Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study
Psychophysiological response of athletes with spinal cord injurie has not been reported yet in scientific literature. The aim of this study is to examine the psychophysiological stress response of Paralympic athlete during competitive activities. We collected the following psychophysiological measur...
- Autores:
-
Belinchón-Demiguel, Pedro
Ruisoto-Palomera, Pablo
Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
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- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/3328
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3328
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Psychophysiological stress response
Rate of perceived exertion
Locus of control
Cortical arousal
Spinal cord injury
Heart rate variability
Respuesta psicofisiológica al estrés
Tasa de esfuerzo percibido
Locus de control.
La excitación cortical
Médula espinal lesión
Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
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| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Respuesta de estrés psicofisiológico de un atleta paralímpico durante un evento de resistencia extrema. Un caso de estudio |
| title |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| spellingShingle |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study Psychophysiological stress response Rate of perceived exertion Locus of control Cortical arousal Spinal cord injury Heart rate variability Respuesta psicofisiológica al estrés Tasa de esfuerzo percibido Locus de control. La excitación cortical Médula espinal lesión Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco |
| title_short |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| title_full |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| title_fullStr |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| title_sort |
Psychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case study |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Belinchón-Demiguel, Pedro Ruisoto-Palomera, Pablo Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Belinchón-Demiguel, Pedro Ruisoto-Palomera, Pablo Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier |
| dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv |
Psychophysiological stress response Rate of perceived exertion Locus of control Cortical arousal Spinal cord injury Heart rate variability Respuesta psicofisiológica al estrés Tasa de esfuerzo percibido Locus de control. La excitación cortical Médula espinal lesión Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco |
| topic |
Psychophysiological stress response Rate of perceived exertion Locus of control Cortical arousal Spinal cord injury Heart rate variability Respuesta psicofisiológica al estrés Tasa de esfuerzo percibido Locus de control. La excitación cortical Médula espinal lesión Variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco |
| description |
Psychophysiological response of athletes with spinal cord injurie has not been reported yet in scientific literature. The aim of this study is to examine the psychophysiological stress response of Paralympic athlete during competitive activities. We collected the following psychophysiological measurements: anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, locus of control, perceived psychological stress, stress-copying style, rate of perceived exertion, perceived muscle pain, body temperature, forced vital capacity, blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, isometric hand strength, cortical arousal, heart rate variability, heart rate and velocities of a female Paralympic spinal cord injured athlete in a 11 h and 44 min ultraendurance mountain event. An ultraendurance mountain even produced an increase in the sympathetic autonomous modulation, heart rate, lactate, muscular pain and rated of perceived exertion and a decrease in cortical arousal, hand strength and respiratory muscle in a spinal cord injurie female athlete during. The Paralympic athletes presented a low psychological inflexibility, high life engagement, strong internal locus of control, a low trait and state anxiety and medium perceived psychological stress. These results are consistent with the expected response during a highly stressful situation and consistent with previous findings in athletes without spinal cord injurie. |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-15T12:56:59Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-05-15T12:56:59Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2019-01-30 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
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Text |
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01485598 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3328 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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01485598 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3328 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv |
DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1188-6 |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hicks, A., Martin, K., Ditor, D., Latimer, A., Craven, C., Bugaresti, J. et al., Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being. Spinal Cord 41(1):34, 2003. Jacobs, P. L., Nash, M. S., and Rusinowski, J. W., Circuit training provides cardiorespiratory and strength benefits in persons with paraplegia. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(5):711–717, 2001. Ditor, D., Latimer, A., Ginis, K. M., Arbour, K., McCartney, N., and Hicks, A., Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects on quality of life, stress and pain. Spinal Cord 41(8):446, 2003. Brizuela, G., Polo, M., Martos, J., Sanchis, E., Influencia del diámetro del aro de propulsión sobre la frecuencia cardiaca y la lactacidemia en un atleta en silla de ruedas de elite mundial. Motricidad. Eur. J. Hum. Mov. 16, 2006. Turbanski, S., and Schmidtbleicher, D., Effects of heavy resistance training on strength and power in upper extremities in wheelchair athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(1):8–16, 2010. Tordi, N., Dugue, B., Klupzinski, D., Rasseneur, L., Rouillon, J., and Lonsdorfer, J., Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer for paraplegic subjects. Spinal Cord 39(10):532, 2001. Keyser, R. E., Rasch, E. K., Finley, M., and Rodgers, M. M., Improved upper-body endurance following a 12-week home exercise program for manual wheelchair users. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40(6):501, 2003. Lakomy, H. K., Campbell, I., and Williams, C., Treadmill performance and selected physiological characteristics of wheelchair athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 21(3):130–133, 1987. Vinet, A., Le Gallais, D., Bouges, S., Bernard, P., Poulain, M., Varray, A. et al., Prediction of VO2peak in wheelchair-dependent athletes from the adapted Leger and Boucher test. Spinal Cord 40(10):507, 2002. . Suarez, V. J. C., Arroyo, Victor Eugenio Munoz Fernandez, Campo DR, Valdivielso FN, Rave JMG, Santos-Garcia DJ. Analysis of selected physiological performance determinants and muscle damage in a 24-hour ultra-endurance relay race: Brief clinical report. Int. SportMed. J. 12(4):179–186, 2011. Suarez, V. C., Valdivielso, F. N., and Rave, J. M. G., Changes in biochemical parameters after a 20-hour ultra-endurance kayak and cycling event. Int. SportMed. J. 12(1):1–6, 2011. . Page, A. J., Reid, S. A., Speedy, D. B., Mulligan, G. P., and Thompson, J., Exercise-associated hyponatremia, renal function, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in an ultraendurance mountain run. Clin. J. Sport Med. 17(1):43–48, 2007. Belinchon -deMiguel, P., and Clemente -Suá rez, V. J., Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 42(2):32, 2018. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 40(3):269–273, 2014. Neumayr, G., Ganzer, H., Sturm, W., Pfister, R., Mitterbauer, G., and Hortnagl, H., Physiological effects of an ultra-cycle ride in an amateur athlete - a case report. J. Sports Sci. Med. 1(1):20–26, 2002. Laursen, P. B., Rhodes, E. C., and Langill, R. H., The effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling performance: implications for ultraendurance triathletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 28–33, 2000. Schumacher, Y. O., Jankovits, R., Bültermann, D., Schmid, A., and Berg, A., Hematological indices in elite cyclists. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 12(5):301–308, 2002. Fallon, K. E., Sivyer, G., Sivyer, K., and Dare, A., The biochemistry of runners in a 1600 km ultramarathon. Br. J. Sports Med. 33(4): 264–269, 1999. Warburton, D. E., Welsh, R. C., Haykowsky, M. J., Taylor, D. A., and Humen, D. P., Biochemical changes as a result of prolonged strenuous exercise. Br. J. Sports Med. 36(4):301–303, 2002. Clemente-Suárez, V., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Quiles, J., Varela-Lopez, A., and Aranda, P., Effect of α-tocopherol megadoses on hematologic parameters and antioxidant capacity of rats in an ultraendurance probe. Physiol. Int. 104(4):291–300, 2017. Belinchon-Demiguel, P., and Clemente-Suarez, V. J., Nutrition, hydration and ergogenic aids strategies in ultraendurance mountain events. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2018. https://doi.org/10.23736/ S0022-4707.18.08920-X. Neumayr, G., Pfister, R., Mitterbauer, G., Gaenzer, H., Sturm, W., and Hoertnagl, H., Heart rate response to ultraendurance cycling. Br. J. Sports Med. 37(1):89–90, 2003 Feb. Gratze, G., Rudnicki, R., Urban, W., Mayer, H., Schlogl, A., and Skrabal, F., Hemodynamic and autonomic changes induced by Ironman: prediction of competition time by blood pressure variability. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 99(5):1728–1735, 2005. Jeukendrup, A. E., Moseley, L., Mainwaring, G. I., Samuels, S., Perry, S., and Mann, C. H., Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during ultraendurance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 100(4):1134– 1141, 2006. Marteau, T. M., and Bekker, H., The development of a six-item short-form of the state scale of the Spielberger State—Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Br. J. Clin. Psychol. 31(3):301–306, 1992. . Rotter, J. B., Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. Am. Psychol. 45(4):489, 1990. Remor, E., Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Span. J. Psychol. 9(1):86–93, 2006. Simon, E., and Verboon, P., Psychological inflexibility and child anxiety. J. Child Fam. Stud. 25(12):3565–3573, 2016. Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A. et al., The life engagement test: Assessing purpose in life. J. Behav. Med. 29(3):291, 2006. Freund, W., Weber, F., Billich, C., Birklein, F., Breimhorst, M., and Schuetz, U. H., Ultra-Marathon Runners Are Different: Investigations into Pain Tolerance and Personality Traits of Participants of the TransEurope FootRace 2009. Pain Pract. 13(7):524–532, 2013. Schütz, U. H., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., Knechtle, B., Machann, J., Wiedelbach, H., Ehrhardt, M. et al., The Transeurope Footrace Project: longitudinal data acquisition in a cluster randomized mobile MRI observational cohort study on 44 endurance runners at a 64-stage 4,486 km transcontinental ultramarathon. BMC Med. 10(1):78, 2012. . Steyn, B. J., Strategies used by South African non-elite athletes to cope with the environmental stressors associated with endurance events. S. Afr. J. Res. Sport Phys. Educ. Recreation 29(2):99–107, 2007. . Baker, J., Côté, J., and Deakin, J., Cognitive characteristics of expert, middle of the pack, and back of the pack ultra-endurance triathletes. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 6(5):551–558, 2005. McCarthy, P., Barker, J., Jones, M., and Moran, A. P., Single-case research methods in sport and exercise psychology. London: Routledge, 2011. . Keegan, R. J., Schinke, R., Chirban, S., Durand-Bush, N., and Cotterill, S., Guidelines for writing applied case studies in sport and exercise psychology. Rev. Psicol. Deporte. 26(3):85–90, 2017. Kinugasa, T., The application of single-case research designs to study elite athletes’ conditioning: An update. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 25(1):157–166, 2013. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., and Robles-Pérez, J. J., Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on cortical arousal, anxiety, physiological response and marksmanship in close quarter combat. Ergonomics 58(11):1842–1850, 2015. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., and Arroyo-Toledo, J., Use of biotechnology devices to analyze fatigue process in swimming training. J. Med. Syst. 41(6):94, 2017. Saito, S., Does fatigue exist in a quantitative measurement of eye movements? Ergonomics 35(5–6):607–615, 1992. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., de la Vega, R., Robles-Pérez, J. J., Lautenschlaeger, M., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Experience modulates the psychophysiological response of airborne warfighters during a tactical combat parachute jump. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 110: 212–216, 2016. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., and Robles-Perez, J. J., Mechanical, physical, and physiological analysis of symmetrical and asymmetrical combat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27(9):2420–2426, 2013. Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Bellido-Esteban, A., Ruisoto-Palomera, P., and Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Use of Portable Digital Devices to Analyze Autonomic Stress Response in Psychology Objective Structured Clinical Examination. J. Med. Syst. 42(2):35, 2018. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Robles-Pérez, J. J., and Fernández-Lucas, J., Psycho-physiological response in an automatic parachute jump. J. Sports Sci. 35(19):1872–1878, 2017. Fox, S. I., Agud Aparicio, L. J., Fisiología humana, 2003. Lippi, G., Brocco, G., Franchini, M., Schena, F., and Guidi, G., Comparison of serum creatinine, uric acid, albumin and glucose in male professional endurance athletes compared with healthy controls. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 42(6):644–647, 2004. Langberg, H., Bjørn, C., Boushel, R., Hellsten, Y., and Kjaer, M., Exercise-induced increase in interstitial bradykinin and adenosine concentrations in skeletal muscle and peritendinous tissue in humans. J. Physiol. 542(3):977–983, 2002. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., The application of cortical arousal assessment to control neuromuscular fatigue during strength training. J. Mot. Behav. 49(4):429–434, 2017. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Cortical arousal and central nervous system fatigue after a mountain marathon. (Activación cortical y fatiga del sistema nervioso después de una maratón de montaña). CCD. 12(35):143–148, 2017. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v12i35.886. Vallverdú, M., Ruiz-Muñoz, A., Roca, E., Caminal, P., Rodríguez, F. A., Irurtia, A., and Perera, A., Assessment of Heart Rate Variability during an Endurance Mountain Trail Race by MultiScale Entropy Analysis. Entropy 19(12):658, 2017. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., and Arroyo-Toledo, J. J., The Use of Autonomic Modulation Device to Control Training Performance after High-Intensity Interval Training Program. J. Med. Syst. 42(3):47, 2018. Hormeño-Holgado, A. J., Perez-Martinez, M. A., and ClementeSuárez, V. J., Psychophysiological response of air mobile protection teams in an air accident manoeuvre. Physiol. Behav. 199:79–83, 2019. Clemente-Suarez, V. J., Periodized training archive better autonomic modulation and aerobic performance than non periodized training. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 58(11):1559–1564, 2018. https:// doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07582-X. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Dalamitros, A., Ribeiro, J., Sousa, A., Fernandes, R. J., and Vilas-Boas, J. P., The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 17(4):425–432, 2017. |
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Belinchón-Demiguel, PedroRuisoto-Palomera, PabloClemente Suárez, Vicente Javier2019-05-15T12:56:59Z2019-05-15T12:56:59Z2019-01-3001485598https://hdl.handle.net/11323/3328Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Psychophysiological response of athletes with spinal cord injurie has not been reported yet in scientific literature. The aim of this study is to examine the psychophysiological stress response of Paralympic athlete during competitive activities. We collected the following psychophysiological measurements: anxiety-trait, anxiety-state, locus of control, perceived psychological stress, stress-copying style, rate of perceived exertion, perceived muscle pain, body temperature, forced vital capacity, blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, isometric hand strength, cortical arousal, heart rate variability, heart rate and velocities of a female Paralympic spinal cord injured athlete in a 11 h and 44 min ultraendurance mountain event. An ultraendurance mountain even produced an increase in the sympathetic autonomous modulation, heart rate, lactate, muscular pain and rated of perceived exertion and a decrease in cortical arousal, hand strength and respiratory muscle in a spinal cord injurie female athlete during. The Paralympic athletes presented a low psychological inflexibility, high life engagement, strong internal locus of control, a low trait and state anxiety and medium perceived psychological stress. These results are consistent with the expected response during a highly stressful situation and consistent with previous findings in athletes without spinal cord injurie.La respuesta psicofisiológica de los atletas con lesión de la médula espinal no se ha informado todavía en la literatura científica. El objetivo de este estudio es examinar la respuesta al estrés psicofisiológico del atleta paralímpico durante las actividades competitivas. Recolectamos las siguientes medidas psicofisiológicas: rasgo de ansiedad, estado de ansiedad, locus de control, estrés psicológico percibido, estilo de copiado del estrés, tasa de esfuerzo percibido, dolor muscular percibido, temperatura corporal, capacidad vital forzada, saturación de oxígeno en la sangre, glucosa en la sangre y las concentraciones de lactato, la fuerza isométrica de la mano, la excitación cortical, la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca, la frecuencia cardíaca y las velocidades de una atleta femenina lesionada por la médula espinal paralímpica en un evento de montaña de ultra resistencia de 11 hy 44 min. Una montaña de ultra resistencia incluso produjo un aumento en la modulación simpática autónoma, la frecuencia cardíaca, el lactato, el dolor muscular y el esfuerzo percibido y una disminución en la excitación cortical, la fuerza de la mano y el músculo respiratorio en una atleta femenina con lesión de la médula espinal durante. Los atletas paralímpicos presentaron una baja inflexibilidad psicológica, compromiso con la vida, un fuerte locus de control interno, un rasgo bajo y ansiedad de estado y un estrés psicológico de percepción media. Estos resultados son consistentes con la respuesta esperada durante una situación altamente estresante y consistente con los hallazgos previos en atletas sin lesión de la médula espinal.Belinchón-Demiguel, Pedro-9d0ab426-54e1-41e4-914c-ed244fb78d54-0Ruisoto-Palomera, Pablo-624a7d34-66fc-4a79-bdbf-d5690f4743a7-0Clemente Suárez, Vicente Javier-0000-0002-2397-2801-600engSpringer New York LLCDOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1188-6Hicks, A., Martin, K., Ditor, D., Latimer, A., Craven, C., Bugaresti, J. et al., Long-term exercise training in persons with spinal cord injury: effects on strength, arm ergometry performance and psychological well-being. Spinal Cord 41(1):34, 2003. Jacobs, P. L., Nash, M. S., and Rusinowski, J. W., Circuit training provides cardiorespiratory and strength benefits in persons with paraplegia. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33(5):711–717, 2001. Ditor, D., Latimer, A., Ginis, K. M., Arbour, K., McCartney, N., and Hicks, A., Maintenance of exercise participation in individuals with spinal cord injury: effects on quality of life, stress and pain. Spinal Cord 41(8):446, 2003. Brizuela, G., Polo, M., Martos, J., Sanchis, E., Influencia del diámetro del aro de propulsión sobre la frecuencia cardiaca y la lactacidemia en un atleta en silla de ruedas de elite mundial. Motricidad. Eur. J. Hum. Mov. 16, 2006. Turbanski, S., and Schmidtbleicher, D., Effects of heavy resistance training on strength and power in upper extremities in wheelchair athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 24(1):8–16, 2010. Tordi, N., Dugue, B., Klupzinski, D., Rasseneur, L., Rouillon, J., and Lonsdorfer, J., Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer for paraplegic subjects. Spinal Cord 39(10):532, 2001. Keyser, R. E., Rasch, E. K., Finley, M., and Rodgers, M. M., Improved upper-body endurance following a 12-week home exercise program for manual wheelchair users. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40(6):501, 2003. Lakomy, H. K., Campbell, I., and Williams, C., Treadmill performance and selected physiological characteristics of wheelchair athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 21(3):130–133, 1987. Vinet, A., Le Gallais, D., Bouges, S., Bernard, P., Poulain, M., Varray, A. et al., Prediction of VO2peak in wheelchair-dependent athletes from the adapted Leger and Boucher test. Spinal Cord 40(10):507, 2002. . Suarez, V. J. C., Arroyo, Victor Eugenio Munoz Fernandez, Campo DR, Valdivielso FN, Rave JMG, Santos-Garcia DJ. Analysis of selected physiological performance determinants and muscle damage in a 24-hour ultra-endurance relay race: Brief clinical report. Int. SportMed. J. 12(4):179–186, 2011. Suarez, V. C., Valdivielso, F. N., and Rave, J. M. G., Changes in biochemical parameters after a 20-hour ultra-endurance kayak and cycling event. Int. SportMed. J. 12(1):1–6, 2011. . Page, A. J., Reid, S. A., Speedy, D. B., Mulligan, G. P., and Thompson, J., Exercise-associated hyponatremia, renal function, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use in an ultraendurance mountain run. Clin. J. Sport Med. 17(1):43–48, 2007. Belinchon -deMiguel, P., and Clemente -Suá rez, V. J., Psychophysiological, Body Composition, Biomechanical and Autonomic Modulation Analysis Procedures in an Ultraendurance Mountain Race. J. Med. Syst. 42(2):32, 2018. Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Psychophysiological response and energy balance during a 14-h ultraendurance mountain running event. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 40(3):269–273, 2014. Neumayr, G., Ganzer, H., Sturm, W., Pfister, R., Mitterbauer, G., and Hortnagl, H., Physiological effects of an ultra-cycle ride in an amateur athlete - a case report. J. Sports Sci. Med. 1(1):20–26, 2002. Laursen, P. 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P., The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 17(4):425–432, 2017.Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Psychophysiological stress responseRate of perceived exertionLocus of controlCortical arousalSpinal cord injuryHeart rate variabilityRespuesta psicofisiológica al estrésTasa de esfuerzo percibidoLocus de control.La excitación corticalMédula espinal lesiónVariabilidad del ritmo cardíacoPsychophysiological stress response of a paralympic athlete during an ultra-endurance event. A case studyRespuesta de estrés psicofisiológico de un atleta paralímpico durante un evento de resistencia extrema. 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