The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus cri...

Full description

Autores:
Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel
Ruisoto, Pablo
Diaz Arroyo, Esperanza
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen Cecilia
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8926
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8926
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
COVID-19
Anxiety
Depression
Burnout
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Eating disorder
Violence
Apps
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_3e89fd93ca8a42f3d93a64ba19f44784
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8926
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
title The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
spellingShingle The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
COVID-19
Anxiety
Depression
Burnout
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Eating disorder
Violence
Apps
title_short The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
title_full The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
title_fullStr The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
title_full_unstemmed The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
title_sort The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical review
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel
Ruisoto, Pablo
Diaz Arroyo, Esperanza
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen Cecilia
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier
Martínez-González, Marina Begoña
Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camilo
Navarro Jiménez, Eduardo
Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabel
Ruisoto, Pablo
Diaz Arroyo, Esperanza
Laborde Cardenas, Carmen Cecilia
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv COVID-19
Anxiety
Depression
Burnout
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Eating disorder
Violence
Apps
topic COVID-19
Anxiety
Depression
Burnout
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Eating disorder
Violence
Apps
description The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus critical review. The method was a narrative review of the available literature to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health concerns and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found the pandemic has had a direct impact on psychopathologies such as anxiety, increasing its ratios, and depression. Other syndromes such as burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder have increased with the pandemic, showing a larger incidence among medical personnel. Moreover, eating disorders and violence have also increased. Public authorities must prepare healthcare systems for increasing incidences of mental pathologies. Mental health apps are one of the tools that can be used to reach the general population.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-25T19:11:13Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-11-25T19:11:13Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-09-24
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1660-4601
1661-7827
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8926
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 1660-4601
1661-7827
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8926
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Platto, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Carafoli, E. History of the COVID-19 pandemic: Origin, explosion, worldwide spreading. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021, 538, 14–23. [CrossRef]
2. Gostin, L.O. COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization; InJAMA Health Forum 1 April 2020; American Medical Association: Chicago, IL, USA, 2020; Volume 1, No. 4; p. e200559.
3. Mathieu, E.; Ritchie, H.; Ortiz-Ospina, E.; Roser, M.; Hasell, J.; Appel, C.; Giattino, C.; Rodés-Guirao, L. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2021, 5, 947–953. [CrossRef]
4. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Jiménez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.C.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Maestre-Serrano, R.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Dy
5. Charumilind, S.; Craven, M.; Lamb, J.; Sabow, A.; Wilson, M.; McKinsey & Company. When Will the COVID-19 Pandemic End? 2020. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-theCOVID-19-pandemic-end (accessed on 21 July 2021).
6. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Jimenez, M.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health: An Extensive Narrative Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3221. [CrossRef]
7. Holmes, E.A.; O’Connor, R.C.; Perry, V.H.; Tracey, I.; Wessely, S.; Arseneault, L.; Ballard, C.; Christensen, H.; Silver, R.C.; Everall, I.; et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 547–560. [CrossRef]
8. Venkatesh, V.; Samyuktha, V.N.; Wilson, B.P.; Kattula, D.; Ravan, J.R. Psychological impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on health care providers: A qualitative study. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2021, 10, 1666–1672. [PubMed]
9. Grattan, L.M.; Roberts, S.; Mahan, W.T.; McLaughlin, P.K.; Otwell, W.S.; Morris, J.G. The Early Psychological Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Florida and Alabama Communities. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 838–843. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
10. Noy, I.; Doan, N. COVID-19 Cost More in 2020 than the World’s Combined Natural Disasters in Any of the Past 20 Years. The Conversation. Available online: http://theconversation.com/COVID-19-cost-more-in-2020-than-the-worlds-combined-naturaldisasters-in-any-of-the-past-20-years-156646 (accessed on 21 July 2021).
11. Choukér, A.; Stahn, A.C. COVID-19—The largest isolation study in history: The value of shared learnings from spaceflight analogs. NPJ Microgravity 2020, 6, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
12. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Ruisoto, P.; Dalamitros, A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; LabordeCárdenas, C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. Performance of Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Emergency System in COVID-19 Pandemic. An Extensive Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5208. [CrossRef]
13. Usher, K.; Bhullar, N.; Durkin, J.; Gyamfi, N.; Jackson, D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 29, 549–552. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
14. Volkow, N.D. Collision of the COVID-19 and Addiction Epidemics. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 173, 61–62. [CrossRef]
15. Tison, G.H.; Avram, R.; Kuhar, P.; Abreau, S.; Marcus, G.M.; Pletcher, M.J.; Olgin, J.E. Worldwide Effect of COVID-19 on Physical Activity: A Descriptive Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 173, 767–770. [CrossRef]
16. Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V. Gender Differences in the COVID-19 Pandemic Risk Perception, Psychology, and Behaviors of Spanish University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021,
18, 3908. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
17. Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.B.; Pyrkosch, L.; Maricic, L.M.; Betzler, F.; Rogoll, J.; Große, J.; Ströhle, A.; Plag, J. Correction to: Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2021, 271, 1409. [CrossRef]
18. McGinty, E.E.; Presskreischer, R.; Han, H.; Barry, C.L. Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA 2020, 324, 93. [CrossRef]
19. Holland, K.M.; Jones, C.; Vivolo-Kantor, A.M.; Idaikkadar, N.; Zwald, M.; Hoots, B.; Yard, E.; D’Inverno, A.; Swedo, E.; Chen, M.S.; et al. Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry 2021, 78, 372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
20. Shah, S.M.A.; Mohammad, D.; Qureshi, M.F.H.; Abbas, M.Z.; Aleem, S. Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Community Ment. Health J. 2021, 57, 101–110. [CrossRef]
21. Felice, C.; Di Tanna, G.L.; Zanus, G.; Grossi, U. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on healthcare workers in Italy: Results from a national E-survey. J. Community Health 2020, 45, 675–683. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
22. Dincer, B.; Inangil, D. The effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on nurses’ stress, anxiety, and burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Explore 2021, 17, 109–114. [CrossRef]
23. Pokhrel, N.B.; Khadayat, R.; Tulachan, P. Depression, anxiety, and burnout among medical students and residents of a medical school in Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020, 20, 298. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
24. Liu, C.H.; Zhang, E.; Wong, G.T.F.; Hyun, S.; Hahm, H. “Chris” Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 290, 113172. [CrossRef]
25. González, M.B.M. La certeza de lo impredecible. Cult. Educ. Soc. 2020, 11, 3–6.
26. Agbaria, Q.; Mokh, A.A. Coping with stress during the Coronavirus outbreak: The contribution of Big Five personality traits and social support. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2021, 21, 1–9.
27. Rogowska, A.M.; Ku´snierz, C.; Bokszczanin, A. Examining Anxiety, Life Satisfaction, General Health, Stress and Coping Styles During COVID-19 Pandemic in Polish Sample of University Students. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2020, 13, 797–811. [CrossRef]
28. Altena, E.; Baglioni, C.; Espie, C.A.; Ellis, J.; Gavriloff, D.; Holzinger, B.; Schlarb, A.; Frase, L.; Jernelöv, S.; Riemann, D. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13052. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
29. Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.; Smith, L.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [CrossRef]
30. Cellini, N.; Canale, N.; Mioni, G.; Costa, S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13074. [CrossRef]
31. Priego-Parra, B.A.; Triana-Romero, A.; Pinto-Gálvez, S.M.; Ramos, C.D.; Salas-Nolasco, O.; Reyes, M.M.; de la Medina, A.R.; Remes-Troche, J.M. Anxiety, depression, attitudes, and internet addiction during the initial phase of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional study in México. bioRxiv 2020.
32. Eghtesadi, M. Breaking social isolation amidst COVID-19: A viewpoint on improving access to technology in long-term care facilities: Letter to the Editor. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2020, 68, 949–950. [CrossRef]
33. Armitage, R.; Nellums, L.B. COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e256. [CrossRef]
34. Hwang, T.-J.; Rabheru, K.; Peisah, C.; Reichman, W.; Ikeda, M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2020, 32, 1217–1220. [CrossRef]
35. Vasquez, L.; Sampor, C.; Villanueva, G.; Maradiegue, E.; Garcia-Lombardi, M.; Gomez-García, W.; Moreno, F.; Diaz, R.; Cappellano, A.M.; Portilla, C.A.; et al. Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric cancer care in Latin America. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 753–755. [CrossRef]
36. Varella, M.A.C.; Luoto, S.; Soares, R.B.D.S.; Valentova, J.V. COVID-19 Pandemic on Fire: Evolved Propensities for Nocturnal Activities as a Liability Against Epidemiological Control. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 646711. [CrossRef]
37. Holm, N. No time for fun: The politics of partying during a pandemic. Cult. Stud. 2021, 35, 452–461. [CrossRef]
38. De Jesus, D.S.V. As If There Were No Tomorrow: New Year’s CovidFests in Brazil. Sociol. Study 2021, 11, 33–36. [CrossRef]
39. Lallement, E.; Godet, A. From Bal masques to masked balls: Festivity in the era of social distancing. J. Festive Stud. 2020, 2, 32–40. [CrossRef]
40. Nofre, J.; Garcia-Ruiz, M.; Sánchez Fuarros, I.; Vale Pires, C. Hopes and uncertainties in the nightlife industry of post-COVID-19 Europe. Finisterra 2020, 55, 249–254. [CrossRef]
41. Daniel, S.J. Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects 2020, 49, 1–6. [CrossRef]
42. Dhawan, S. Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. J. Educ. Technol. Syst. 2020, 49, 5–22. [CrossRef]
43. Putri, R.S.; Purwanto, A.; Pramono, R.; Asbari, M.; Wijayanti, L.M.; Hyun, C.C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on online home learning: An explorative study of primary schools in Indonesia. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2020, 29, 4809–4818.
44. Dong, C.; Cao, S.; Li, H. Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2020, 118, 105440. [CrossRef]
45. Besser, A.; Flett, G.L.; Zeigler-Hill, V. Adaptability to a sudden transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the challenges for students. Sch. Teach. Learn. Psychol. 2020. [CrossRef]
46. Farooq, A.; Laato, S.; Islam, A.K.M.N. Impact of Online Information on Self-Isolation Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e19128. [CrossRef]
47. Gao, J.; Zheng, P.; Jia, Y.; Chen, H.; Mao, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Fu, H.; Dai, J. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0231924. [CrossRef]
48. Wheaton, M.G.; Prikhidko, A.; Messner, G.R. Is Fear of COVID-19 Contagious? The Effects of Emotion Contagion and Social Media Use on Anxiety in Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2021, 11, 567379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
49. Léger, D.; Beck, F.; Fressard, L.; Verger, P.; Peretti-Watel, P.; Seror, V.; Cortaredona, S.; Launay, O.; Raude, J.; Legleye, S.; et al. Poor sleep associated with overuse of media during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep 2020, 43. [CrossRef]
50. Mota, N.B.; Weissheimer, J.; Ribeiro, M.; De Paiva, M.; Avilla-Souza, J.; Simabucuru, G.; Chaves, M.F.; Cecchi, L.; Cirne, J.; Cecchi, G.; et al. Dreaming during the COVID-19 pandemic: Computational assessment of dream reports reveals mental suffering related to fear of contagion. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0242903. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
51. Baldi, E.; Savastano, S. Fear of Contagion: One of the Most Devious Enemies to Fight during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2020, 1–2. [CrossRef]
52. De Luca, P.; Bisogno, A.; Colacurcio, V.; Marra, P.; Cassandro, C.; Camaioni, A.; Cassandro, E.; Scarpa, A. Diagnosis and treatment delay of head and neck cancers during COVID-19 era in a tertiary care academic hospital: What should we expect? Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2021, 1–5. [CrossRef]
53. Van der Westhuizen, H.-M.; Kotze, K.; Tonkin-Crine, S.; Gobat, N.; Greenhalgh, T. Face coverings for COVID-19: From medical intervention to social practice. BMJ 2020, 370, m3021. [CrossRef]
54. Grundmann, F.; Epstude, K.; Scheibe, S. Face masks reduce emotion-recognition accuracy and perceived closeness. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0249792. [CrossRef]
55. Taylor, S.; Asmundson, G.J.G. Negative attitudes about facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: The dual importance of perceived ineffectiveness and psychological reactance. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0246317. [CrossRef]
56. Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Niu, X. The COVID-19 pandemic reduces trust behavior. Econ. Lett. 2021, 199, 109700. [CrossRef]
57. Hanna, E.S.; Dingwall, R.; McCartney, M.; West, R.; Townsend, E.; Cassell, J.; Martin, G. Sociocultural reflections on face coverings must not ignore the negative consequences. BMJ 2020, 371, m3782. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
58. Kumari, P.; Gupta, P.; Piyoosh, A.K.; Tyagi, B.; Kumar, P. COVID 19: Impact on mental health of graduating and post graduating students. J. Stat. Manag. Syst. 2021, 24, 67–79. [CrossRef]
59. Dunn, M.; Stephany, F.; Sawyer, S.; Munoz, I.; Raheja, R.; Vaccaro, G.; Lehdonvirta, V. When motivation becomes desperation: Online freelancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. SocArXiv 2020. [CrossRef]
60. Jesus, D.S.V. Necropolitics and necrocapitalism: The impact of COVID-19 on Brazilian creative economy. Mod. Econ. 2020, 11, 1121–1140. [CrossRef]
61. Thakur, V.; Jain, A. COVID 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 952–953. [CrossRef]
62. Trougakos, J.P.; Chawla, N.; McCarthy, J.M. Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 105, 1234–1245. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
63. Pandey, K.; Parreñas, R.S.; Sabio, G.S. Essential and Expendable: Migrant Domestic Workers and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am. Behav. Sci. 2021, 65, 1287–1301. [CrossRef]
64. Rubenstein, R.E.; Simmons, S. (Eds.) Conflict Resolution after the Pandemic: Building Peace, Pursuing Justice; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2021.
65. Santabárbara, J.; Lasheras, I.; Lipnicki, D.M.; Bueno-Notivol, J.; Pérez-Moreno, M.; López-Antón, R.; De la Cámara, C.; Lobo, A.; Gracia-García, P. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2021, 109, 110207. [CrossRef]
66. Adwas, A.A.; Jbireal, J.M.; Azab, A.E. Anxiety: Insights into Signs, Symptoms, Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. East Afr. Sch. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 2, 580–591.
67. Roy, D.; Tripathy, S.; Kar, S.K.; Sharma, N.; Verma, S.K.; Kaushal, V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102083. [CrossRef]
68. Lozano-Vargas, A. Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China. Rev. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2020, 83, 51–56. [CrossRef]
69. Rodríguez-Muñoz, A.; Antino, M.; Ruíz-Zorrilla, P.; Sanz-Vergel, A. Los Efectos Psicológicos de la Cuarentena por el COVID-19: Un estudio Longitudinal [Proyecto de Investigación en Ejecución]; Universidad Complutense: Madrid, Spain, 2020.
70. Escobar Toro, S. Situación de Salud Mental en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá Durante el Aislamiento Preventivo Decretado en Colombia por la Pandemia del Covid 19: Un Análisis Exploratorio. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Eafit, Medellín, Colombia, 2020.
71. Czeisler, M.É.; Lane, R.I.; Petrosky, E.; Wiley, J.F.; Christensen, A.; Njai, R.; Weaver, M.D.; Robbins, R.; Facer-Childs, E.R.; Barger, L.K.; et al. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020, 69, 1049. [CrossRef]
72. Bello, H.J.; Palomar-Ciria, N.; Baca-García, E.; Lozano, C. Suicide classificaction for news media using convolutional neural network. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2103.03727.
73. Sloan, M.M.; Haner, M.; Graham, A.; Cullen, F.T.; Pickett, J.T.; Jonson, C.L. Pandemic emotions: The extent, correlates, and mental health consequences of fear of COVID-19. Sociol. Spectr. 2021, 41, 369–386. [CrossRef]
74. Xiong, J.; Lipsitz, O.; Nasri, F.; Lui, L.M.W.; Gill, H.; Phan, L.; Chen-Li, D.; Iacobucci, M.; Ho, R.; Majeed, A.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 55–64. [CrossRef]
75. Pfefferbaum, B.; North, C.S. Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 510–512. [CrossRef]
76. Usher, K.; Durkin, J.; Bhullar, N. The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 29, 315–318. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
77. Rossi, R.; Socci, V.; Talevi, D.; Mensi, S.; Niolu, C.; Pacitti, F.; Di Marco, A.; Rossi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Di Lorenzo, G. COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 790. [CrossRef]
78. Shah, K.; Kamrai, D.; Mekala, H.; Mann, B.; Desai, K.; Patel, R.S. Focus on mental health during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Applying learnings from the past outbreaks. Cureus 2020, 12, e7405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
79. Dozois, D.J.A. Mental Health Research Canada. Anxiety and depression in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Can. Psychol. 2021, 62, 136–142. [CrossRef]
80. Mazza, M.G.; De Lorenzo, R.; Conte, C.; Poletti, S.; Vai, B.; Bollettini, I.; Melloni, E.M.T.; Furlan, R.; Ciceri, F.; Rovere-Querini, P.; et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 89, 594–600. [CrossRef]
81. Alpert, O.; Begun, L.; Garren, P.; Solhkhah, R. Cytokine storm induced new onset depression in patients with COVID-19. A new look into the association between depression and cytokines -two case reports. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 2020, 9, 100173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
82. Choi, E.P.H.; Hui, B.P.H.; Wan, E.Y.F. Depression and Anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3740. [CrossRef]
83. Gillespie, A.; Carson, J.; Van Assche, I.; Murphy, S.; Harmer, C.P. 737 Risk factors for depression vulnerability during the COVID19 pandemic: Findings from the Oxford COSIE (COVID-19, Social Isolation and Emotion) Study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020, 40, S417–S418. [CrossRef]
84. Khademian, F.; Delavari, S.; Koohjani, Z.; Khademian, Z. An investigation of depression, anxiety, and stress and its relating factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
85. Ettman, C.K.; Abdalla, S.M.; Cohen, G.H.; Sampson, L.; Vivier, P.M.; Galea, S. Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw. Open 2020, 3, e2019686. [CrossRef]
86. Lee, J.H.; Lee, H.; Kim, J.E.; Moon, S.J.; Nam, E.W. Analysis of personal and national factors that influence depression in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Glob. Health 2021, 17, 1–12. [CrossRef]
87. Stanton, R.; To, Q.G.; Khalesi, S.; Williams, S.L.; Alley, S.J.; Thwaite, T.L.; Fenning, A.S.; Vandelanotte, C. Depression, Anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in australian adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4065. [CrossRef]
88. Tee, M.L.; Tee, C.A.; Anlacan, J.P.; Aligam, K.J.G.; Reyes, P.W.C.; Kuruchittham, V.; Ho, R.C. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 379–391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
89. Bäuerle, A.; Teufel, M.; Musche, V.; Weismüller, B.; Kohler, H.; Hetkamp, M.; Dörrie, N.; Schweda, A.; Skoda, E.-M. Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Germany. J. Public Health 2020, 42, 672–678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
90. Cénat, J.M.; Noorishad, P.-G.; Kokou-Kpolou, C.K.; Dalexis, R.D.; Hajizadeh, S.; Guerrier, M.; Clorméus, L.A.; Bukaka, J.; Birangui, J.-P.; Adansikou, K.; et al. Prevalence and correlates of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the major role of stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 297, 113714. [CrossRef]
91. Luo, M.; Guo, L.; Yu, M.; Jiang, W.; Wang, H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 291, 113190. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
92. Wang, X.; Hegde, S.; Son, C.; Keller, B.; Smith, A.; Sasangohar, F. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e22817. [CrossRef]
93. Luceño-Moreno, L.; Talavera-Velasco, B.; García-Albuerne, Y.; Martín-García, J. Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5514. [CrossRef]
94. Rehman, U.; Shahnawaz, M.G.; Khan, N.H.; Kharshiing, K.D.; Khursheed, M.; Gupta, K.; Kashyap, D.; Uniyal, R. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of COVID-19 Lockdown. Community Ment. Health J. 2021, 57, 42–48. [CrossRef]
95. Salari, N.; Khazaie, H.; Hosseinian-Far, A.; Khaledi-Paveh, B.; Kazeminia, M.; Mohammadi, M.; Shohaimi, S.; Daneshkhah, A.; Eskandari, S. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-regression. Hum. Resour. Health 2020, 18, 1–14. [CrossRef]
96. Tengilimo ˘glu, D.; Zekio ˘glu, A.; Tosun, N.; I¸sık, O.; Tengilimo ˘glu, O. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemıc perıod on depressıon, anxıety and stress levels of the healthcare employees ın turkey. Leg. Med. 2021, 48, 101811. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
97. Nearchou, F.; Flinn, C.; Niland, R.; Subramaniam, S.S.; Hennessy, E. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8479. [CrossRef]
98. Schmidt, S.J.; Barblan, L.P.; Lory, I.; Landolt, M.A. Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of chidren and adolescents. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 1901407. [CrossRef]
99. Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; McIntyre, R.S.; Choo, F.N.; Tran, B.; Ho, R.; Sharma, V.K.; et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 40–48. [CrossRef]
100. Chen, F.; Zheng, D.; Liu, J.; Gong, Y.; Guan, Z.; Lou, D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 36–38. [CrossRef]
101. De Pue, S.; Gillebert, C.; Dierckx, E.; Vanderhasselt, M.-A.; De Raedt, R.; Van den Bussche, E. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing and cognitive functioning of older adults. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 4636. [CrossRef]
102. Soto-Añari, M.; Ramos-Henderson, M.A.; Camargo, L.; Calizaya López, J.; Caldichoury, N.; López, N. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on emotional state among older adults in Latin America. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2021, 33, 193–194. [CrossRef]
103. Burn-Out an “Occupational Phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases. Available online: https://www.who.int/news/ item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases (accessed on 21 July 2021).
104. Shanafelt, T.D.; Hasan, O.; Dyrbye, L.N.; Sinsky, C.; Satele, D.; Sloan, J.; West, C.P. Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015, 90, 1600–1613. [CrossRef]
105. Shanafelt, T.D.; Boone, S.; Tan, L.; Dyrbye, L.N.; Sotile, W.; Satele, D.; West, C.P.; Sloan, J.; Oreskovich, M.R. Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance Among US Physicians Relative to the General US Population. Arch. Intern. Med. 2012, 172, 1377–1385. [CrossRef]
106. Dyrbye, L.N.; West, C.P.; Satele, D.; Boone, S.; Tan, L.; Sloan, J.; Shanafelt, T.D. Burnout Among U.S. Medical Students, Residents, and Early Career Physicians Relative to the General U.S. Population. Acad. Med. 2014, 89, 443–451. [CrossRef]
107. Raudenská, J.; Steinerová, V.; Jav ˚urková, A.; Urits, I.; Kaye, A.D.; Viswanath, O.; Varrassi, G. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pr. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2020, 34, 553–560. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
108. Lubbadeh, T. Job Burnout: A General Literature Review. Int. Rev. Manag. Mark. 2020, 10, 7–15. [CrossRef]
109. Wu, Y.; Wang, J.; Luo, C.; Hu, S.; Lin, X.; Anderson, A.E.; Bruera, E.; Yang, X.; Wei, S.; Qian, Y. A Comparison of Burnout Frequency among Oncology Physicians and Nurses Working on the Frontline and Usual Wards during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Wuhan, China. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2020, 60, e60–e65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
110. Panagioti, M.; Geraghty, K.; Johnson, J.; Zhou, A.; Panagopoulou, E.; Chew-Graham, C.; Peters, D.; Hodkinson, A.; Riley, R.; Esmail, A. Association Between Physician Burnout and Patient Safety, Professionalism, and Patient Satisfaction. JAMA Intern. Med. 2018, 178, 1317–1330. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
111. Restauri, N.; Sheridan, A.D. Burnout and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: Intersection, Impact, and Interventions. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020, 17, 921–926. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
112. Shanafelt, T.; Ripp, J.; Trockel, M. Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety among Health Care Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2020, 323, 2133. [CrossRef]
113. DeMartini, B.; Nisticò, V.; D’Agostino, A.; Priori, A.; Gambini, O. Early Psychiatric Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the General Population and Healthcare Workers in Italy: A Preliminary Study. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 561345. [CrossRef]
114. Griffith, A.K. Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Fam. Violence 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]
115. Raphael, J.L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Giardino, A.P. Parenting stress in US families: Implications for paediatric healthcare utilization. Child Care Health Dev. 2010, 36, 216–224. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
116. Roskam, I.; Brianda, M.E.; Mikolajczak, M. A Step Forward in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Parental Burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 758. [CrossRef]
117. Sorkkila, M.; Aunola, K. Risk Factors for Parental Burnout among Finnish Parents: The Role of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2019, 29, 648–659. [CrossRef]
118. Parkes, A.; Sweeting, H.; Wight, D. Parenting stress and parent support among mothers with high and low education. J. Fam. Psychol. 2015, 29, 907–918. [CrossRef]
119. Lindström, C.; Aman, J.; Norberg, A.L. Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Parental burnout in relation to psychosocial, personality and medical factors in childhood diabetes. Acta Paediatr. 2011, 100, 1011–1017. [PubMed]
120. Shanafelt, T.D.; Noseworthy, J.H. Executive Leadership and Physician Well-being: Nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2017, 92, 129–146. [CrossRef]
121. Fessell, D.; Cherniss, C. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Beyond: Micropractices for Burnout Prevention and Emotional Wellness. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020, 17, 746–748. [CrossRef]
122. Friedman, M.J.; Resick, P.A.; Bryant, R.; Brewin, C.R. Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depress. Anxiety 2011, 28, 750–769. [CrossRef]
123. Cheng, P.; Xu, L.-Z.; Zheng, W.-H.; Ng, R.M.; Zhang, L.; Li, L.-J.; Li, W.-H. Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 368–374. [CrossRef]
124. Rogers, J.P.; Chesney, E.; Oliver, D.; Pollak, T.; McGuire, P.; Fusar-Poli, P.; Zandi, M.; Lewis, G.; David, A. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 611–627. [CrossRef]
125. Banerjee, D. ‘Age and ageism in COVID-19’: Elderly mental health-care vulnerabilities and needs. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102154. [CrossRef]
126. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F.; Akbari, H. The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 140, 109762. [CrossRef]
127. Hao, F.; Tan, W.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, X.; Zou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Luo, X.; Jiang, X.; McIntyre, R.S.; et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 100–106. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
128. Greene, T.; Harju-Seppänen, J.; Adeniji, M.; Steel, C.; Grey, N.; Brewin, C.R.; Bloomfield, M.A.; Billings, J. Predictors and rates of PTSD, depression and anxiety in UK frontline health and social care workers during COVID-19. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 1882781. [CrossRef]
129. Roccella, M. Children and Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19): What to Tell Children to Avoid Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Open Pediatr. Med. J. 2020, 10, 1–2. [CrossRef]
130. Uptodate.com. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesisclinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis?search=acute%20stress%20disorder&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1$\sim$4 1&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6576019 (accessed on 21 July 2021).
131. Horton, R. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet 2020, 396, 874. [CrossRef]
132. Rodgers, R.F.; Lombardo, C.; Cerolini, S.; Franko, D.L.; Omori, M.; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M.; Linardon, J.; Courtet, P.; Guillaume, S. The impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020, 53, 1166–1170. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
133. Fernández-Aranda, F.; Casas, M.; Claes, L.; Bryan, D.C.; Favaro, A.; Granero, R.; Gudiol, C.; Jiménez-Murcia, S.; Karwautz, A.; Le Grange, D.; et al. COVID -19 and implications for eating disorders. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2020, 28, 239–245. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
134. Mitchell, C. PAHO/WHO. 2020. Available online: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article& id=15756&Itemid=39630&lang=en (accessed on 21 July 2021).
135. Abuhammad, S. Violence against Jordanian Women during COVID-19 Outbreak. Int. J. Clin. Pr. 2021, 75, e13824. [CrossRef]
136. Aolymat, I. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence, Menstruation, Genital Tract Health, and Contraception Use among Women in Jordan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2021, 104, 519–525. [CrossRef]
137. Berniell, I.; Facchini, G. COVID-19 lockdown and domestic violence: Evidence from internet-search behavior in 11 countries. Eur. Econ. Rev. 2021, 136, 103775. [CrossRef]
138. Dai, M.; Xia, Y.; Han, R. The Impact of Lockdown on Police Service Calls during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Polic. A J. Policy Pract. 2021. [CrossRef]
139. Fabbri, C.; Bhatia, A.; Petzold, M.; Jugder, M.; Guedes, A.; Cappa, C.; Devries, K. Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children. Child Abus. Negl. 2021, 116, 104897. [CrossRef]
140. Fereidooni, R.; Mootz, J.; Sabaei, R.; Khoshnood, K.; Heydari, S.T.; Moradian, M.J.; Taherifard, E.; Nasirian, M.; Molavi Vardanjani, H. The COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic effects, and intimate partner violence against women: A population-based cohort study in Iran. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]
141. Guglielmi, S.; Seager, J.; Mitu, K.; Baird, S.; Jones, N. Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on Rohingya adolescents in Cox’s Bazar: A mixed-methods study. J. Migr. Health 2020, 1, 100031. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
142. Mahmood, K.I.; Shabu, S.A.; M-Amen, K.M.; Hussain, S.S.; Kako, D.A.; Hinchliff, S.; Shabila, N.P. The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. J. Interpers. Violence 2021, 26, 0886260521997929. [CrossRef]
143. Pattojoshi, A.; Sidana, A.; Garg, S.; Mishra, S.N.; Singh, L.K.; Goyal, N.; Tikka, S.K. Staying home is NOT ‘staying safe’: A rapid 8-day online survey on spousal violence against women during the COVID -19 lockdown in India. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2021, 75, 64–66. [CrossRef]
144. Pinchoff, J.; Austrian, K.; Rajshekhar, N.; Abuya, T.; Kangwana, B.; Ochako, R.; Tidwell, J.B.; Mwanga, D.; Muluve, E.; Mbushi, F.; et al. Gendered economic, social and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation policies in Kenya: Evidence from a prospective cohort survey in Nairobi informal settlements. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e042749. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
145. Unfpa. Available online: https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/COVID-19_and_vaw_insights_from_big_ data_analysis_final.pdf (accessed on 21 July 2021).
146. Sharma, P.; Khokhar, A. Domestic violence and coping strategies among married adults during lockdown due to Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in India: A cross-sectional study. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2021, 1–8. [CrossRef]
147. Egger, D.; Miguel, E.; Warren, S.S.; Shenoy, A.; Collins, E.; Karlan, D.; Parkerson, D.; Mobarak, A.M.; Fink, G.; Udry, C.; et al. Falling living standards during the COVID-19 crisis: Quantitative evidence from nine developing countries. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe0997. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
148. Venter, A.; Lewis, C.M.; Saffy, P.; Chadinha, L.P. Locked down: Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on trauma presentations to the emergency department. S. Afr. Med. J. 2020, 111, 52–56. [CrossRef]
149. Agüero, J.M. COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence. World Dev. 2021, 137, 105217. [CrossRef]
150. Tadesse, A.W.; Tarekegn, S.M.; Wagaw, G.B.; Muluneh, M.D.; Kassa, A.M. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intimate Partner Violence among Married Women During COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions: A Community-Based Study. J. Interpers. Violence 2020. [CrossRef]
151. Ghanbari, A.; Pouy, S.; Panahi, L.; Khorasgani, A.E.; Hasandoost, F. Violence against Frontline Emergency Nurses during Pandemic of COVID-19 in Guilan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Research Square. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchsquare. com/article/rs-116197/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).
152. Wang, W.; Lu, L.; Kelifa, M.M.; Yu, Y.; He, A.; Cao, N.; Zheng, S.; Yan, W.; Yang, Y. Mental Health Problems in Chinese Healthcare Workers Exposed to Workplace Violence During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Health Policy Politi 2020, 13, 2827–2833. [CrossRef]
153. Naghizadeh, S.; Mirghafourvand, M.; Mohammadirad, R. Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in pregnant women during the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021, 21, 88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
154. Teshome, A.; Gudu, W.; Bekele, D.; Asfaw, M.; Enyew, R.; Compton, S.D. Intimate partner violence among prenatal care attendees amidst the COVID-19 crisis: The incidence in Ethiopia. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2021, 153, 45–50. [CrossRef]
155. Gulesci, S.; Beccar, M.P.; Dj, U. Can Youth Empowerment Programs Reduce Violence against Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Discussion Paper No. DP15808; CEPR: Washington, DC, USA, 2021.
156. Haddad, C.; Malhab, S.B.; Sacre, H.; Malaeb, D.; Azzi, J.; Khachman, D.; Lahoud, N.; Salameh, P. Factors Related to Pregnancy Outcome among Lebanese Women during COVID-19 Confinement. Research Square. 2020. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-117860/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).
157. Hajj, A.; Badro, D.A.; Selwan, C.A.; Sacre, H.; Aoun, R.; Salameh, P. Gender Differences in Mental Health Outcomes amid the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Collapsing Economy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Research Square. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-122511/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).
158. Krishnakumar, A.; Verma, S. Understanding Domestic Violence in India during COVID-19: A Routine Activity Approach. Asian J. Criminol. 2021, 16, 19–35. [CrossRef]
159. Mahapatro, M.; Prasad, M.M.; Singh, S.P. Role of Social Support in Women facing Domestic Violence during Lockdown of COVID-19 while Cohabiting with the Abusers: Analysis of Cases Registered with the Family Counseling Centre, Alwar, India. J. Fam. Issues 2021, 11, 0192513X20984496. [CrossRef]
160. Rockowitz, S.; Stevens, L.; Colloff, M.F.; Smith, L.; Rockey, J.; Ritchie, J.; Kanja, W.; Cotton, J.; Flowe, H.D. Patterns of violence against adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. PsyArXiv 2020, 11, e048636. [CrossRef
161. Wasil, A.R.; Gillespie, S.; Patel, R.; Petre, A.; Venturo-Conerly, K.E.; Shingleton, R.M.; Weisz, J.R.; DeRubeis, R.J. Reassessing evidence-based content in popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: Developing and applying user-adjusted analyses. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2020, 88, 983–993. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
162. Nicholas, J.; Larsen, M.E.; Proudfoot, J.; Christensen, H. Mobile Apps for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Features and Content Quality. J. Med. Internet Res. 2015, 17, e198. [CrossRef]
163. Walrave, M.; Waeterloos, C.; Ponnet, K. Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020, 6, e20572. [CrossRef]
164. Zens, M.; Brammertz, A.; Herpich, J.; Südkamp, N.; Hinterseer, M. App-Based Tracking of Self-Reported COVID-19 Symptoms: Analysis of Questionnaire Data. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e21956. [CrossRef]
165. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Moreno-Luna, L.; Saavedra-Serrano, M.; Jimenez, M.; Simón, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6314. [CrossRef]
166. Petrovic, D.; Haba-Rubio, J.; Carmeli, C.; Vollenweider, P.; Heinzer, R.; Stringhini, S. Social inequalities in sleep-disordered breathing: Evidence from the CoLaus HypnoLaus study. J. Sleep Res. 2019, 28, e12799. [CrossRef]
167. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Social and psychophysiological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: An extensive literature review. Front. Psychol. 2020, 16, 3077.
168. Sosso, F.E.; Matos, E. Socioeconomic disparities in obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review of empirical research. Sleep Breath. 2021, 16. [CrossRef]
169. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Nikolaidis, P.A.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; TorneroAguilera, J.F. Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1924. [CrossRef]
170. Yin, J.; Jin, X.; Shan, Z.; Li, S.; Huang, H.; Li, P.; Peng, X.; Peng, Z.; Yu, K.; Bao, W.; et al. Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J. Am. Hear. Assoc. 2017, 6, e005947. [CrossRef]
171. Phelan, J.C.; Link, B.; Tehranifar, P. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2010, 51, S28–S40. [CrossRef]
172. Gosling, J.A.; Batterham, P.; Glozier, N.; Christensen, H. The influence of job stress, social support and health status on intermittent and chronic sleep disturbance: An 8-year longitudinal analysis. Sleep Med. 2014, 15, 979–985. [CrossRef]
173. Unützer, J.; Kimmel, R.J.; Snowden, M. Psychiatry in the age of COVID-19. World Psychiatry 2020, 19, 130. [CrossRef]
174. Gorwood, P.; Fiorillo, A. One year after the COVID-19: What have we learned, what shall we do next? Eur. Psychiatry 2021, 2021, 64.
175. Marazziti, D.; Stahl, S.M. The relevance of COVID-19 pandemic to psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2020, 19, 261. [CrossRef]
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/19/10041
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/1/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/4/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf.jpg
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/5/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 03cc947d2a12702c2b182538bf8619fc
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
db21787c14fa22055d266be039f8f449
35809f4e564fe0d829f6ec51f49ec061
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad de La Costa
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1808400130414477312
spelling Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javieraa432216f3fbd15b4192bba77ed7f848Martínez-González, Marina Begoñafd78e72d785bab395bea52133d907645Benitez Agudelo, Juan Camiloc7cc36d6d134ce75c51d1584d9ee282aNavarro Jiménez, Eduardo770de8373fc1df318eea1c13beaa9ed7Beltrán Velasco, Ana Isabela5bb278ef6ed89a6a3c96d9c726c5300Ruisoto, Pablo4171c4d3f4962fe1271a86b015bf9dc1Diaz Arroyo, Esperanzaa4f3850f671f99dc0e0925d5c3856e91Laborde Cardenas, Carmen Cecilia1e51ad7bad735beb12638141a3458aeeTornero Aguilera, José Franciscod4572af60c4eb40b45272c1d2e843aa32021-11-25T19:11:13Z2021-11-25T19:11:13Z2021-09-241660-46011661-7827https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8926https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910041Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives of the worldwide population. Citizens suffer the social, economic, physiological, and psychological effects of this pandemic. Primary sources, scientific articles, and secondary bibliographic indexes, databases, and web pages were used for a consensus critical review. The method was a narrative review of the available literature to summarize the existing literature addressing mental health concerns and stressors related to the COVID-19 pandemic. The main search engines used in the present research were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. We found the pandemic has had a direct impact on psychopathologies such as anxiety, increasing its ratios, and depression. Other syndromes such as burnout and post-traumatic stress disorder have increased with the pandemic, showing a larger incidence among medical personnel. Moreover, eating disorders and violence have also increased. Public authorities must prepare healthcare systems for increasing incidences of mental pathologies. Mental health apps are one of the tools that can be used to reach the general population.application/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Healthhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/19/10041COVID-19AnxietyDepressionBurnoutPost-traumatic stress disorderEating disorderViolenceAppsThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental disorders. A critical reviewArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Platto, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, J.; Carafoli, E. History of the COVID-19 pandemic: Origin, explosion, worldwide spreading. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2021, 538, 14–23. [CrossRef]2. Gostin, L.O. COVID-19 Reveals Urgent Need to Strengthen the World Health Organization; InJAMA Health Forum 1 April 2020; American Medical Association: Chicago, IL, USA, 2020; Volume 1, No. 4; p. e200559.3. Mathieu, E.; Ritchie, H.; Ortiz-Ospina, E.; Roser, M.; Hasell, J.; Appel, C.; Giattino, C.; Rodés-Guirao, L. A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2021, 5, 947–953. [CrossRef]4. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Jiménez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.C.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Maestre-Serrano, R.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Dy5. Charumilind, S.; Craven, M.; Lamb, J.; Sabow, A.; Wilson, M.; McKinsey & Company. When Will the COVID-19 Pandemic End? 2020. Available online: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-services/our-insights/when-will-theCOVID-19-pandemic-end (accessed on 21 July 2021).6. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Jimenez, M.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.; Benitez-Agudelo, J.; Perez-Palencia, N.; Laborde-Cárdenas, C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Mental Health: An Extensive Narrative Review. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3221. [CrossRef]7. Holmes, E.A.; O’Connor, R.C.; Perry, V.H.; Tracey, I.; Wessely, S.; Arseneault, L.; Ballard, C.; Christensen, H.; Silver, R.C.; Everall, I.; et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 547–560. [CrossRef]8. Venkatesh, V.; Samyuktha, V.N.; Wilson, B.P.; Kattula, D.; Ravan, J.R. Psychological impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on health care providers: A qualitative study. J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care 2021, 10, 1666–1672. [PubMed]9. Grattan, L.M.; Roberts, S.; Mahan, W.T.; McLaughlin, P.K.; Otwell, W.S.; Morris, J.G. The Early Psychological Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Florida and Alabama Communities. Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119, 838–843. [CrossRef] [PubMed]10. Noy, I.; Doan, N. COVID-19 Cost More in 2020 than the World’s Combined Natural Disasters in Any of the Past 20 Years. The Conversation. Available online: http://theconversation.com/COVID-19-cost-more-in-2020-than-the-worlds-combined-naturaldisasters-in-any-of-the-past-20-years-156646 (accessed on 21 July 2021).11. Choukér, A.; Stahn, A.C. COVID-19—The largest isolation study in history: The value of shared learnings from spaceflight analogs. NPJ Microgravity 2020, 6, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]12. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Ruisoto, P.; Dalamitros, A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; LabordeCárdenas, C.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. Performance of Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Emergency System in COVID-19 Pandemic. An Extensive Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5208. [CrossRef]13. Usher, K.; Bhullar, N.; Durkin, J.; Gyamfi, N.; Jackson, D. Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 29, 549–552. [CrossRef] [PubMed]14. Volkow, N.D. Collision of the COVID-19 and Addiction Epidemics. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 173, 61–62. [CrossRef]15. Tison, G.H.; Avram, R.; Kuhar, P.; Abreau, S.; Marcus, G.M.; Pletcher, M.J.; Olgin, J.E. Worldwide Effect of COVID-19 on Physical Activity: A Descriptive Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 2020, 173, 767–770. [CrossRef]16. Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V. Gender Differences in the COVID-19 Pandemic Risk Perception, Psychology, and Behaviors of Spanish University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021,18, 3908. [CrossRef] [PubMed]17. Bendau, A.; Petzold, M.B.; Pyrkosch, L.; Maricic, L.M.; Betzler, F.; Rogoll, J.; Große, J.; Ströhle, A.; Plag, J. Correction to: Associations between COVID-19 related media consumption and symptoms of anxiety, depression and COVID-19 related fear in the general population in Germany. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2021, 271, 1409. [CrossRef]18. McGinty, E.E.; Presskreischer, R.; Han, H.; Barry, C.L. Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020. JAMA 2020, 324, 93. [CrossRef]19. Holland, K.M.; Jones, C.; Vivolo-Kantor, A.M.; Idaikkadar, N.; Zwald, M.; Hoots, B.; Yard, E.; D’Inverno, A.; Swedo, E.; Chen, M.S.; et al. Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Psychiatry 2021, 78, 372. [CrossRef] [PubMed]20. Shah, S.M.A.; Mohammad, D.; Qureshi, M.F.H.; Abbas, M.Z.; Aleem, S. Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Community Ment. Health J. 2021, 57, 101–110. [CrossRef]21. Felice, C.; Di Tanna, G.L.; Zanus, G.; Grossi, U. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on healthcare workers in Italy: Results from a national E-survey. J. Community Health 2020, 45, 675–683. [CrossRef] [PubMed]22. Dincer, B.; Inangil, D. The effect of Emotional Freedom Techniques on nurses’ stress, anxiety, and burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomized controlled trial. Explore 2021, 17, 109–114. [CrossRef]23. Pokhrel, N.B.; Khadayat, R.; Tulachan, P. Depression, anxiety, and burnout among medical students and residents of a medical school in Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2020, 20, 298. [CrossRef] [PubMed]24. Liu, C.H.; Zhang, E.; Wong, G.T.F.; Hyun, S.; Hahm, H. “Chris” Factors associated with depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology during the COVID-19 pandemic: Clinical implications for U.S. young adult mental health. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 290, 113172. [CrossRef]25. González, M.B.M. La certeza de lo impredecible. Cult. Educ. Soc. 2020, 11, 3–6.26. Agbaria, Q.; Mokh, A.A. Coping with stress during the Coronavirus outbreak: The contribution of Big Five personality traits and social support. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2021, 21, 1–9.27. Rogowska, A.M.; Ku´snierz, C.; Bokszczanin, A. Examining Anxiety, Life Satisfaction, General Health, Stress and Coping Styles During COVID-19 Pandemic in Polish Sample of University Students. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2020, 13, 797–811. [CrossRef]28. Altena, E.; Baglioni, C.; Espie, C.A.; Ellis, J.; Gavriloff, D.; Holzinger, B.; Schlarb, A.; Frase, L.; Jernelöv, S.; Riemann, D. Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13052. [CrossRef] [PubMed]29. Brooks, S.K.; Webster, R.; Smith, L.; Woodland, L.; Wessely, S.; Greenberg, N.; Rubin, G.J. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020, 395, 912–920. [CrossRef]30. Cellini, N.; Canale, N.; Mioni, G.; Costa, S. Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. J. Sleep Res. 2020, 29, e13074. [CrossRef]31. Priego-Parra, B.A.; Triana-Romero, A.; Pinto-Gálvez, S.M.; Ramos, C.D.; Salas-Nolasco, O.; Reyes, M.M.; de la Medina, A.R.; Remes-Troche, J.M. Anxiety, depression, attitudes, and internet addiction during the initial phase of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic: A cross-sectional study in México. bioRxiv 2020.32. Eghtesadi, M. Breaking social isolation amidst COVID-19: A viewpoint on improving access to technology in long-term care facilities: Letter to the Editor. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2020, 68, 949–950. [CrossRef]33. Armitage, R.; Nellums, L.B. COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e256. [CrossRef]34. Hwang, T.-J.; Rabheru, K.; Peisah, C.; Reichman, W.; Ikeda, M. Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2020, 32, 1217–1220. [CrossRef]35. Vasquez, L.; Sampor, C.; Villanueva, G.; Maradiegue, E.; Garcia-Lombardi, M.; Gomez-García, W.; Moreno, F.; Diaz, R.; Cappellano, A.M.; Portilla, C.A.; et al. Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric cancer care in Latin America. Lancet Oncol. 2020, 21, 753–755. [CrossRef]36. Varella, M.A.C.; Luoto, S.; Soares, R.B.D.S.; Valentova, J.V. COVID-19 Pandemic on Fire: Evolved Propensities for Nocturnal Activities as a Liability Against Epidemiological Control. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 646711. [CrossRef]37. Holm, N. No time for fun: The politics of partying during a pandemic. Cult. Stud. 2021, 35, 452–461. [CrossRef]38. De Jesus, D.S.V. As If There Were No Tomorrow: New Year’s CovidFests in Brazil. Sociol. Study 2021, 11, 33–36. [CrossRef]39. Lallement, E.; Godet, A. From Bal masques to masked balls: Festivity in the era of social distancing. J. Festive Stud. 2020, 2, 32–40. [CrossRef]40. Nofre, J.; Garcia-Ruiz, M.; Sánchez Fuarros, I.; Vale Pires, C. Hopes and uncertainties in the nightlife industry of post-COVID-19 Europe. Finisterra 2020, 55, 249–254. [CrossRef]41. Daniel, S.J. Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects 2020, 49, 1–6. [CrossRef]42. Dhawan, S. Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. J. Educ. Technol. Syst. 2020, 49, 5–22. [CrossRef]43. Putri, R.S.; Purwanto, A.; Pramono, R.; Asbari, M.; Wijayanti, L.M.; Hyun, C.C. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on online home learning: An explorative study of primary schools in Indonesia. Int. J. Adv. Sci. Technol. 2020, 29, 4809–4818.44. Dong, C.; Cao, S.; Li, H. Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Child. Youth Serv. Rev. 2020, 118, 105440. [CrossRef]45. Besser, A.; Flett, G.L.; Zeigler-Hill, V. Adaptability to a sudden transition to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Understanding the challenges for students. Sch. Teach. Learn. Psychol. 2020. [CrossRef]46. Farooq, A.; Laato, S.; Islam, A.K.M.N. Impact of Online Information on Self-Isolation Intention During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e19128. [CrossRef]47. Gao, J.; Zheng, P.; Jia, Y.; Chen, H.; Mao, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Fu, H.; Dai, J. Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0231924. [CrossRef]48. Wheaton, M.G.; Prikhidko, A.; Messner, G.R. Is Fear of COVID-19 Contagious? The Effects of Emotion Contagion and Social Media Use on Anxiety in Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2021, 11, 567379. [CrossRef] [PubMed]49. Léger, D.; Beck, F.; Fressard, L.; Verger, P.; Peretti-Watel, P.; Seror, V.; Cortaredona, S.; Launay, O.; Raude, J.; Legleye, S.; et al. Poor sleep associated with overuse of media during the COVID-19 lockdown. Sleep 2020, 43. [CrossRef]50. Mota, N.B.; Weissheimer, J.; Ribeiro, M.; De Paiva, M.; Avilla-Souza, J.; Simabucuru, G.; Chaves, M.F.; Cecchi, L.; Cirne, J.; Cecchi, G.; et al. Dreaming during the COVID-19 pandemic: Computational assessment of dream reports reveals mental suffering related to fear of contagion. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0242903. [CrossRef] [PubMed]51. Baldi, E.; Savastano, S. Fear of Contagion: One of the Most Devious Enemies to Fight during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2020, 1–2. [CrossRef]52. De Luca, P.; Bisogno, A.; Colacurcio, V.; Marra, P.; Cassandro, C.; Camaioni, A.; Cassandro, E.; Scarpa, A. Diagnosis and treatment delay of head and neck cancers during COVID-19 era in a tertiary care academic hospital: What should we expect? Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2021, 1–5. [CrossRef]53. Van der Westhuizen, H.-M.; Kotze, K.; Tonkin-Crine, S.; Gobat, N.; Greenhalgh, T. Face coverings for COVID-19: From medical intervention to social practice. BMJ 2020, 370, m3021. [CrossRef]54. Grundmann, F.; Epstude, K.; Scheibe, S. Face masks reduce emotion-recognition accuracy and perceived closeness. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0249792. [CrossRef]55. Taylor, S.; Asmundson, G.J.G. Negative attitudes about facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: The dual importance of perceived ineffectiveness and psychological reactance. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0246317. [CrossRef]56. Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Niu, X. The COVID-19 pandemic reduces trust behavior. Econ. Lett. 2021, 199, 109700. [CrossRef]57. Hanna, E.S.; Dingwall, R.; McCartney, M.; West, R.; Townsend, E.; Cassell, J.; Martin, G. Sociocultural reflections on face coverings must not ignore the negative consequences. BMJ 2020, 371, m3782. [CrossRef] [PubMed]58. Kumari, P.; Gupta, P.; Piyoosh, A.K.; Tyagi, B.; Kumar, P. COVID 19: Impact on mental health of graduating and post graduating students. J. Stat. Manag. Syst. 2021, 24, 67–79. [CrossRef]59. Dunn, M.; Stephany, F.; Sawyer, S.; Munoz, I.; Raheja, R.; Vaccaro, G.; Lehdonvirta, V. When motivation becomes desperation: Online freelancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. SocArXiv 2020. [CrossRef]60. Jesus, D.S.V. Necropolitics and necrocapitalism: The impact of COVID-19 on Brazilian creative economy. Mod. Econ. 2020, 11, 1121–1140. [CrossRef]61. Thakur, V.; Jain, A. COVID 2019-suicides: A global psychological pandemic. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 952–953. [CrossRef]62. Trougakos, J.P.; Chawla, N.; McCarthy, J.M. Working in a pandemic: Exploring the impact of COVID-19 health anxiety on work, family, and health outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 105, 1234–1245. [CrossRef] [PubMed]63. Pandey, K.; Parreñas, R.S.; Sabio, G.S. Essential and Expendable: Migrant Domestic Workers and the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am. Behav. Sci. 2021, 65, 1287–1301. [CrossRef]64. Rubenstein, R.E.; Simmons, S. (Eds.) Conflict Resolution after the Pandemic: Building Peace, Pursuing Justice; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2021.65. Santabárbara, J.; Lasheras, I.; Lipnicki, D.M.; Bueno-Notivol, J.; Pérez-Moreno, M.; López-Antón, R.; De la Cámara, C.; Lobo, A.; Gracia-García, P. Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2021, 109, 110207. [CrossRef]66. Adwas, A.A.; Jbireal, J.M.; Azab, A.E. Anxiety: Insights into Signs, Symptoms, Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. East Afr. Sch. J. Med. Sci. 2019, 2, 580–591.67. Roy, D.; Tripathy, S.; Kar, S.K.; Sharma, N.; Verma, S.K.; Kaushal, V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102083. [CrossRef]68. Lozano-Vargas, A. Impacto de la epidemia del Coronavirus (COVID-19) en la salud mental del personal de salud y en la población general de China. Rev. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2020, 83, 51–56. [CrossRef]69. Rodríguez-Muñoz, A.; Antino, M.; Ruíz-Zorrilla, P.; Sanz-Vergel, A. Los Efectos Psicológicos de la Cuarentena por el COVID-19: Un estudio Longitudinal [Proyecto de Investigación en Ejecución]; Universidad Complutense: Madrid, Spain, 2020.70. Escobar Toro, S. Situación de Salud Mental en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá Durante el Aislamiento Preventivo Decretado en Colombia por la Pandemia del Covid 19: Un Análisis Exploratorio. Bachelor’s Thesis, Universidad Eafit, Medellín, Colombia, 2020.71. Czeisler, M.É.; Lane, R.I.; Petrosky, E.; Wiley, J.F.; Christensen, A.; Njai, R.; Weaver, M.D.; Robbins, R.; Facer-Childs, E.R.; Barger, L.K.; et al. Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020, 69, 1049. [CrossRef]72. Bello, H.J.; Palomar-Ciria, N.; Baca-García, E.; Lozano, C. Suicide classificaction for news media using convolutional neural network. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2103.03727.73. Sloan, M.M.; Haner, M.; Graham, A.; Cullen, F.T.; Pickett, J.T.; Jonson, C.L. Pandemic emotions: The extent, correlates, and mental health consequences of fear of COVID-19. Sociol. Spectr. 2021, 41, 369–386. [CrossRef]74. Xiong, J.; Lipsitz, O.; Nasri, F.; Lui, L.M.W.; Gill, H.; Phan, L.; Chen-Li, D.; Iacobucci, M.; Ho, R.; Majeed, A.; et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 55–64. [CrossRef]75. Pfefferbaum, B.; North, C.S. Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 510–512. [CrossRef]76. Usher, K.; Durkin, J.; Bhullar, N. The COVID-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. Int. J. Ment. Health Nurs. 2020, 29, 315–318. [CrossRef] [PubMed]77. Rossi, R.; Socci, V.; Talevi, D.; Mensi, S.; Niolu, C.; Pacitti, F.; Di Marco, A.; Rossi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Di Lorenzo, G. COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 790. [CrossRef]78. Shah, K.; Kamrai, D.; Mekala, H.; Mann, B.; Desai, K.; Patel, R.S. Focus on mental health during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Applying learnings from the past outbreaks. Cureus 2020, 12, e7405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]79. Dozois, D.J.A. Mental Health Research Canada. Anxiety and depression in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national survey. Can. Psychol. 2021, 62, 136–142. [CrossRef]80. Mazza, M.G.; De Lorenzo, R.; Conte, C.; Poletti, S.; Vai, B.; Bollettini, I.; Melloni, E.M.T.; Furlan, R.; Ciceri, F.; Rovere-Querini, P.; et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 89, 594–600. [CrossRef]81. Alpert, O.; Begun, L.; Garren, P.; Solhkhah, R. Cytokine storm induced new onset depression in patients with COVID-19. A new look into the association between depression and cytokines -two case reports. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 2020, 9, 100173. [CrossRef] [PubMed]82. Choi, E.P.H.; Hui, B.P.H.; Wan, E.Y.F. Depression and Anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3740. [CrossRef]83. Gillespie, A.; Carson, J.; Van Assche, I.; Murphy, S.; Harmer, C.P. 737 Risk factors for depression vulnerability during the COVID19 pandemic: Findings from the Oxford COSIE (COVID-19, Social Isolation and Emotion) Study. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020, 40, S417–S418. [CrossRef]84. Khademian, F.; Delavari, S.; Koohjani, Z.; Khademian, Z. An investigation of depression, anxiety, and stress and its relating factors during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1–7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]85. Ettman, C.K.; Abdalla, S.M.; Cohen, G.H.; Sampson, L.; Vivier, P.M.; Galea, S. Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw. Open 2020, 3, e2019686. [CrossRef]86. Lee, J.H.; Lee, H.; Kim, J.E.; Moon, S.J.; Nam, E.W. Analysis of personal and national factors that influence depression in individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Glob. Health 2021, 17, 1–12. [CrossRef]87. Stanton, R.; To, Q.G.; Khalesi, S.; Williams, S.L.; Alley, S.J.; Thwaite, T.L.; Fenning, A.S.; Vandelanotte, C. Depression, Anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in australian adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4065. [CrossRef]88. Tee, M.L.; Tee, C.A.; Anlacan, J.P.; Aligam, K.J.G.; Reyes, P.W.C.; Kuruchittham, V.; Ho, R.C. Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 379–391. [CrossRef] [PubMed]89. Bäuerle, A.; Teufel, M.; Musche, V.; Weismüller, B.; Kohler, H.; Hetkamp, M.; Dörrie, N.; Schweda, A.; Skoda, E.-M. Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in Germany. J. Public Health 2020, 42, 672–678. [CrossRef] [PubMed]90. Cénat, J.M.; Noorishad, P.-G.; Kokou-Kpolou, C.K.; Dalexis, R.D.; Hajizadeh, S.; Guerrier, M.; Clorméus, L.A.; Bukaka, J.; Birangui, J.-P.; Adansikou, K.; et al. Prevalence and correlates of depression during the COVID-19 pandemic and the major role of stigmatization in low- and middle-income countries: A multinational cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2021, 297, 113714. [CrossRef]91. Luo, M.; Guo, L.; Yu, M.; Jiang, W.; Wang, H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public—A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020, 291, 113190. [CrossRef] [PubMed]92. Wang, X.; Hegde, S.; Son, C.; Keller, B.; Smith, A.; Sasangohar, F. Investigating Mental Health of US College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e22817. [CrossRef]93. Luceño-Moreno, L.; Talavera-Velasco, B.; García-Albuerne, Y.; Martín-García, J. Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5514. [CrossRef]94. Rehman, U.; Shahnawaz, M.G.; Khan, N.H.; Kharshiing, K.D.; Khursheed, M.; Gupta, K.; Kashyap, D.; Uniyal, R. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Indians in Times of COVID-19 Lockdown. Community Ment. Health J. 2021, 57, 42–48. [CrossRef]95. Salari, N.; Khazaie, H.; Hosseinian-Far, A.; Khaledi-Paveh, B.; Kazeminia, M.; Mohammadi, M.; Shohaimi, S.; Daneshkhah, A.; Eskandari, S. The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-regression. Hum. Resour. Health 2020, 18, 1–14. [CrossRef]96. Tengilimo ˘glu, D.; Zekio ˘glu, A.; Tosun, N.; I¸sık, O.; Tengilimo ˘glu, O. Impacts of COVID-19 pandemıc perıod on depressıon, anxıety and stress levels of the healthcare employees ın turkey. Leg. Med. 2021, 48, 101811. [CrossRef] [PubMed]97. Nearchou, F.; Flinn, C.; Niland, R.; Subramaniam, S.S.; Hennessy, E. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8479. [CrossRef]98. Schmidt, S.J.; Barblan, L.P.; Lory, I.; Landolt, M.A. Age-related effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of chidren and adolescents. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 1901407. [CrossRef]99. Wang, C.; Pan, R.; Wan, X.; Tan, Y.; Xu, L.; McIntyre, R.S.; Choo, F.N.; Tran, B.; Ho, R.; Sharma, V.K.; et al. A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 40–48. [CrossRef]100. Chen, F.; Zheng, D.; Liu, J.; Gong, Y.; Guan, Z.; Lou, D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 88, 36–38. [CrossRef]101. De Pue, S.; Gillebert, C.; Dierckx, E.; Vanderhasselt, M.-A.; De Raedt, R.; Van den Bussche, E. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing and cognitive functioning of older adults. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 4636. [CrossRef]102. Soto-Añari, M.; Ramos-Henderson, M.A.; Camargo, L.; Calizaya López, J.; Caldichoury, N.; López, N. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on emotional state among older adults in Latin America. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2021, 33, 193–194. [CrossRef]103. Burn-Out an “Occupational Phenomenon”: International Classification of Diseases. Available online: https://www.who.int/news/ item/28-05-2019-burn-out-an-occupational-phenomenon-international-classification-of-diseases (accessed on 21 July 2021).104. Shanafelt, T.D.; Hasan, O.; Dyrbye, L.N.; Sinsky, C.; Satele, D.; Sloan, J.; West, C.P. Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2015, 90, 1600–1613. [CrossRef]105. Shanafelt, T.D.; Boone, S.; Tan, L.; Dyrbye, L.N.; Sotile, W.; Satele, D.; West, C.P.; Sloan, J.; Oreskovich, M.R. Burnout and Satisfaction with Work-Life Balance Among US Physicians Relative to the General US Population. Arch. Intern. Med. 2012, 172, 1377–1385. [CrossRef]106. Dyrbye, L.N.; West, C.P.; Satele, D.; Boone, S.; Tan, L.; Sloan, J.; Shanafelt, T.D. Burnout Among U.S. Medical Students, Residents, and Early Career Physicians Relative to the General U.S. Population. Acad. Med. 2014, 89, 443–451. [CrossRef]107. Raudenská, J.; Steinerová, V.; Jav ˚urková, A.; Urits, I.; Kaye, A.D.; Viswanath, O.; Varrassi, G. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Pr. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol. 2020, 34, 553–560. [CrossRef] [PubMed]108. Lubbadeh, T. Job Burnout: A General Literature Review. Int. Rev. Manag. Mark. 2020, 10, 7–15. [CrossRef]109. Wu, Y.; Wang, J.; Luo, C.; Hu, S.; Lin, X.; Anderson, A.E.; Bruera, E.; Yang, X.; Wei, S.; Qian, Y. A Comparison of Burnout Frequency among Oncology Physicians and Nurses Working on the Frontline and Usual Wards during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Wuhan, China. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2020, 60, e60–e65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]110. Panagioti, M.; Geraghty, K.; Johnson, J.; Zhou, A.; Panagopoulou, E.; Chew-Graham, C.; Peters, D.; Hodkinson, A.; Riley, R.; Esmail, A. Association Between Physician Burnout and Patient Safety, Professionalism, and Patient Satisfaction. JAMA Intern. Med. 2018, 178, 1317–1330. [CrossRef] [PubMed]111. Restauri, N.; Sheridan, A.D. Burnout and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: Intersection, Impact, and Interventions. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020, 17, 921–926. [CrossRef] [PubMed]112. Shanafelt, T.; Ripp, J.; Trockel, M. Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety among Health Care Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA 2020, 323, 2133. [CrossRef]113. DeMartini, B.; Nisticò, V.; D’Agostino, A.; Priori, A.; Gambini, O. Early Psychiatric Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the General Population and Healthcare Workers in Italy: A Preliminary Study. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 561345. [CrossRef]114. Griffith, A.K. Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Fam. Violence 2020, 1–7. [CrossRef]115. Raphael, J.L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Giardino, A.P. Parenting stress in US families: Implications for paediatric healthcare utilization. Child Care Health Dev. 2010, 36, 216–224. [CrossRef] [PubMed]116. Roskam, I.; Brianda, M.E.; Mikolajczak, M. A Step Forward in the Conceptualization and Measurement of Parental Burnout: The Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 758. [CrossRef]117. Sorkkila, M.; Aunola, K. Risk Factors for Parental Burnout among Finnish Parents: The Role of Socially Prescribed Perfectionism. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2019, 29, 648–659. [CrossRef]118. Parkes, A.; Sweeting, H.; Wight, D. Parenting stress and parent support among mothers with high and low education. J. Fam. Psychol. 2015, 29, 907–918. [CrossRef]119. Lindström, C.; Aman, J.; Norberg, A.L. Parental burnout in relation to sociodemographic, psychosocial and personality factors as well as disease duration and glycaemic control in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: Parental burnout in relation to psychosocial, personality and medical factors in childhood diabetes. Acta Paediatr. 2011, 100, 1011–1017. [PubMed]120. Shanafelt, T.D.; Noseworthy, J.H. Executive Leadership and Physician Well-being: Nine organizational strategies to promote engagement and reduce burnout. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2017, 92, 129–146. [CrossRef]121. Fessell, D.; Cherniss, C. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Beyond: Micropractices for Burnout Prevention and Emotional Wellness. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2020, 17, 746–748. [CrossRef]122. Friedman, M.J.; Resick, P.A.; Bryant, R.; Brewin, C.R. Considering PTSD for DSM-5. Depress. Anxiety 2011, 28, 750–769. [CrossRef]123. Cheng, P.; Xu, L.-Z.; Zheng, W.-H.; Ng, R.M.; Zhang, L.; Li, L.-J.; Li, W.-H. Psychometric property study of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) in Chinese healthcare workers during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019. J. Affect. Disord. 2020, 277, 368–374. [CrossRef]124. Rogers, J.P.; Chesney, E.; Oliver, D.; Pollak, T.; McGuire, P.; Fusar-Poli, P.; Zandi, M.; Lewis, G.; David, A. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry 2020, 7, 611–627. [CrossRef]125. Banerjee, D. ‘Age and ageism in COVID-19’: Elderly mental health-care vulnerabilities and needs. Asian J. Psychiatry 2020, 51, 102154. [CrossRef]126. Taghizadeh-Hesary, F.; Akbari, H. The powerful immune system against powerful COVID-19: A hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 140, 109762. [CrossRef]127. Hao, F.; Tan, W.; Jiang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zhao, X.; Zou, Y.; Hu, Y.; Luo, X.; Jiang, X.; McIntyre, R.S.; et al. Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 100–106. [CrossRef] [PubMed]128. Greene, T.; Harju-Seppänen, J.; Adeniji, M.; Steel, C.; Grey, N.; Brewin, C.R.; Bloomfield, M.A.; Billings, J. Predictors and rates of PTSD, depression and anxiety in UK frontline health and social care workers during COVID-19. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2021, 12, 1882781. [CrossRef]129. Roccella, M. Children and Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19): What to Tell Children to Avoid Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Open Pediatr. Med. J. 2020, 10, 1–2. [CrossRef]130. Uptodate.com. Available online: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-stress-disorder-in-adults-epidemiology-pathogenesisclinical-manifestations-course-and-diagnosis?search=acute%20stress%20disorder&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1$\sim$4 1&usage_type=default&display_rank=1#H6576019 (accessed on 21 July 2021).131. Horton, R. Offline: COVID-19 is not a pandemic. Lancet 2020, 396, 874. [CrossRef]132. Rodgers, R.F.; Lombardo, C.; Cerolini, S.; Franko, D.L.; Omori, M.; Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M.; Linardon, J.; Courtet, P.; Guillaume, S. The impact of the COVID -19 pandemic on eating disorder risk and symptoms. Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2020, 53, 1166–1170. [CrossRef] [PubMed]133. Fernández-Aranda, F.; Casas, M.; Claes, L.; Bryan, D.C.; Favaro, A.; Granero, R.; Gudiol, C.; Jiménez-Murcia, S.; Karwautz, A.; Le Grange, D.; et al. COVID -19 and implications for eating disorders. Eur. Eat. Disord. Rev. 2020, 28, 239–245. [CrossRef] [PubMed]134. Mitchell, C. PAHO/WHO. 2020. Available online: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article& id=15756&Itemid=39630&lang=en (accessed on 21 July 2021).135. Abuhammad, S. Violence against Jordanian Women during COVID-19 Outbreak. Int. J. Clin. Pr. 2021, 75, e13824. [CrossRef]136. Aolymat, I. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence, Menstruation, Genital Tract Health, and Contraception Use among Women in Jordan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2021, 104, 519–525. [CrossRef]137. Berniell, I.; Facchini, G. COVID-19 lockdown and domestic violence: Evidence from internet-search behavior in 11 countries. Eur. Econ. Rev. 2021, 136, 103775. [CrossRef]138. Dai, M.; Xia, Y.; Han, R. The Impact of Lockdown on Police Service Calls during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Polic. A J. Policy Pract. 2021. [CrossRef]139. Fabbri, C.; Bhatia, A.; Petzold, M.; Jugder, M.; Guedes, A.; Cappa, C.; Devries, K. Modelling the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent discipline against children. Child Abus. Negl. 2021, 116, 104897. [CrossRef]140. Fereidooni, R.; Mootz, J.; Sabaei, R.; Khoshnood, K.; Heydari, S.T.; Moradian, M.J.; Taherifard, E.; Nasirian, M.; Molavi Vardanjani, H. The COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic effects, and intimate partner violence against women: A population-based cohort study in Iran. SSRN Electron. J. 2020. [CrossRef]141. Guglielmi, S.; Seager, J.; Mitu, K.; Baird, S.; Jones, N. Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on Rohingya adolescents in Cox’s Bazar: A mixed-methods study. J. Migr. Health 2020, 1, 100031. [CrossRef] [PubMed]142. Mahmood, K.I.; Shabu, S.A.; M-Amen, K.M.; Hussain, S.S.; Kako, D.A.; Hinchliff, S.; Shabila, N.P. The Impact of COVID-19 Related Lockdown on the Prevalence of Spousal Violence against Women in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. J. Interpers. Violence 2021, 26, 0886260521997929. [CrossRef]143. Pattojoshi, A.; Sidana, A.; Garg, S.; Mishra, S.N.; Singh, L.K.; Goyal, N.; Tikka, S.K. Staying home is NOT ‘staying safe’: A rapid 8-day online survey on spousal violence against women during the COVID -19 lockdown in India. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2021, 75, 64–66. [CrossRef]144. Pinchoff, J.; Austrian, K.; Rajshekhar, N.; Abuya, T.; Kangwana, B.; Ochako, R.; Tidwell, J.B.; Mwanga, D.; Muluve, E.; Mbushi, F.; et al. Gendered economic, social and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation policies in Kenya: Evidence from a prospective cohort survey in Nairobi informal settlements. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e042749. [CrossRef] [PubMed]145. Unfpa. Available online: https://asiapacific.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/COVID-19_and_vaw_insights_from_big_ data_analysis_final.pdf (accessed on 21 July 2021).146. Sharma, P.; Khokhar, A. Domestic violence and coping strategies among married adults during lockdown due to Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in India: A cross-sectional study. Disaster Med. Public Health Prep. 2021, 1–8. [CrossRef]147. Egger, D.; Miguel, E.; Warren, S.S.; Shenoy, A.; Collins, E.; Karlan, D.; Parkerson, D.; Mobarak, A.M.; Fink, G.; Udry, C.; et al. Falling living standards during the COVID-19 crisis: Quantitative evidence from nine developing countries. Sci. Adv. 2021, 7, eabe0997. [CrossRef] [PubMed]148. Venter, A.; Lewis, C.M.; Saffy, P.; Chadinha, L.P. Locked down: Impact of COVID-19 restrictions on trauma presentations to the emergency department. S. Afr. Med. J. 2020, 111, 52–56. [CrossRef]149. Agüero, J.M. COVID-19 and the rise of intimate partner violence. World Dev. 2021, 137, 105217. [CrossRef]150. Tadesse, A.W.; Tarekegn, S.M.; Wagaw, G.B.; Muluneh, M.D.; Kassa, A.M. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Intimate Partner Violence among Married Women During COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions: A Community-Based Study. J. Interpers. Violence 2020. [CrossRef]151. Ghanbari, A.; Pouy, S.; Panahi, L.; Khorasgani, A.E.; Hasandoost, F. Violence against Frontline Emergency Nurses during Pandemic of COVID-19 in Guilan: A Cross-Sectional Study. Research Square. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchsquare. com/article/rs-116197/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).152. Wang, W.; Lu, L.; Kelifa, M.M.; Yu, Y.; He, A.; Cao, N.; Zheng, S.; Yan, W.; Yang, Y. Mental Health Problems in Chinese Healthcare Workers Exposed to Workplace Violence During the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Health Policy Politi 2020, 13, 2827–2833. [CrossRef]153. Naghizadeh, S.; Mirghafourvand, M.; Mohammadirad, R. Domestic violence and its relationship with quality of life in pregnant women during the outbreak of COVID-19 disease. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021, 21, 88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]154. Teshome, A.; Gudu, W.; Bekele, D.; Asfaw, M.; Enyew, R.; Compton, S.D. Intimate partner violence among prenatal care attendees amidst the COVID-19 crisis: The incidence in Ethiopia. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet. 2021, 153, 45–50. [CrossRef]155. Gulesci, S.; Beccar, M.P.; Dj, U. Can Youth Empowerment Programs Reduce Violence against Girls during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Discussion Paper No. DP15808; CEPR: Washington, DC, USA, 2021.156. Haddad, C.; Malhab, S.B.; Sacre, H.; Malaeb, D.; Azzi, J.; Khachman, D.; Lahoud, N.; Salameh, P. Factors Related to Pregnancy Outcome among Lebanese Women during COVID-19 Confinement. Research Square. 2020. Available online: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-117860/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).157. Hajj, A.; Badro, D.A.; Selwan, C.A.; Sacre, H.; Aoun, R.; Salameh, P. Gender Differences in Mental Health Outcomes amid the COVID-19 Pandemic and a Collapsing Economy: A Cross-Sectional Study. Research Square. 2020. Available online: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-122511/v1 (accessed on 21 July 2021).158. Krishnakumar, A.; Verma, S. Understanding Domestic Violence in India during COVID-19: A Routine Activity Approach. Asian J. Criminol. 2021, 16, 19–35. [CrossRef]159. Mahapatro, M.; Prasad, M.M.; Singh, S.P. Role of Social Support in Women facing Domestic Violence during Lockdown of COVID-19 while Cohabiting with the Abusers: Analysis of Cases Registered with the Family Counseling Centre, Alwar, India. J. Fam. Issues 2021, 11, 0192513X20984496. [CrossRef]160. Rockowitz, S.; Stevens, L.; Colloff, M.F.; Smith, L.; Rockey, J.; Ritchie, J.; Kanja, W.; Cotton, J.; Flowe, H.D. Patterns of violence against adults and children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. PsyArXiv 2020, 11, e048636. [CrossRef161. Wasil, A.R.; Gillespie, S.; Patel, R.; Petre, A.; Venturo-Conerly, K.E.; Shingleton, R.M.; Weisz, J.R.; DeRubeis, R.J. Reassessing evidence-based content in popular smartphone apps for depression and anxiety: Developing and applying user-adjusted analyses. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2020, 88, 983–993. [CrossRef] [PubMed]162. Nicholas, J.; Larsen, M.E.; Proudfoot, J.; Christensen, H. Mobile Apps for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Features and Content Quality. J. Med. Internet Res. 2015, 17, e198. [CrossRef]163. Walrave, M.; Waeterloos, C.; Ponnet, K. Adoption of a Contact Tracing App for Containing COVID-19: A Health Belief Model Approach. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020, 6, e20572. [CrossRef]164. Zens, M.; Brammertz, A.; Herpich, J.; Südkamp, N.; Hinterseer, M. App-Based Tracking of Self-Reported COVID-19 Symptoms: Analysis of Questionnaire Data. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e21956. [CrossRef]165. Clemente-Suárez, V.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Moreno-Luna, L.; Saavedra-Serrano, M.; Jimenez, M.; Simón, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6314. [CrossRef]166. Petrovic, D.; Haba-Rubio, J.; Carmeli, C.; Vollenweider, P.; Heinzer, R.; Stringhini, S. Social inequalities in sleep-disordered breathing: Evidence from the CoLaus HypnoLaus study. J. Sleep Res. 2019, 28, e12799. [CrossRef]167. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Beltran-Velasco, A.I.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. Social and psychophysiological consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: An extensive literature review. Front. Psychol. 2020, 16, 3077.168. Sosso, F.E.; Matos, E. Socioeconomic disparities in obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review of empirical research. Sleep Breath. 2021, 16. [CrossRef]169. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Mielgo-Ayuso, J.; Dalamitros, A.A.; Nikolaidis, P.A.; Hormeño-Holgado, A.; TorneroAguilera, J.F. Nutrition in the Actual COVID-19 Pandemic. A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1924. [CrossRef]170. Yin, J.; Jin, X.; Shan, Z.; Li, S.; Huang, H.; Li, P.; Peng, X.; Peng, Z.; Yu, K.; Bao, W.; et al. Relationship of Sleep Duration With All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. J. Am. Hear. Assoc. 2017, 6, e005947. [CrossRef]171. Phelan, J.C.; Link, B.; Tehranifar, P. Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Health Inequalities: Theory, Evidence, and Policy Implications. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2010, 51, S28–S40. [CrossRef]172. Gosling, J.A.; Batterham, P.; Glozier, N.; Christensen, H. The influence of job stress, social support and health status on intermittent and chronic sleep disturbance: An 8-year longitudinal analysis. Sleep Med. 2014, 15, 979–985. [CrossRef]173. Unützer, J.; Kimmel, R.J.; Snowden, M. Psychiatry in the age of COVID-19. World Psychiatry 2020, 19, 130. [CrossRef]174. Gorwood, P.; Fiorillo, A. One year after the COVID-19: What have we learned, what shall we do next? Eur. Psychiatry 2021, 2021, 64.175. Marazziti, D.; Stahl, S.M. The relevance of COVID-19 pandemic to psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2020, 19, 261. [CrossRef]ORIGINALThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdfThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdfapplication/pdf498504https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/1/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf03cc947d2a12702c2b182538bf8619fcMD51open accessCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/2/license_rdf42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/3/license.txte30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53open accessTHUMBNAILThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdf.jpgThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg74297https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/4/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf.jpgdb21787c14fa22055d266be039f8f449MD54open accessTEXTThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdf.txtThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Disorders. A Critical Review.pdf.txttext/plain104700https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/8926/5/The%20Impact%20of%20the%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Mental%20Disorders.%20A%20Critical%20Review.pdf.txt35809f4e564fe0d829f6ec51f49ec061MD55open access11323/8926oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/89262023-12-14 14:55:35.115CC0 1.0 Universal|||http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La Costabdigital@metabiblioteca.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