energy Conversion, vol/issue: 30(1), pp. 331-339, 2015. [13] P. Donolo, et al., “Voltage unbalance and harmonic distortion effects on induction motor power, torque and vibrations,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol/issue: 140(1), pp. 866-873, 2016. [14] “IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality,” IEEE Standard 1159, 2009. [15] Y. Wang, et al., “Calculation of high frequency bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed VF induction motor,” in Proceedings 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition, Shanghai, pp. 1428-1433, 2014. [16] Y. Wang, et al., “Research on discharging bearing currents of PWM inverter-fed variable frequency induction motor,” in Proceedings Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), pp. 2945-2949, 2014. [17] B. Zhu, et al., “Effects of the inverter parameters on the eddy current losses in induction motor fed by PWM inverter,” in Proceedings Electrical Machines and Systems ICEMS 2008, pp. 4240-4243, 2008. [18] A. Strandt, et al., “No-load power losses and motor overheating effects versus PWM switching frequencies,” in Proceedings Renewable Energy Research and Application (ICRERA), pp. 280-283, 2014. [19] D. M. Said, et al., “Analysis of distribution transformer losses and life expectancy using measured harmonic data,” in Proceedings 14th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power - ICHQP 2010, pp. 1-6, 2010. [20] G. W. Massey, “Estimation methods for power system harmonic effects on power distribution transformers,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol/issue: 30(2), pp. 485-489, 1994. [21] M. T. Bishop, et al., “Evaluating harmonic-induced transformer heating,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol/issue: 11(1), pp. 305-311, 1996. [22] L. W. Pierce, “Transformer design and application considerations for nonsinusoidal load currents,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol/issue: 32(3), pp. 633-645, 1996. [23] W. Chen and Z. Cheng, “An experimental study of the damaging effects of harmonics in power networks on the capacitor dielectrics,” in Proceedings Second International Conference on Properties and Applications, vol. 2, pp. 645-648, 1988. [24] C. Boonseng, et al., “Failure analysis of dielectric of low voltage power capacitors due to related harmonic resonance effects,” in Proceedings Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2001. IEEE, Columbus, vol. 3, pp. 1003-1008, 2001. [25] A. Souli and A. Hellal, “Design of a Computer Code To Evaluate the Influence of the Harmonics in the Electrical Networks,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol/issue: 2(5), pp. 681-690, 2012. [26] M. J. H. Rawa, et al., “Power quality monitoring and simulation of a personal computer based on IEEE 1459- 2010,” in Proceedings International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 671-675, 2013. [27] P. Aramwanid and I. Boonyaroonate, “Power quality impact study and analysis of electrical power efficacy in sugar industry,” in Proceedings Conference Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, pp. 1-4, 2015. [28] M. J. Ghorbani and H. Mokhtari, “Impact of Harmonics on Power Quality and Losses in Power Distribution Systems,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol/issue: 5(1), pp. 166-174, 2015. [29] Y. Baghzouz, et al., “Time-varying harmonics. I. Characterizing measured data,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol/issue: 13(3), pp. 938-944, 1998. [30] A. E. Emanuel and J. A. Orr, “Six-pulse converter atypical harmonics caused by second harmonic voltage,” in Proceedings Conference 10th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, pp. 340-346, 2002. [31] C. Collombet, et al., “Harmonics disturbances in networks, and their treatment,” Cahier Technique Merlin Gerin, vol/issue: 1(152), pp. 1-31, 1999.PublicationORIGINALHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdfHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdfapplication/pdf547533https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/79906f27-8a7b-42b6-a56d-5527a3b01ff1/downloadcb0f59652b8d215b3bdbb3a84c89029fMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/067f5048-eb96-4592-93de-c5ca3cdec02d/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52THUMBNAILHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdf.jpgHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg67727https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4808ffb2-9b00-4bf6-8627-326c769d71f4/download505fbdb0ac56e306c7246ab2e513dad2MD54TEXTHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdf.txtHarmonic Distortion Evaluation Generated by PWM Motor.pdf.txttext/plain34071https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/924a4b1a-58fc-4fe7-a511-9cf62d8e88e6/download64cf28e65e07a997a22fd9a37118bed1MD5511323/952oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9522024-09-17 14:05:47.767open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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