The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts
The daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of solar and wind resources is well-documented, based on evidence from multi-decadal meteorological time series. However, with the growing share of non-dispatchable renewable-based power sources (e.g., wind and solar power), the stable operation of th...
- Autores:
-
Kapica, Jacek
Jurasz, Jakub
Canales, Fausto
Bloomfield, Hannah
Guezgouz, Mohammed
De Felice, Matteo
Kobus, Zbigniew
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13082
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13082
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Resource droughts
Extreme events
Spatial representation
Future scenarios
Europe
Hybridization
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| title |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| spellingShingle |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts Resource droughts Extreme events Spatial representation Future scenarios Europe Hybridization |
| title_short |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| title_full |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| title_fullStr |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| title_sort |
The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Kapica, Jacek Jurasz, Jakub Canales, Fausto Bloomfield, Hannah Guezgouz, Mohammed De Felice, Matteo Kobus, Zbigniew |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Kapica, Jacek Jurasz, Jakub Canales, Fausto Bloomfield, Hannah Guezgouz, Mohammed De Felice, Matteo Kobus, Zbigniew |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Resource droughts Extreme events Spatial representation Future scenarios Europe Hybridization |
| topic |
Resource droughts Extreme events Spatial representation Future scenarios Europe Hybridization |
| description |
The daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of solar and wind resources is well-documented, based on evidence from multi-decadal meteorological time series. However, with the growing share of non-dispatchable renewable-based power sources (e.g., wind and solar power), the stable operation of the power system could be undermined by prolonged periods of low availability of these resources. Consequently, this may result in extremely high prices in the energy market or even a power system blackout. This study analyzes the performance of solar, wind, and solar-wind hybrid systems in Europe based on eight regional climate models, considering two possible climate change projections. The resource availability has been evaluated based on the energy drought concept. The total duration of droughts is calculated using daily capacity factors covering the years 1970–2020 (reference period) and 2048–2098 (future period), considering sub-national regions across the whole of Europe. In general, the chosen climate models show a more significant agreement in the occurrence of energy droughts for northern and southern Europe compared to its central part. Assessing the potential for renewable energy droughts is critical to maintaining secure and reliable power system operation in both the present and future climate. |
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2024 |
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2024-06-26T13:16:17Z |
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2024-06-26T13:16:17Z 2026-01 |
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2024-01 |
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Artículo de revista |
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Jacek Kapica, Jakub Jurasz, Fausto A. Canales, Hannah Bloomfield, Mohammed Guezgouz, Matteo De Felice, Zbigniew Kobus, The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 189, Part A, 2024, 114011, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114011 |
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1364-0321 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13082 |
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10.1016/j.rser.2023.114011 |
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1879-0690 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Jacek Kapica, Jakub Jurasz, Fausto A. Canales, Hannah Bloomfield, Mohammed Guezgouz, Matteo De Felice, Zbigniew Kobus, The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 189, Part A, 2024, 114011, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114011 1364-0321 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114011 1879-0690 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13082 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |
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[28] Jerez S, Tobin I, Turco M, Jim´enez-Guerrero P, Vautard R, Montavez ´ JP. Future changes, or lack thereof, in the temporal variability of the combined wind-plussolar power production in Europe. Renew Energy 2019;139:251–60. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.060. [29] Tobin I, Greuell W, Jerez S, Ludwig F, Vautard R, van Vliet MTH, et al. Vulnerabilities and resilience of European power generation to 1.5 ◦C, 2 ◦C and 3 ◦C warming. Environ Res Lett 2018;13:044024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748- 9326/aab211. [30] Costoya X, deCastro M, Carvalho D, Arguil´e-P´erez B, Gomez-Gesteira ´ M. Combining offshore wind and solar photovoltaic energy to stabilize energy supply under climate change scenarios: a case study on the western Iberian Peninsula. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2022;157:112037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. rser.2021.112037. [31] Bloomfield HC, Brayshaw DJ, Troccoli A, Goodess CM, De Felice M, Dubus L, et al. 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[44] Rinaldi KZ, Dowling JA, Ruggles TH, Caldeira K, Lewis NS. Wind and solar resource droughts in California highlight the benefits of long-term storage and integration with the western interconnect. Environ Sci Technol 2021;55:6214–26. https://doi. org/10.1021/acs.est.0c07848. [45] Jurasz J, Mikulik J, Dąbek PB, Guezgouz M, Ka´zmierczak B. Complementarity and ‘resource droughts’ of solar and wind energy in Poland: an ERA5-based analysis. Energies 2021;14:1118. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041118. [46] Otero N, Martius O, Allen S, Bloomfield H, Schaefli B. A copula-based assessment of renewable energy droughts across Europe. Renew Energy 2022;201:667–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.10.091. [47] Allen S, Otero N. Standardised indices to monitor energy droughts. Renew Energy 2023;217:119206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.119206. [48] Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S). 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Special report on emissions scenarios. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2000. [53] Saint-Drenan Y-M, Wald L, Ranchin T, Dubus L, Troccoli A. An approach for the estimation of the aggregated photovoltaic power generated in several European countries from meteorological data. Adv Sci Res 2018;15:51–62. https://doi.org/ 10.5194/asr-15-51-2018. [54] Troccoli A, Sanger L, Goodess C, Ogonji J, Dubus L, Vautard R, et al. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) - technical description of methodologies followed in the development of each product. Reading: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts; 2020. [55] AR6 Synthesis Report. Climate change. 2023. https://www.ipcc.ch/report /ar6/syr/. [Accessed 13 September 2023]. [56] Kapica J, Jurasz J, Canales AF, Bloomfield H, Guezgouz M, De Felice M, et al. The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts. 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8333762. [57] Solaun K, Cerd´ a E. Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2019;116. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109415. 109415–109415. [58] Weber J, Wohland J, Reyers M, Moemken J, Hoppe C, Pinto JG, et al. Impact of climate change on backup energy and storage needs in wind-dominated power systems in Europe. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0201457. [59] European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy Andrey C, Barberi P, Florez E, Veen W, et al. Offshore renewable energy and grids: an analysis of visions towards 2050 for the Northern seas region and recommendations for upcoming scenario-building exercises. Publications Office of the European Union; 2022. https://doi.org/10.2833/693330. [60] Bloomfield HC, Suitters CC, Drew DR. Meteorological drivers of European power system stress. J. Renewable Energy 2020;2020:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/ 2020/5481010. [61] ENTSO-E Transparency Platform n.d. https://transparency.entsoe.eu/(accessed September 13, 2023). [62] Parzen M, Abdel-Khalek H, Fedotova E, Mahmood M, Frysztacki MM, Hampp J, et al. PyPSA-Earth. A new global open energy system optimization model demonstrated in Africa. Appl Energy 2023;341:121096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apenergy.2023.121096. |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfKapica, JacekJurasz, JakubCanales, FaustoBloomfield, HannahGuezgouz, MohammedDe Felice, MatteoKobus, Zbigniew2024-06-26T13:16:17Z2026-012024-06-26T13:16:17Z2024-01Jacek Kapica, Jakub Jurasz, Fausto A. Canales, Hannah Bloomfield, Mohammed Guezgouz, Matteo De Felice, Zbigniew Kobus, The potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 189, Part A, 2024, 114011, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.1140111364-0321https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1308210.1016/j.rser.2023.1140111879-0690Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of solar and wind resources is well-documented, based on evidence from multi-decadal meteorological time series. However, with the growing share of non-dispatchable renewable-based power sources (e.g., wind and solar power), the stable operation of the power system could be undermined by prolonged periods of low availability of these resources. Consequently, this may result in extremely high prices in the energy market or even a power system blackout. This study analyzes the performance of solar, wind, and solar-wind hybrid systems in Europe based on eight regional climate models, considering two possible climate change projections. The resource availability has been evaluated based on the energy drought concept. The total duration of droughts is calculated using daily capacity factors covering the years 1970–2020 (reference period) and 2048–2098 (future period), considering sub-national regions across the whole of Europe. In general, the chosen climate models show a more significant agreement in the occurrence of energy droughts for northern and southern Europe compared to its central part. Assessing the potential for renewable energy droughts is critical to maintaining secure and reliable power system operation in both the present and future climate.15 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier LtdUnited Kingdomhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123008699?via%3DihubThe potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughtsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85EuropeRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews[1] Sims REH. Renewable energy: a response to climate change. Sol Energy 2004;76: 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-092X(03)00101-4.[2] Kapica J, Canales FA, Jurasz J. Global atlas of solar and wind resources temporal complementarity. 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Appl Energy 2023;341:121096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. apenergy.2023.121096.151189Resource droughtsExtreme eventsSpatial representationFuture scenariosEuropeHybridizationPublicationORIGINALThe potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts.pdfThe potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf28595857https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e87b50ac-40c4-4af8-ae41-7326bb637254/download286326b21dda26c5ec3635c0de29f66eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9e4cf5a0-1cca-4338-aa44-80d410fadb78/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTThe potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts.pdf.txtThe potential impact of climate change on European renewable energy droughts.pdf.txtExtracted 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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