Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots

The purpose of this study was to analyze the body composition symmetry in upper and lower body segments of aircrafts pilots. To reach the study aim, body composition in upper and lower body segments of 206 male aircraft pilots of the Spanish Army (23.1 ± 6.87 years) and 105 civilians (24.0 ± 6.29 ye...

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Autores:: Curiel-Regueros, Agustín
Ardigò, Luca Paolo
Bustamante-Sánchez, Álvaro
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Fuentes García, Juan Pedro
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier

Tipo de recurso:: Article of journal

Fecha de publicación:: 2022

Institución:: Corporación Universidad de la Costa

Repositorio:: REDICUC - Repositorio CUC

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	RCUC2
network_name_str	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
title	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
spellingShingle	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots Body composition Body fat mass Body water Lean mass Pilots Symmetry
title_short	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
title_full	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
title_fullStr	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
title_full_unstemmed	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
title_sort	Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots
dc.creator.fl_str_mv	Curiel-Regueros, Agustín Ardigò, Luca Paolo Bustamante-Sánchez, Álvaro Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco Fuentes García, Juan Pedro Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv	Curiel-Regueros, Agustín Ardigò, Luca Paolo Bustamante-Sánchez, Álvaro Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco Fuentes García, Juan Pedro Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv	Body composition Body fat mass Body water Lean mass Pilots Symmetry
topic	Body composition Body fat mass Body water Lean mass Pilots Symmetry
description	The purpose of this study was to analyze the body composition symmetry in upper and lower body segments of aircrafts pilots. To reach the study aim, body composition in upper and lower body segments of 206 male aircraft pilots of the Spanish Army (23.1 ± 6.87 years) and 105 civilians (24.0 ± 6.29 years) were evaluated by a bioimpedance analyser (InBody 720, Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Aircraft pilots presented a tendency to dysmetria in upper and lower body segments, showing fitter values in the protagonist side when performing flight functions. Dysmetria could be detrimental during flight manoeuvres and produce injuries in aircraft pilots. It would be recommended to design specific training protocols to improve this imbalance. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-16T14:16:33Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv	2022-06-16T14:16:33Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv	2022
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv	http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv	Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv	Curiel-Regueros, Agustín, Luca P. Ardigò, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, José F. Tornero-Aguilera, Juan P. Fuentes-García, and Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez. 2022. "Body Composition Symmetry in Aircraft Pilots" Symmetry 14, no. 2: 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020356
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9263
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv	10.3390/sym14020356
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv	2073-8994
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv	Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv	REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv	https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv	Curiel-Regueros, Agustín, Luca P. Ardigò, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, José F. Tornero-Aguilera, Juan P. Fuentes-García, and Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez. 2022. "Body Composition Symmetry in Aircraft Pilots" Symmetry 14, no. 2: 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020356 10.3390/sym14020356 2073-8994 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url	https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9263 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv	Symmetry
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv	Kumar, U.; Parkash, V.; Mandal, M.K. Stress in Extreme Conditions: A Military Perspective. Stress Work Perspect. Underst. Manag. Stress 2013, 21, 101–128. Gates, M.A.; Holowka, D.W.; Vasterling, J.J.; Keane, T.M.; Marx, B.P.; Rosen, R.C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans and Military Personnel: Epidemiology, Screening, and Case Recognition. Psychol. Serv. 2012, 9, 361 Weeks, S.R.; McAuliffe, C.L.; DuRussel, D.; Pasquina, P.F. Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: The Military Example. PM&R 2010, 2, 438–441. Brunet, A.; Monson, E.; Liu, A.; Fikretoglu, D. Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Canadian Military. Can. J. Psychiatry 2015, 60, 488–496. Olsen, O.K.; Pallesen, S.; Jarle, E. The Impact of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Moral Reasoning in Military Officers. Sleep 2010, 33, 1086–1090. Kolka, M.A.; Latzka, W.A.; Montain, S.J.; Corr, W.P.; O’Brien, K.K.; Sawka, M.N. Effectiveness of Revised Fluid Replacement Guidelines for Military Training in Hot Weather. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2003, 74, 242–246. Gutiérrez, H.M.; Bastidas, A.R.; Pachón, L.; Hincapié, G.A. Indirect Oxygen Consumption (VO2 ) in Military Diagnosed with Acute Mountain Sickness. Rev. Med. 2015, 23, 17–23. Thomas, J.L.; Adler, A.B.; Wittels, P.; Enne, R.; Johannes, B. Comparing Elite Soldiers’ Perceptions of Psychological and Physical Demands during Military Training. Mil. Med. 2004, 169, 526–530. Richmond, V.L.; Horner, F.E.; Wilkinson, D.M.; Rayson, M.P.; Wright, A.; Izard, R. Energy Balance and Physical Demands during an 8-Week Arduous Military Training Course. Mil. Med. 2014, 179, 421–427. Gharasi-Manshadi, M.; Meskarpour-Amiri, M.; Mehdizadeh, P. Lost Productivity among Military Personnel with Cardiovascular Disease. BMJ Mil. Health 2018, 164, 235–239. Hartmann, E.; Sunde, T.; Kristensen, W.; Martinussen, M. Psychological Measures as Predictors of Military Training Performance. J. Personal. Assess. 2003, 80, 87–98. Pierce, J.R.; DeGroot, D.W.; Grier, T.L.; Hauret, K.G.; Nindl, B.C.; East, W.B.; McGurk, M.S.; Jones, B.H. Body Mass Index Predicts Selected Physical Fitness Attributes but Is Not Associated with Performance on Military Relevant Tasks in US Army Soldiers. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, S79–S84. Orantes-Gonzalez, E.; Heredia-Jimenez, J.; Escabias, M. Body Mass Index and Aerobic Capacity: The Key Variables for Good Performance in Soldiers. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2021, 1956599. Kopp, W. How Western Diet and Lifestyle Drive the Pandemic of Obesity and Civilization Diseases. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2019, 12, 2221. Voss, J.D.; Pavela, G.; Stanford, F.C. Obesity as a Threat to National Security: The Need for Precision Engagement. Int. J. Obes. 2019, 43, 437–439. Friedl, K.E. Body Composition and Military Performance—Many Things to Many People. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, S87–S100. Ackland, T.R.; Lohman, T.G.; Sundgot-Borgen, J.; Maughan, R.J.; Meyer, N.L.; Stewart, A.D.; Müller, W. Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport. Sports Med. 2012, 42, 227–249. Hoerster, K.D.; Lehavot, K.; Simpson, T.; McFall, M.; Reiber, G.; Nelson, K.M. Health and Health Behavior Differences: US Military, Veteran, and Civilian Men. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012, 43, 483–489. Harty, P.S.; Friedl, K.E.; Nindl, B.C.; Harry, J.R.; Vellers, H.L.; Tinsley, G.M. Military Body Composition Standards and Physical Performance: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021 Villafaina, S.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Gusi, N.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots in Different Combat Flight Maneuvers in a Flight Simulator. Physiol. Behav. 2021, 238, 113483. Honkanen, T.; Mäntysaari, M.; Leino, T.; Avela, J.; Kerttula, L.; Haapamäki, V.; Kyröläinen, H. Cross-Sectional Area of the Paraspinal Muscles and Its Association with Muscle Strength among Fighter Pilots: A 5-Year Follow-Up. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2019, 20, 170. Rintala, H. Determining Fighter Pilot’s G Load: Pilot’s Fatigue Index. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, S38. [CrossRef] Wagstaff, A.S.; Jahr, K.I.; Rodskier, S. +Gz-Induced Spinal Symptoms in Fighter Pilots: Operational and Individual Associated Factors. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2012, 83, 1092–1096. Fuentes-García, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Marazuela-Martínez, M.Á.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Villafaina, S. Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 787. Veerle De Loose, P.T.; Burnotte, F.; Damien Van Tiggelen, P.T.; Van den Oord MSc, M.; Pieter van Amerongen, M.D. Review of the Belgian and the Netherlands National Work Programme on the Long Term Effects Of Sustained High G on the Cervical Spine. Age 2008, 30, 30–39. Sánchez, Á.B.; Herradón, V.M.L.; Saiz, J.F.G.; Laguna, T.T.; Suárez, V.J.C. Psychophysiological Response of Fighter Aircraft Pilots in Normobaric Hypoxia Training. Arch. Med. Deporte Rev. Fed. Española Med. Deporte Confed. Iberoam. Med. Deporte 2018, 35, 99–102. Lijewski, M.; Burdukiewicz, A.; Pietraszewska, J.; Andrzejewska, J.; Stacho ´n, A. Asymmetry of Muscle Mass Distribution and Grip Strength in Professional Handball Players. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1913. Belinchon-deMiguel, P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modula tion Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 2018, 42, 32. Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Martínez Sánchez, F.; García, P.E.; Rubio Arias, J.Á.; Cerezal, A.B.; Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Jiménez Díaz, J.F. Body Composition Features in Different Playing Position of Professional Team Indoor Players: Basketball, Handball and Futsal. Int. J. Morphol. 2014, 32, 1316–1324. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Nikolaidis, P.T. Use of Bioimpedianciometer as Predictor of Mountain Marathon Performance. J. Med. Syst. 2017, 41, 73. Bustamante-Sánchez, Á.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Body Composition Differences in Military Pilots and Aircrew. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2020, 91, 565–570. Sun, G.; French, C.R.; Martin, G.R.; Younghusband, B.; Green, R.C.; Xie, Y.; Mathews, M.; Barron, J.R.; Fitzpatrick, D.G.; Gulliver, W. Comparison of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry for Assessment of Percentage Body Fat in a Large, Healthy Population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 74–78. Wang, Z.-M.; Heshka, S.; Pierson, R.N., Jr.; Heymsfield, S.B. Systematic Organization of Body-Composition Methodology: An Overview with Emphasis on Component-Based Methods. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 61, 457–465. Gibson, A.L.; Holmes, J.C.; Desautels, R.L.; Edmonds, L.B.; Nuudi, L. Ability of New Octapolar Bioimpedance Spectroscopy Analyzers to Predict 4-Component–Model Percentage Body Fat in Hispanic, Black, and White Adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 332–338. Aandstad, A.; Holtberget, K.; Hageberg, R.; Holme, I.; Anderssen, S.A. Validity and Reliability of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Skinfold Thickness in Predicting Body Fat in Military Personnel. Mil. Med. 2014, 179, 208–217. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J. Mechanical, Physical, and Physiological Analysis of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Combat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2013, 27, 2420–2426. Díaz, J.F.J.; Campo, D.J.R.; Arias, J.A.R.; Sánchez, F.M.; García, P.E.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Vicente, J.G.V. Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Response of Male and Female Soldiers during a Simulated Attack Maneuver. Open Sports Sci. J. 2014, 7, 73–79. Clemente-Suarez, V.J.; Robles-Pérez, J.J. Respuesta Orgánica En Una Simulación de Combate. Sanid. Mil. 2012, 68, 97–100. Hormeño-Holgado, A.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Effect of Different Combat Jet Manoeuvres in the Psychophysiological Response of Professional Pilots. Physiol. Behav. 2019, 208, 112559. Bustamante-Sánchez, Á.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Response to Disorientation Training in Different Aircraft Pilots. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2020, 45, 241–247. Var, S.M.; Marangoz, I. Leg Volume and Mass Scales of Elite Male and Female Athletes in Some Olympic Sports. World J. Educ. 2018, 8, 54–58. Jackman, R.W.; Kandarian, S.C. The Molecular Basis of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol. 2004, 287, C834–C843. Bonaldo, P.; Sandri, M. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Atrophy. Dis. Models Mech. 2013, 6, 25–39. Powers, S.K.; Kavazis, A.N.; McClung, J.M. Oxidative Stress and Disuse Muscle Atrophy. J. Appl. Physiol. 2007, 102, 2389–2397. Promsri, A.; Longo, A.; Haid, T.; Doix, A.-C.M.; Federolf, P. Leg Dominance as a Risk Factor for Lower-Limb Injuries in Downhill Skiers—A Pilot Study into Possible Mechanisms. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3399. Suárez, V.C.; Campo, D.R.; González-Ravé, J.M. Modifications to Body Composition after Running an Alpine Marathon. Int. SportMed J. 2011, 12, 133–140. Rynkiewicz, M.; Rynkiewicz, T.; Zurek, P.; Ziemann, E.; Szymanik, R. Asymmetry of Muscle Mass Distribution in Tennis Players. Trends Sport Sci. 2013, 20, 47–53. Poliszczuk, T.; Ma ´nkowska, M.; Poliszczuk, D.; Wi´sniewski, A. Symmetry and Asymmetry of Reaction Time and Body Tissue Composition of Upper Limbs in Young Female Basketball Players. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab. 2013, 19, 132–136. Mala, L.; Maly, T.; Cabell, L.; Hank, M.; Bujnovsky, D.; Zahalka, F. Anthropometric, Body Composition, and Morphological Lower Limb Asymmetries in Elite Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 1140. Bustamante-Sánchez, Á.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Response in Night and Instrument Helicopter Flights. Ergonomics 2020, 63, 399–406
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spelling	Curiel-Regueros, AgustínArdigò, Luca PaoloBustamante-Sánchez, ÁlvaroTornero Aguilera, José FranciscoFuentes García, Juan PedroClemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier2022-06-16T14:16:33Z2022-06-16T14:16:33Z2022Curiel-Regueros, Agustín, Luca P. Ardigò, Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, José F. Tornero-Aguilera, Juan P. Fuentes-García, and Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez. 2022. "Body Composition Symmetry in Aircraft Pilots" Symmetry 14, no. 2: 356. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020356https://hdl.handle.net/11323/926310.3390/sym140203562073-8994Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The purpose of this study was to analyze the body composition symmetry in upper and lower body segments of aircrafts pilots. To reach the study aim, body composition in upper and lower body segments of 206 male aircraft pilots of the Spanish Army (23.1 ± 6.87 years) and 105 civilians (24.0 ± 6.29 years) were evaluated by a bioimpedance analyser (InBody 720, Biospace Co. Ltd., Seoul, Korea). Aircraft pilots presented a tendency to dysmetria in upper and lower body segments, showing fitter values in the protagonist side when performing flight functions. Dysmetria could be detrimental during flight manoeuvres and produce injuries in aircraft pilots. It would be recommended to design specific training protocols to improve this imbalance. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.8 páginasapplication/pdfengMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)SwitzerlandAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)© Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilotsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/2/356SymmetryKumar, U.; Parkash, V.; Mandal, M.K. Stress in Extreme Conditions: A Military Perspective. Stress Work Perspect. Underst. Manag. Stress 2013, 21, 101–128.Gates, M.A.; Holowka, D.W.; Vasterling, J.J.; Keane, T.M.; Marx, B.P.; Rosen, R.C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Veterans and Military Personnel: Epidemiology, Screening, and Case Recognition. Psychol. Serv. 2012, 9, 361Weeks, S.R.; McAuliffe, C.L.; DuRussel, D.; Pasquina, P.F. Physiological and Psychological Fatigue in Extreme Conditions: The Military Example. PM&R 2010, 2, 438–441.Brunet, A.; Monson, E.; Liu, A.; Fikretoglu, D. Trauma Exposure and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Canadian Military. Can. J. Psychiatry 2015, 60, 488–496.Olsen, O.K.; Pallesen, S.; Jarle, E. The Impact of Partial Sleep Deprivation on Moral Reasoning in Military Officers. Sleep 2010, 33, 1086–1090.Kolka, M.A.; Latzka, W.A.; Montain, S.J.; Corr, W.P.; O’Brien, K.K.; Sawka, M.N. Effectiveness of Revised Fluid Replacement Guidelines for Military Training in Hot Weather. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2003, 74, 242–246.Gutiérrez, H.M.; Bastidas, A.R.; Pachón, L.; Hincapié, G.A. Indirect Oxygen Consumption (VO2 ) in Military Diagnosed with Acute Mountain Sickness. Rev. Med. 2015, 23, 17–23.Thomas, J.L.; Adler, A.B.; Wittels, P.; Enne, R.; Johannes, B. Comparing Elite Soldiers’ Perceptions of Psychological and Physical Demands during Military Training. Mil. Med. 2004, 169, 526–530.Richmond, V.L.; Horner, F.E.; Wilkinson, D.M.; Rayson, M.P.; Wright, A.; Izard, R. Energy Balance and Physical Demands during an 8-Week Arduous Military Training Course. Mil. Med. 2014, 179, 421–427.Gharasi-Manshadi, M.; Meskarpour-Amiri, M.; Mehdizadeh, P. Lost Productivity among Military Personnel with Cardiovascular Disease. BMJ Mil. Health 2018, 164, 235–239.Hartmann, E.; Sunde, T.; Kristensen, W.; Martinussen, M. Psychological Measures as Predictors of Military Training Performance. J. Personal. Assess. 2003, 80, 87–98.Pierce, J.R.; DeGroot, D.W.; Grier, T.L.; Hauret, K.G.; Nindl, B.C.; East, W.B.; McGurk, M.S.; Jones, B.H. Body Mass Index Predicts Selected Physical Fitness Attributes but Is Not Associated with Performance on Military Relevant Tasks in US Army Soldiers. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, S79–S84.Orantes-Gonzalez, E.; Heredia-Jimenez, J.; Escabias, M. Body Mass Index and Aerobic Capacity: The Key Variables for Good Performance in Soldiers. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 2021, 1956599.Kopp, W. How Western Diet and Lifestyle Drive the Pandemic of Obesity and Civilization Diseases. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther. 2019, 12, 2221.Voss, J.D.; Pavela, G.; Stanford, F.C. Obesity as a Threat to National Security: The Need for Precision Engagement. Int. J. Obes. 2019, 43, 437–439.Friedl, K.E. Body Composition and Military Performance—Many Things to Many People. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2012, 26, S87–S100.Ackland, T.R.; Lohman, T.G.; Sundgot-Borgen, J.; Maughan, R.J.; Meyer, N.L.; Stewart, A.D.; Müller, W. Current Status of Body Composition Assessment in Sport. Sports Med. 2012, 42, 227–249.Hoerster, K.D.; Lehavot, K.; Simpson, T.; McFall, M.; Reiber, G.; Nelson, K.M. Health and Health Behavior Differences: US Military, Veteran, and Civilian Men. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012, 43, 483–489.Harty, P.S.; Friedl, K.E.; Nindl, B.C.; Harry, J.R.; Vellers, H.L.; Tinsley, G.M. Military Body Composition Standards and Physical Performance: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2021Villafaina, S.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; Gusi, N.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots in Different Combat Flight Maneuvers in a Flight Simulator. Physiol. Behav. 2021, 238, 113483.Honkanen, T.; Mäntysaari, M.; Leino, T.; Avela, J.; Kerttula, L.; Haapamäki, V.; Kyröläinen, H. Cross-Sectional Area of the Paraspinal Muscles and Its Association with Muscle Strength among Fighter Pilots: A 5-Year Follow-Up. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2019, 20, 170.Rintala, H. Determining Fighter Pilot’s G Load: Pilot’s Fatigue Index. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2017, 20, S38. [CrossRef]Wagstaff, A.S.; Jahr, K.I.; Rodskier, S. +Gz-Induced Spinal Symptoms in Fighter Pilots: Operational and Individual Associated Factors. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2012, 83, 1092–1096.Fuentes-García, J.P.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Marazuela-Martínez, M.Á.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Villafaina, S. Impact of Real and Simulated Flights on Psychophysiological Response of Military Pilots. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 787.Veerle De Loose, P.T.; Burnotte, F.; Damien Van Tiggelen, P.T.; Van den Oord MSc, M.; Pieter van Amerongen, M.D. Review of the Belgian and the Netherlands National Work Programme on the Long Term Effects Of Sustained High G on the Cervical Spine. Age 2008, 30, 30–39.Sánchez, Á.B.; Herradón, V.M.L.; Saiz, J.F.G.; Laguna, T.T.; Suárez, V.J.C. Psychophysiological Response of Fighter Aircraft Pilots in Normobaric Hypoxia Training. Arch. Med. Deporte Rev. Fed. 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Body composition symmetry in aircraft pilots

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