Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia

From a comprehensive diagnosis of the associated basins, islands, and wetlands of the coastal lagoon system of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia, this work describes feasible options for the recovery of its ecosystem’s health and ecological resilience. Firstly, the state of the coastal lagoon...

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Autores:
Rivillas-Ospina, German
Maza-Chamorro, Mauro
Restrepo, Sebastián
Lithgow, Debora
Silva, Rodolfo
Sisa, Augusto
Vargas, Andrés
Sarmiento, Juan Pablo
Caes, Juan
BOLIVAR CARBONELL, MARIANELLA
Del Rio, Roberto
Campo, Erick
Casas, Diego
Rudas, Dennis
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2020
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7146
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7146
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051513
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Erosion
Green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management
Morphological changes
Basins
Sediments
River flows
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openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_37949ea673104da94cad3882f4cd553f
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/7146
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
title Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
spellingShingle Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
Erosion
Green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management
Morphological changes
Basins
Sediments
River flows
title_short Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
title_full Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
title_fullStr Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
title_full_unstemmed Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
title_sort Alternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, Colombia
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Rivillas-Ospina, German
Maza-Chamorro, Mauro
Restrepo, Sebastián
Lithgow, Debora
Silva, Rodolfo
Sisa, Augusto
Vargas, Andrés
Sarmiento, Juan Pablo
Caes, Juan
BOLIVAR CARBONELL, MARIANELLA
Del Rio, Roberto
Campo, Erick
Casas, Diego
Rudas, Dennis
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Rivillas-Ospina, German
Maza-Chamorro, Mauro
Restrepo, Sebastián
Lithgow, Debora
Silva, Rodolfo
Sisa, Augusto
Vargas, Andrés
Sarmiento, Juan Pablo
Caes, Juan
BOLIVAR CARBONELL, MARIANELLA
Del Rio, Roberto
Campo, Erick
Casas, Diego
Rudas, Dennis
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Erosion
Green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management
Morphological changes
Basins
Sediments
River flows
topic Erosion
Green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management
Morphological changes
Basins
Sediments
River flows
description From a comprehensive diagnosis of the associated basins, islands, and wetlands of the coastal lagoon system of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia, this work describes feasible options for the recovery of its ecosystem’s health and ecological resilience. Firstly, the state of the coastal lagoon was assessed, finding that hydrology, wave climate, and the morphological changes of the coastline explain recent changes in the coastal wetlands. Key variables were used to describe the level of conservation or degradation of the coastal lagoon system and to identify measures to improve its ecological functions. Finally, to mimic some of these functions and improve connectivity of the ecosystems, green infrastructure alternatives were proposed for the short and medium term to recover the services of these ecosystems and restore their resilience.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-10-15T20:55:39Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-10-15T20:55:39Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2020-05-25
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
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status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2073-4441
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7146
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051513
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2073-4441
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7146
https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051513
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Kjerfve, B. Comparative Oceanography of Coastal Lagoons, Columbia South Carolina: Estuarine Variability; Wolfe, D.A., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1986.
2. Friedman, J.B. Adaptación a Los Impactos del Cambio Climático en Humedales Costeros del Golfo dE México—Vol I; Buenfil, Ed.; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Instituto Nacional de Ecología: Ciudad de México, Mexico, 2009.
3. Brunn, P. Engineering Projects in Coastal Lagoons. Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 1994, 60, 507–533. [CrossRef]
4. Barbier, E.B. Valuing Ecosystem Services for Coastal Wetland Protection and Restoration: Progress and Challenges. Resources 2013, 2, 213–230. [CrossRef]
5. Rocha, J.; Yletyinen, J.; Biggs, R.; Blenckner, T.; Peterson, G. Marine regime shifts: Drivers and impacts on ecosystem services. Philos. Trans. B 2015, 370, 1–12. [CrossRef]
6. Villardy, S.P.; González, J.A.; Martín-López, B.; Montes, C. Relantionships between hydrological regime and ecosystem services supply in a Caribbean coastal wetland: A social-ecological approach. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2011, 56, 1423–1435. [CrossRef]
7. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.A.; Pineda, J.E.M.; Trujillo, L.V.P.; Rueda, M.E.; Ibarra, K.P. Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta: The Largest lagoon-Delta Ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean. In The Wetland Book II: Distribution, Description and Conservation; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 757–772.
8. Blanco, J.A.; Viloria, E.A.; Naváez, B.J. ENSO and salinity changes in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta coastal lagoon system, Colombian Caribbean. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 66, 157–167. [CrossRef]
9. Botero, L.; Mancera-Pineda, J.E. Síntesis de los cambios de origen antrópico ocurridos en los últimos 40 años en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y Ciénaga de Pajarales. Rev. De La Acad. Colomb. De Cienc. Nat. Y Exactas 1996, 20, 466–474.
10. Polanía, J.; Santos-Martínez, J.E.; Arboleda, L.B. The Coastal Lagoon Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Coast. Mar. Ecosyst. Lat. Am. 2001, 144, 33–45.
11. Jaramillo, F.; Licero, L.; Åhlen, I.; Manzoni, S.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.A.; Guittard, A.; Hylin, A.; Bolaños, J.; Jawitz, J.; Wdowinski, S.; et al. Effects of Hydroclimatic Change and Rehabilitation Activities on Salinity and Mangroves in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Wetlands 2018, 38, 755–767. [CrossRef]
12. Silva, R.; Chávez, V.; Bouma, T.; van Tussenbroek, B.; Arkema, K.; Martínez, L.; Oumeraci, H.; Hyemans, J.; Osorio, A.; Mendoza, E.; et al. The incorporation of biophysical and social components in coastal management. Estuaries Coasts 2019, 1, 1–14. [CrossRef]
13. Silva, R.; Lithgow, D.; Esteves, L.; Martínez, M.L.; Moreno-Casasola, P.; Martell, R.; Pereira, P.; Mendoza, E.; Campos-Cascaredo, A.; Grez, P.W.; et al. Coastal risk mitigation by green infraestructure in Latin America. Marit. Eng. 2017, 170, 39–54. [CrossRef]
14. Silva, R.; Martínez, M.; Catalan, P.; Osorio, A.; Martell, R.; Fossati, M.; Miot, G.; Mariño-Tapia, I.; Pereira, P.; Cienfuegos, R.; et al. Present and future challenges of coastal erosion in Latin America. J. Coast. Res. 2010, 71, 1–16. [CrossRef]
15. Botero, L.; Salzwedel, H. Rehabilitation of the Cienaga Grande of Santa Marta, a mangroove estuarine system in the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Ocean Coast. Manag. 1999, 42, 243–256. [CrossRef]
16. Instituto Colombiano DE HidrologíA, Meteorología Y Adecuación DE Tierras. Resolución 00337; Instituto Colombiano DE HidrologíA, Meteorología Y Adecuación DE Tierras: Bogotá, Colombia, 1978.
17. Osorio, A.F.; Montoya, R.D.; Ortiz, J.C.; Pelaez, D. Construction of synthetic ocean wave series along the Colombian Caribbean coast: A Wave Climate Analysis. Appl. Ocean Res. 2016, 56, 119–131. [CrossRef]
18. Mesa, O.J.; Poveda, G.; Carvajal, L.F. Introduction to the climate of Colombia. Univ. Nac. De Colomb. 1997, 1, 390.
19. Ruiz-Ochoa, M.A.; Franco, G.B. Variabilidad estacional e interanual del viento en los datos del re-análisis NCEP/NCAR en la cuenca Colombia, mar caribe. Avances en Recursos Hidráulicos 2009, 20.
20. del Río-Colón, R.; Campo-Rojas, E.; Maza, M.; Rivillas-Ospina, G.; Guerrero, M.; Murillo, N.; Urbano, C.; Rodríguez-Rincón, J.; Horrillo-Caraballo, J.; Bolívar, M. SWAN model sensitivity analysis of whitecapping and quadruplets formulations off the Caribbean coast of Colombia using WWIII boundary conditions and JRA-55 wind forcing. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020. In review.
21. IDEAM.ZonificaciónyCodifiacióndeUnidadesHidrográficaseHidrogeológocasdeColombia; InstitutodeHidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales: Bogotá, Colombia, 2013.
22. Hoyos, N.; Correa-Metrio, A.; Sisa, A.; Ramos-Fabiel, M.A.; Espinosa, J.M.; Restrepo, J.C.; Escobar, J. The environmental envelope of fires in the Colombian Caribbean. Appl. Geogr. 2017, 84, 42–54. [CrossRef]
23. Ris, R.C.; Holthuijsen, L.H.; Booji, N. A third generarion wave model for coastal regions: 2 verification. J. Geophys. Res. 1999, 104, 7667–7681. [CrossRef]
24. GEBCO. General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean; British Oceanographic Data Center: Liverpool, UK, 2003.
25. Kobayashi, S.; Ota, Y.; Harada, Y.; Ebita, A.; Moriya, M.; Onoda, H.; Endo, H. The HRA-55 Reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. 2015, 93, 5–48. [CrossRef]
26. Rivillas-Ospina, G.D.; Silva, R.; Mendoza, E.; Avila, H.; Daza, O.; Berrío, Y.; Ruiz, A.; Rueda, J. Coastal restoration on the barrier island of Ciénaga Grande, Magdalena, Colombia. In Proceedings of the Coasts & Ports Conference, Cairns, Australia, 21–23 June 2017; Volume 1, p. 5.
27. Komen, G.J.; Hasselmann, K. On the existence of a fully developed wind sea-spectrum. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1984, 14, 1271–1285. [CrossRef]
28. Hasselmann, K.; Barnett, T.P.; Bouws, E.; Carlson, H.; Cartwright, D.E.; Enke, K.; Kruseman, P. Measurements of wind wae growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP). Ergänzungsheft 1973, 8–12.
29. Eldeberky, Y. Noninear transformation of wave spectra in the nearshore zone. Oceanogr. Lit. Rev. 1997, 4, 297.
30. Hasselmann, S.; Hasselmann, K.; Allender, J.H.; Barnett, T.P. Computations and parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer in a gravity wave spectrum.Part II: Parameterizations of the nonlinear energy transfer for application in wave models. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1985, 15, 1378–1391. [CrossRef]
31. Biggs, R.G.; Peterson, D.; Rocha, J.C. The regime shifts database: A framework for analyzing regime shifts in social-ecological systems. Ecol. Soc. 2018, 3, 23. [CrossRef]
32. Rocha, J.C.; Peterson, G.; Bodin, Ö.; Levin, S.A. Cascading regime shifts within and across scales. Science 2018, 1, 1379–1383. [CrossRef]
33. Kininnmonth, S.; Bergsten, A.; Bodin, Ö. Closing the collaborative gap: Aligning social and ecological connectivity for better management of interconected wetlands. Ambio 2015, 44, S138–S148. [CrossRef]
34. Angarita, H.; Delgado, J. Suma de alteraciones en la cuenca del Magdalena-Cauca. In Colombia Anfibia un país de Humedales; Cortes-Duque, J., Flórez-Ayala, C., Eds.; Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Hidrobiológicos Alexander von Humbolt: Bogota, Colombia, 2016.
35. Otero, L.J.; Ortiz-Royero, J.C.; Ruiz-Merchan, J.K.; Higgins, A.E.; Enriquez, S.A. Storms cold fronts: What is really responsible for the extreme waves regime in the Colombian Caribbean coastal region? Nat. Hazards 2016, 16, 391–401. [CrossRef]
36. Rivera, V.H.; Twilley, R.R.; Mancera-Pineda, J.E. Aventuras y desventuras en Macondo: Rehabilitación de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Ecotrópicos 2006, 19, 72–93.
37. Röderstein, M.; Perdomo, L.; Villamil, C. Long term vegetation changes in a tropical coastal lagoon system after interventions in the hydrological conditions. Aquat. Bot. 2014, 113, 19–31. [CrossRef]
38. Deeb-Sossa, S.C. Análisis de Sedimentación en Algunos Caños de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta; Estudios y Asesorías Ing Consultores: Bogotá, Colombia, 1993.
39. Bernal, G.; Betancur, J. Sedimentología de lagunas costeras: Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y Ciénaga de Pajarales. Bol. Investig. Mar. Costeras 1996, 25, 49–76. [CrossRef]
40. Mancera-Pineda, J.E.; Vidal, L.V. Florecimiento de microalgas relacionado con mortandad masiva de peces en el complejo lagunar Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Caribe Colombiano. Bol. Investig. Mar. Y Costeras 1994, 23, 103–117.
41. Tuchkovenko, Y.S.; Calero, L.A. Modelo matemático del ecosistema de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta. Bol. Investig. Mar. Y Costeras 2003, 32, 145–167. [CrossRef]
42. INVEMAR. Convenio Interadministrativo No. 57 de 2013 Entre el MADS y el INVEMAR, Elementos Técnicos y Generación de Capacidad Para el Ordenamiento, Conservación y Manejo de los Espacios y Recursos Marinos, Costeros e Insulares de Colombia; Código: ACT-VAR-001-013; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis, INVEMAR: Santa Marta, Colombia, 2013.
43. INVEMAR. MonitoreodeLasCondicionesAmbientalesyLosCambiosEstructuralesyFuncionalesdeLasComunidades Vegetales y de Los Recursos Pesqueros Durante la Rehabilitación de la CIénaga Grande de Santa Marta; Informe Técnico Final 2015; INVEMAR: Santa Marta, Colombia, 2016; Volume 14, 181p.
44. Santos-Martínez, A.; Viloria, E.; Sánchez, C.; Rueda, M.; Tijaro, R.; Grijalba, M.; Nárvaez, B. Evaluación de los Principales Recursos Pesqueros de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Costa Caribe Colombiana; INVEMAR: Santa Marta, Colombia, 1998.
45. Viloria-Maestre, E.; Acero, P.; Blanco, J. El colapso de la pesquería de la mojarra rayada Eugerres plumeri (Pisces:Gerreidae) en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta ¿Causas pesqueras, ambientales o biológicas? Bol. Investig. Mar. Y Costeras 2012, 41, 399–428.
46. Rueda, M.; Ramírez, C.S. Variación de la diversidad y abundancia de especies ícticas dominantes en el Delta del Río Magdalena; Colombia. Rev. De Biol. Trop. /Int. J. Trop. Biol. Conserv. 1999, 47, 1067–1079.
47. Zamora, A.P.; Meza-García, A.G. Comportamiento de los rendimientos económicos de la pesquería artesanal de la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y el Complejo Pajarales, Caribe. Bol. Investig. Mar. Y Costeras 2013, 41, 91–99.
48. Rivillas-Ospina, G.; Silva, R.; Mendoza, E.; Ruiz, G.; Romero, J.; Nava, Y. COASTAL EROSION ASSESSMENT IN WETLANDS ON THE GULF OF MEXICO. In Proceedings of the 34th Conference on Coastal Engineering, Soul, Korea, 15–20 June 2014.
49. Bolivar, M.; Rivillas-Ospina, G.; Fuentes, W.; Guzmán, A.; Otero, L.; Ruiz, G.; Silva, R.; Mendoza, E.; García, L.; Berrío, Y. Anthropic Impact Assessment of Coastal Ecosystems in the Municipality of Puerto Colombia, NE Colombia. J. Coast. Res. 2019, 1, 112–120. [CrossRef]
50. Odériz, I.; Knöchelmann, N.; Silva, R.; Feagin, R.; Martínez, M.L.; Mendoza, E. Reinforcement of vegeted and unvegeted dunes by a rocky core: A viable alternative for dissipating waves and providing protection? Coast. Eng. 2020, 158, 1–11. [CrossRef]
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spelling Rivillas-Ospina, GermanMaza-Chamorro, MauroRestrepo, SebastiánLithgow, DeboraSilva, RodolfoSisa, AugustoVargas, AndrésSarmiento, Juan PabloCaes, JuanBOLIVAR CARBONELL, MARIANELLADel Rio, RobertoCampo, ErickCasas, DiegoRudas, Dennis2020-10-15T20:55:39Z2020-10-15T20:55:39Z2020-05-252073-4441https://hdl.handle.net/11323/7146https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051513Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/From a comprehensive diagnosis of the associated basins, islands, and wetlands of the coastal lagoon system of Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia, this work describes feasible options for the recovery of its ecosystem’s health and ecological resilience. Firstly, the state of the coastal lagoon was assessed, finding that hydrology, wave climate, and the morphological changes of the coastline explain recent changes in the coastal wetlands. Key variables were used to describe the level of conservation or degradation of the coastal lagoon system and to identify measures to improve its ecological functions. Finally, to mimic some of these functions and improve connectivity of the ecosystems, green infrastructure alternatives were proposed for the short and medium term to recover the services of these ecosystems and restore their resilience.Rivillas-Ospina, GermanMaza-Chamorro, Mauro-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-0051-1439-600Restrepo, SebastiánLithgow, DeboraSilva, RodolfoSisa, AugustoVargas, Andrés-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-8642-6154-600Sarmiento, Juan PabloCaes, JuanBOLIVAR CARBONELL, MARIANELLA-will be generated-orcid-0000-0003-3274-308X-600Del Rio, RobertoCampo, ErickCasas, DiegoRudas, DennisengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Waterhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/5/1513ErosionGreen infrastructureEcosystem-based managementMorphological changesBasinsSedimentsRiver flowsAlternatives for recovering the ecosystem services and resilience of the Salamanca Island Natural Park, ColombiaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Kjerfve, B. Comparative Oceanography of Coastal Lagoons, Columbia South Carolina: Estuarine Variability; Wolfe, D.A., Ed.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1986.2. Friedman, J.B. Adaptación a Los Impactos del Cambio Climático en Humedales Costeros del Golfo dE México—Vol I; Buenfil, Ed.; Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Instituto Nacional de Ecología: Ciudad de México, Mexico, 2009.3. Brunn, P. Engineering Projects in Coastal Lagoons. Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. 1994, 60, 507–533. [CrossRef]4. Barbier, E.B. Valuing Ecosystem Services for Coastal Wetland Protection and Restoration: Progress and Challenges. Resources 2013, 2, 213–230. [CrossRef]5. Rocha, J.; Yletyinen, J.; Biggs, R.; Blenckner, T.; Peterson, G. Marine regime shifts: Drivers and impacts on ecosystem services. Philos. Trans. B 2015, 370, 1–12. [CrossRef]6. Villardy, S.P.; González, J.A.; Martín-López, B.; Montes, C. Relantionships between hydrological regime and ecosystem services supply in a Caribbean coastal wetland: A social-ecological approach. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2011, 56, 1423–1435. [CrossRef]7. Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.A.; Pineda, J.E.M.; Trujillo, L.V.P.; Rueda, M.E.; Ibarra, K.P. Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta: The Largest lagoon-Delta Ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean. In The Wetland Book II: Distribution, Description and Conservation; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2018; pp. 757–772.8. Blanco, J.A.; Viloria, E.A.; Naváez, B.J. ENSO and salinity changes in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta coastal lagoon system, Colombian Caribbean. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 66, 157–167. [CrossRef]9. Botero, L.; Mancera-Pineda, J.E. Síntesis de los cambios de origen antrópico ocurridos en los últimos 40 años en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta y Ciénaga de Pajarales. Rev. De La Acad. Colomb. De Cienc. Nat. Y Exactas 1996, 20, 466–474.10. Polanía, J.; Santos-Martínez, J.E.; Arboleda, L.B. The Coastal Lagoon Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Coast. Mar. Ecosyst. Lat. Am. 2001, 144, 33–45.11. Jaramillo, F.; Licero, L.; Åhlen, I.; Manzoni, S.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, J.A.; Guittard, A.; Hylin, A.; Bolaños, J.; Jawitz, J.; Wdowinski, S.; et al. Effects of Hydroclimatic Change and Rehabilitation Activities on Salinity and Mangroves in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Wetlands 2018, 38, 755–767. [CrossRef]12. Silva, R.; Chávez, V.; Bouma, T.; van Tussenbroek, B.; Arkema, K.; Martínez, L.; Oumeraci, H.; Hyemans, J.; Osorio, A.; Mendoza, E.; et al. The incorporation of biophysical and social components in coastal management. Estuaries Coasts 2019, 1, 1–14. [CrossRef]13. Silva, R.; Lithgow, D.; Esteves, L.; Martínez, M.L.; Moreno-Casasola, P.; Martell, R.; Pereira, P.; Mendoza, E.; Campos-Cascaredo, A.; Grez, P.W.; et al. Coastal risk mitigation by green infraestructure in Latin America. Marit. Eng. 2017, 170, 39–54. [CrossRef]14. 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