The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance

COVID-19 restrictions stipulate the mandatory use of surgical masks during outdoor and indoor physical activities. The impact of this on athletic performance and especially on anaerobic physical activities is poorly known. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of surgical mask us...

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Autores:
Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro
Bustamante Sánchez, Alvaro
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8551
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8551
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
COVID-19
blood oxygen saturation
rating of perceived exertion
glucose
sport performance
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_3b08837919bc3585525b72cd443d5605
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8551
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
title The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
spellingShingle The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
COVID-19
blood oxygen saturation
rating of perceived exertion
glucose
sport performance
title_short The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
title_full The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
title_fullStr The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
title_full_unstemmed The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
title_sort The effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performance
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro
Bustamante Sánchez, Alvaro
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco
Rubio Zarapuz, Alejandro
Bustamante Sánchez, Alvaro
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv COVID-19
blood oxygen saturation
rating of perceived exertion
glucose
sport performance
topic COVID-19
blood oxygen saturation
rating of perceived exertion
glucose
sport performance
description COVID-19 restrictions stipulate the mandatory use of surgical masks during outdoor and indoor physical activities. The impact of this on athletic performance and especially on anaerobic physical activities is poorly known. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of surgical mask use on the anaerobic running performance of athletes. Modifications in running time, blood lactate, blood glucose, blood oxygen saturation, subjective perceived stress, rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate variability were measured in 50 m and 400 m maximal running tests with and without the use of surgical masks in 72 athletes. The use of a surgical mask increased blood lactate concentration, sympathetic autonomic modulation, perceived exertion, perceived stress, and decreased blood oxygen saturation in 50 and 400 m running tests. Thus, the higher levels of blood lactate and lower blood oxygen saturation require adaptation of the athlete's rest and recovery periods to the acute workload. The higher level of sympathetic activation makes the acute and chronic control of autonomic modulation essential for an efficient training periodization. Finally, the use of acid buffers such as bicarbonate or sodium citrate would be a recommended ergogenic strategy.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-19T15:06:34Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-08-19T15:06:34Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021-07
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2076-3417
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8551
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv 10.3390/app11146555
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2076-3417
10.3390/app11146555
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8551
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Helmy, Y.A.; Fawzy, M.; Elaswad, A.; Sobieh, A.; Kenney, S.P.; Shehata, A.A. The COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1225.
2. Senatore, V.; Zarra, T.; Buonerba, A.; Choo, K.H.; Hasan, S.W.; Korshin, G.; Li, C.W.; Ksibi, M.; Belgiorno, V.; Naddeo, V. Indoor versus outdoor transmission of SARS-COV-2: Environmental factors in virus spread and underestimated sources of risk. EuroMediterr. J. Environ. Integr. 2021, 6, 30.
3. Pillay, L.; Janse van Rensburg, D.C.C.; Jansen van Rensburg, A.; Ramagole, D.A.; Holtzhausen, L.; Dijkstra, H.P.; Cronje, T. Nowhere to hide: The significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 670–679.
4. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; de la Vega Marcos, R.; Martínez Patiño, M.J. Modulators of the Personal and Professional Threat Perception of Olympic Athletes in the Actual COVID-19 Crisis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1985.
5. Fuentes-García, J.P.; Martínez Patiño, M.J.; Villafaina, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1812.
6. Schinke, R.; Papaioannou, A.; Henriksen, K.; Si, G.; Zhang, L.; Haberl, P. Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 18, 269–272.
7. Flecha, S.S.; Pitta, N.M. Efectos por Uso Prolongado del EPI en Profesionales de Enfermería ante COVID 19: Hospitales de Contingencia Respiratoria; Academic Discl., 2020; Volume 1, pp. 24–39. Available online: https://revistascientificas.una.py/ojs/index.php/ rfenob/article/view/135/109 (accessed on 14 July 2021).
8. Chandrasekaran, B.; Fernandes, S. “Exercise with facemask; Are we handling a devil’s sword?”—A physiological hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 144, 110002.
9. Smith, C.L.; Whitelaw, J.L.; Davies, B. Carbon dioxide rebreathing in respiratory protective devices: Influence of speech and work rate in full-face masks. Ergonomics 2013, 56, 781–790.
10. Melnikov, V.N.; Divert, V.E.; Komlyagina, T.G.; Consedine, N.S.; Krivoschekov, S.G. Baseline values of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters predict response to acute hypoxia in young healthy men. Physiol. Res. 2017, 66, 467–479. [CrossRef]
11. Shaw, K.; Butcher, S.; Ko, J.; Zello, G.A.; Chilibeck, P.D. Wearing of Cloth or Disposable Surgical Face Masks has no Effect on Vigorous Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8110.
12. Shaw, K.; Zello, G.A.; Butcher, S.; Ko, J.; Bertrand, L.; Chilibeck, P.D. The Impact of Face Masks on Performance and Physiological Outcomes during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2021.
13. Goh, D.Y.T.; Mun, M.W.; Lee, W.L.J.; Teoh, O.H.; Rajgor, D.D. A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the safety, fit, comfort of a novel N95 mask in children. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18952.
14. Kim, J.H.; Benson, S.M.; Roberge, R.J. Pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Am. J. Infect. Control 2013, 41, 24–27.
15. Lässing, J.; Falz, R.; Pökel, C.; Fikenzer, S.; Laufs, U.; Schulze, A.; Hölldobler, N.; Rüdrich, P.; Busse, M. Effects of surgical face masks on cardiopulmonary parameters during steady state exercise. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 22363.
16. Shein, S.L.; Whitticar, S.; Mascho, K.K.; Pace, E.; Speicher, R.; Deakins, K. The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0247414.
17. Wong, A.Y.; Ling, S.K.; Louie, L.H.; Law, G.Y.; So, R.C.; Lee, D.C.; Yau, F.C.; Yung, P.S. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and exercise. Asia Pac. J. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Technol. 2020, 22, 39–44.
18. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of reverse vs. traditional linear training periodization in triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807.
19. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Intervention to Improve Preparedness in Military Special Operations Forces. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2019, 90, 953–958.
20. Borg, G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1998.
21. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2020, 45, 231–239.
22. Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Sánchez-Conde, P.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Monitorization of Autonomic Stress Response of Nurse Students in Hospital Clinical Simulation. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, 6641425.
23. Shaffer, F.; Ginsberg, J.P. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front. Public Health 2017, 5, 258.
24. Driver, S.; Reynolds, M.; Brown, K.; Vingren, J.L.; Hill, D.W.; Bennett, M.; Gilliland, T.; McShan, E.; Callender, L.; Reynolds, E.; et al. Effects of wearing a cloth face mask on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during a graded treadmill running exercise test. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021.
25. Scott, C. Misconceptions about Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Expenditure. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2005, 2, 32–37.
26. Hirvonen, J.; Nummela, A.; Rusko, H.; Rehunen, S.; Härkönen, M. Fatigue and changes of ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate during the 400-m sprint. Can. J. Sport Sci. 1992, 17, 141–144.
27. Fikenzer, S.; Uhe, T.; Lavall, D.; Rudolph, U.; Falz, R.; Busse, M.; Hepp, P.; Laufs, U. Effects of surgical and FFP2/N95 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Clin. Res. Cardiol. 2020, 109, 1522–1530.
28. Barbieri, J.F.; Gáspari, A.F.; Teodoro, C.L.; Motta, L.; Castaño, L.A.A.; Bertuzzi, R.; Bernades, C.F.; Chacon-Mikahil, M.P.T.; de Moraes, A.C. The effect of an airflow restriction mask (ARM) on metabolic, ventilatory, and electromyographic responses to continuous cycling exercise. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0237010.
29. Williams, N. The Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Occup. Med. 2017, 67, 404–405.
30. Motoyama, Y.L.; Joel, G.B.; Pereira, P.E.; Esteves, G.J.; Azevedo, P.H. Airflow-restricting mask reduces acute performance in resistance exercise. Sports 2016, 4, 46.
31. Hopkins, S.R.; Dominelli, P.B.; Davis, C.K.; Guenette, J.A.; Luks, A.M.; Molgat-Seon, Y.; Sá, R.C.; Sheel, A.W.; Swenson, E.R.; Stickland, M.K. Face Masks and the Cardiorespiratory Response to Physical Activity in Health and Disease. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2021, 18, 399–407.
32. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Cognitive and psychophysiological impact of surgical mask use during university lessons. Physiol. Behav. 2021, 234, 113342.
33. Mapelli, M.; Salvioni, E.; De Martino, F.; Mattavelli, I.; Gugliandolo, P.; Vignati, C.; Farina, S.; Palermo, P.; Campodonico, J.; Maragna, R.; et al. “You can leave your mask on”: Effects on cardiopulmonary parameters of different airway protection masks at rest and during maximal exercise. Eur. Respir. J. 2021.
34. Doherty, C.; Mann, L.; Angus, S.A.; Chan, J.; Molgat-Seon, Y.; Dominelli, P.B. Impact of wearing a surgical and cloth mask during cycle exercise. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2021, 46.
35. Gardner, S.A.; Martin, T.D.; Barras, M.; Jenkins, G.D.; Hahn, G.A. Power output demands of elite track sprint cycling. Int. J. Perform. Anal. Sport 2005, 5, 149–154.
36. Roberge, R.J.; Coca, A.; Williams, W.J.; Palmiero, A.J.; Powell, J.B. Surgical mask placement over N95 filtering facepiece respirators: Physiological effects on healthcare workers. Respirology 2010, 15, 516–521.
37. Roberge, R.J.; Kim, J.H.; Benson, S.M. Absence of consequential changes in physiological, thermal and subjective responses from wearing a surgical mask. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2012, 181, 29–35.
38. Rosner, E. Adverse effects of prolonged mask use among health care professionals during COVID-19. J. Infect. Dis. Epidemiol. 2020, 6, 130.
39. Tian, Z.; Kim, B.Y.; Bae, M.J. A study on the effect of wearing masks on stress response. Memory 2020, 8, 12.
40. Rodriguez-Besteiro, S.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Fernández-Lucas, J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Gender Differences in the COVID-19 Pandemic Risk Perception, Psychology, and Behaviors of Spanish University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3908.
41. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Rubio-Zarapuz, A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Implications of surgical mask use in physical education lessons. Physiol. Behav. 2021, 239, 113513.
42. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Navarro-Jiménez, E.; Moreno-Luna, L.; Saavedra-Serrano, M.C.; Jimenez, M.; Simón, J.A.; Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social, Health, and Economy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6314.
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spelling Tornero Aguilera, José FranciscoRubio Zarapuz, AlejandroBustamante Sánchez, AlvaroClemente Suárez, Vicente Javier2021-08-19T15:06:34Z2021-08-19T15:06:34Z2021-072076-3417https://hdl.handle.net/11323/855110.3390/app11146555Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/COVID-19 restrictions stipulate the mandatory use of surgical masks during outdoor and indoor physical activities. The impact of this on athletic performance and especially on anaerobic physical activities is poorly known. The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of surgical mask use on the anaerobic running performance of athletes. Modifications in running time, blood lactate, blood glucose, blood oxygen saturation, subjective perceived stress, rating of perceived exertion, and heart rate variability were measured in 50 m and 400 m maximal running tests with and without the use of surgical masks in 72 athletes. The use of a surgical mask increased blood lactate concentration, sympathetic autonomic modulation, perceived exertion, perceived stress, and decreased blood oxygen saturation in 50 and 400 m running tests. Thus, the higher levels of blood lactate and lower blood oxygen saturation require adaptation of the athlete's rest and recovery periods to the acute workload. The higher level of sympathetic activation makes the acute and chronic control of autonomic modulation essential for an efficient training periodization. Finally, the use of acid buffers such as bicarbonate or sodium citrate would be a recommended ergogenic strategy.Tornero Aguilera, José Francisco-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-0747-8133-600Rubio Zarapuz, AlejandroBustamante Sánchez, AlvaroClemente Suárez, Vicente Javierapplication/pdfengAPPLIED SCIENCES-BASELCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2COVID-19blood oxygen saturationrating of perceived exertionglucosesport performanceThe effect of surgical mask use in anaerobic running performanceArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6555https://ezproxy.cuc.edu.co:2080/wos/woscc/full-record/WOS:0006759403000011. Helmy, Y.A.; Fawzy, M.; Elaswad, A.; Sobieh, A.; Kenney, S.P.; Shehata, A.A. The COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive review of taxonomy, genetics, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1225.2. Senatore, V.; Zarra, T.; Buonerba, A.; Choo, K.H.; Hasan, S.W.; Korshin, G.; Li, C.W.; Ksibi, M.; Belgiorno, V.; Naddeo, V. Indoor versus outdoor transmission of SARS-COV-2: Environmental factors in virus spread and underestimated sources of risk. EuroMediterr. J. Environ. Integr. 2021, 6, 30.3. Pillay, L.; Janse van Rensburg, D.C.C.; Jansen van Rensburg, A.; Ramagole, D.A.; Holtzhausen, L.; Dijkstra, H.P.; Cronje, T. Nowhere to hide: The significant impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) measures on elite and semi-elite South African athletes. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 670–679.4. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Fuentes-García, J.P.; de la Vega Marcos, R.; Martínez Patiño, M.J. Modulators of the Personal and Professional Threat Perception of Olympic Athletes in the Actual COVID-19 Crisis. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1985.5. Fuentes-García, J.P.; Martínez Patiño, M.J.; Villafaina, S.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of COVID-19 Confinement in Behavioral, Psychological, and Training Patterns of Chess Players. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 1812.6. Schinke, R.; Papaioannou, A.; Henriksen, K.; Si, G.; Zhang, L.; Haberl, P. Sport psychology services to high performance athletes during COVID-19. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2020, 18, 269–272.7. Flecha, S.S.; Pitta, N.M. Efectos por Uso Prolongado del EPI en Profesionales de Enfermería ante COVID 19: Hospitales de Contingencia Respiratoria; Academic Discl., 2020; Volume 1, pp. 24–39. Available online: https://revistascientificas.una.py/ojs/index.php/ rfenob/article/view/135/109 (accessed on 14 July 2021).8. Chandrasekaran, B.; Fernandes, S. “Exercise with facemask; Are we handling a devil’s sword?”—A physiological hypothesis. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 144, 110002.9. Smith, C.L.; Whitelaw, J.L.; Davies, B. Carbon dioxide rebreathing in respiratory protective devices: Influence of speech and work rate in full-face masks. Ergonomics 2013, 56, 781–790.10. Melnikov, V.N.; Divert, V.E.; Komlyagina, T.G.; Consedine, N.S.; Krivoschekov, S.G. Baseline values of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters predict response to acute hypoxia in young healthy men. Physiol. Res. 2017, 66, 467–479. [CrossRef]11. Shaw, K.; Butcher, S.; Ko, J.; Zello, G.A.; Chilibeck, P.D. Wearing of Cloth or Disposable Surgical Face Masks has no Effect on Vigorous Exercise Performance in Healthy Individuals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8110.12. Shaw, K.; Zello, G.A.; Butcher, S.; Ko, J.; Bertrand, L.; Chilibeck, P.D. The Impact of Face Masks on Performance and Physiological Outcomes during Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2021.13. Goh, D.Y.T.; Mun, M.W.; Lee, W.L.J.; Teoh, O.H.; Rajgor, D.D. A randomised clinical trial to evaluate the safety, fit, comfort of a novel N95 mask in children. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18952.14. Kim, J.H.; Benson, S.M.; Roberge, R.J. Pulmonary and heart rate responses to wearing N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Am. J. Infect. Control 2013, 41, 24–27.15. Lässing, J.; Falz, R.; Pökel, C.; Fikenzer, S.; Laufs, U.; Schulze, A.; Hölldobler, N.; Rüdrich, P.; Busse, M. Effects of surgical face masks on cardiopulmonary parameters during steady state exercise. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 22363.16. Shein, S.L.; Whitticar, S.; Mascho, K.K.; Pace, E.; Speicher, R.; Deakins, K. The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity. PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0247414.17. Wong, A.Y.; Ling, S.K.; Louie, L.H.; Law, G.Y.; So, R.C.; Lee, D.C.; Yau, F.C.; Yung, P.S. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports and exercise. Asia Pac. J. Sports Med. Arthrosc. Rehabil. Technol. 2020, 22, 39–44.18. Clemente-Suárez, V.J.; Ramos-Campo, D.J. Effectiveness of reverse vs. traditional linear training periodization in triathlon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2807.19. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Pelarigo, J.G.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Psychophysiological Intervention to Improve Preparedness in Military Special Operations Forces. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 2019, 90, 953–958.20. Borg, G. Borg’s Perceived Exertion and Pain Scales; Human Kinetics: Champaign, IL, USA, 1998.21. Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Robles-Pérez, J.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response. Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback 2020, 45, 231–239.22. Beltrán-Velasco, A.I.; Sánchez-Conde, P.; Ramos-Campo, D.J.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Monitorization of Autonomic Stress Response of Nurse Students in Hospital Clinical Simulation. BioMed Res. Int. 2021, 2021, 6641425.23. Shaffer, F.; Ginsberg, J.P. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms. Front. Public Health 2017, 5, 258.24. Driver, S.; Reynolds, M.; Brown, K.; Vingren, J.L.; Hill, D.W.; Bennett, M.; Gilliland, T.; McShan, E.; Callender, L.; Reynolds, E.; et al. Effects of wearing a cloth face mask on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during a graded treadmill running exercise test. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021.25. Scott, C. Misconceptions about Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Expenditure. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2005, 2, 32–37.26. Hirvonen, J.; Nummela, A.; Rusko, H.; Rehunen, S.; Härkönen, M. Fatigue and changes of ATP, creatine phosphate, and lactate during the 400-m sprint. Can. J. Sport Sci. 1992, 17, 141–144.27. Fikenzer, S.; Uhe, T.; Lavall, D.; Rudolph, U.; Falz, R.; Busse, M.; Hepp, P.; Laufs, U. 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