Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms
Introduction−Due to its earthquake behavior, the use of bamboo for structural purposes has increased in the latest decades, mainly in South American countries, in which, their employment, has been standardized in the design bases. However, for the efficient use of bamboo as a construction material,...
- Autores:
-
Sánchez, Martha Lissette
Morales Martín, Luz Yolanda
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2019
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
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- Acceso en línea:
- http://hdl.handle.net/11323/5621
https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Bamboo
Moisture content
Compression
Shear
Bending
Bambú
Contenido de humedad
Compresión
Cortante
Flexión
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- CC0 1.0 Universal
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Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| dc.title.translated.spa.fl_str_mv |
Influencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua |
| title |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| spellingShingle |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms Bamboo Moisture content Compression Shear Bending Bambú Contenido de humedad Compresión Cortante Flexión |
| title_short |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| title_full |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| title_fullStr |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| title_sort |
Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua Culms |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Sánchez, Martha Lissette Morales Martín, Luz Yolanda |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Sánchez, Martha Lissette Morales Martín, Luz Yolanda |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Bamboo Moisture content Compression Shear Bending |
| topic |
Bamboo Moisture content Compression Shear Bending Bambú Contenido de humedad Compresión Cortante Flexión |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bambú Contenido de humedad Compresión Cortante Flexión |
| description |
Introduction−Due to its earthquake behavior, the use of bamboo for structural purposes has increased in the latest decades, mainly in South American countries, in which, their employment, has been standardized in the design bases. However, for the efficient use of bamboo as a construction material, it is necessary to consider that being a natural material, volumetric variations can occur, especially when the material is subjected to changes in moisture between the saturation point of the fibers and the equilibrium moisture.Objectives−The objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the moisture content on the mechani-cal properties of elements extracted from the bottom, middle, and top of bamboo culms.Methodology−For the study, research is carried out with a quantitative approach. The experimental charac-terization was focused on the determination of compres-sion, bending, and shear strength, according to the rec-ommendations of the Colombian Technical Standards.Results−Results allow verifying that bamboo elements are susceptible to vary their strength and stiffness de-pending on the equilibrium moisture of the region to be considered in the structural design. Conclusions−Theinfluence of the moisture content on the mechanical properties of elements extracted from the bottom, middle, and top of bamboo culms was evalu-ated. The experimental characterization was focused on the determination of compression, bending, and shear strength. From the results, it is possible to verify that an increase in the moisture content reduces the mechanical strength of the material. The decrease in the values of maximum stress is more significant for moisture values between 12 % and the saturation point of the fibers and is accompanied by important dimensional changes that impair the mechanical performance of the material. The results show that above the point of saturation of the fibers the mechanical behavior of the culms is not modified. |
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2019 |
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2019-11-13T14:25:25Z |
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2019-11-13T14:25:25Z |
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2019-05-31 |
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Artículo de revista |
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M. L. Sánchez and L. Y. Morales “Influence of Moisture Content on the mechanical properties of Guadua culms,” INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 99-108, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09 |
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Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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0122-6517 |
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REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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M. L. Sánchez and L. Y. Morales “Influence of Moisture Content on the mechanical properties of Guadua culms,” INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 99-108, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09 10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09 2382-4700 Corporación Universidad de la Costa 0122-6517 REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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http://hdl.handle.net/11323/5621 https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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INGE CUC; Vol. 15, Núm. 1 (2019) |
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C. B. Okhio, J. E. Waning and Y. T. Mekonnen, “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Cane,” Cyber Journals: Journal of Selected Areas in Bioengineering (JSAB), vol. 11, no. 1, pp.7–14, Nov. 2011. H. Chen, M. Miao and X. Ding, “Influence of moisture absorption on the interfacial strength of Bamboo and cane and Cane/vinyl ester composites,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2013–2019, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.09.003 C.C. Gerhards, “Effect of Moisture Content and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Wood: An Analysis of Immediate Effects,” Wood Fiber Science, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.4–36, Jan. 1982. Z. Jiang, H. Wang, G. Tian, X. Liu and W. Yu, “Sensitivity of several selected mechanical properties of moso bamboo to moisture content change under the fibre saturation point,” Bioresources, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 5048–5058, Aug. 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.4.5048-5058 J. Niklewski, M. Fredriksson and T. Isaksson, “Moisture content prediction of rain-exposed wood: Test and evaluation of a simple numerical model for durability applications,” Building and Environment, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 126–136, Feb. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.037 H. Daassi-Gnaba, Y. Oussar, M. Merlan, T. Ditchi, E. Géron and S. Holé, “Wood moisture content prediction using feature selection techniques and a kernel method,” Neurocomputing, vol. 237, no. 10, pp. 79–91, May. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.09.005 T. Mai, S. Razafindratsima, Z. Mehdi, F. Demontoux and F. Bos, “Non-destructive evaluation of moisture content of wood material at GPR frequency,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 213–217, Feb. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.030 H. Liu, Z. Jiang, B. Fei, C. Hse and Z. Sun, “Tensile behavior and fracture mechanism of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens),” Holzforsch, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 47–52, May. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2013-0220 S. Askarinejad, P. Kotowski, F. Shalchy and N. Rahbar, “Effects of humidity on shear behavior of bamboo,” Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 236–243, Nov. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2015.11.007 B. Sharma, A. Gatóo, M. Bock and M. Ramage, “Engineered bamboo for structural applications,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 66–73, Apr. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.077 T.-Y. Chen, C.-H. Shih and H.-C. Chen, “Determination of the moisture content at fiber saturation point of bamboo by nondestructive testing method with stress wave timer,” in: Proc. of the fifth world conf. on timber engineering, Montreaux, Switzerland, Aug. 17–20, 1998, vol. 2, pp.820–821. M. R. Wakchaure and S. Y. Kute, “Effect of moisture content on physical and mechanical properties of bamboo,” Asian Journal of Civil Eng., vol. 13, no. 6, pp.753–763, Feb. 2012. S. Nahar and M. Hasan, “Effect of chemical composition, anatomy and cell wall structure on tensile properties of bamboo fiber,” Eng. Journal, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 61–68, Jan. 2013, doi: https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2013.17.1.61 H. Wang, G. Tian, W. Li, D. Ren, X. Zhang and Y. Yu, “Sensitivity of bamboo fiber longitudinal tensile properties to moisture content variation under the fiber saturation point,” Journal of Wood Science, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 262–269, Feb. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-015-1466-y R. R. Mvondo, M. Meukam, J. Jeong, D. D. Meneses and E. G. Nkeng, “Influence of water content on the mechanical and chemical properties of tropical wood species”, Results in Physics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 2096–2103, Jun. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2017.06.025 L. Xiaobo, “Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of Bamboo and cane and Cane and its utilization potential for fiberboard manufacturing,” M.S. Theses, Dpt. Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State Univ. and Agri. and Mech. College, USA, 2004. [Online]. Available: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/866 N. Pérez-Peña, L. Valenzuela, J. E. Diaz-Vaz and R. A. Ananías, “Prediction of equilibrium moisture content in wood in relation to the specific gravity of the cell wall and environmental variables,” Maderas, Ciencia y Tecnología, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 253-266, Jun. 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2011000300002 Q. Xu, K. Harries, X. Li, Q. Liu and J. Gottron, “Mechanical properties of structural bamboo following immersion in water,” Eng. Structures, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 230–239, Dec. 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.044 S. Jakovljevic, D. Lisjak, Z. Alar and F. Penava, “The influence of humidity on mechanical properties of bamboo for bicycles,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 150, no. 1, pp. 35–48, Sept. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.189 M. Gutiérrez-González and C. P. Takeuchi-Tam, “Efecto del contenido de humedad en la resistencia a tensión paralela a la fibra del bambú Guadua Angustifolia Kunth,” Scientia et Technica, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 245–250, Sept. 2014, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/23447214.9117 J. Dumar, “Determinación de la variación de la resistencia a flexión y módulo de elasticidad longitudinal de la guadua angustifolia kunth, con el contenido de humedad,” Mg. Tesis, Fac. de Ing., Univ. Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C. Colombia, 2015. G. Giraldo and G. Wbeimar, “Resistencia de la sección transversal de la guadua sometida a compresión,” Reporte Técnico, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://bdigital.unal.edu.co/4969/ Preservación y secado del culmo de Guadua Angustifolia Kunth, NTC 5301, ICONTEC, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, Bogotá, D.C. Colombia, Jul. 2007. Métodos de ensayo para determinar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de la Guadua angustifolia Kunth, NTC 5525, ICONTEC, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, Bogotá, D.C. Colombia, Sept. 2007. M. Fuentes-Salinas, “Estimación del punto de saturación de las fibras (PSF) de las Maderas,” Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencia Forestales y del Ambiente, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 79–81, Jan. 2000. Available: https://chapingo.mx/revistas/revistas/articulos/doc/rchscfaVI325.pdf M. Gutiérrez, J. I. Bonilla, M. F. Cruz and J. G. Quintero, "Linear expansion and fiber saturation point of Guadua angustifolia Kunth", Colombia Forestal, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 69–80, Jun. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.14483/2256201X.11501 H. Hamdan, C. A. S. Hill, A. Zaidon, U. M. Anwar, and M. Abdel-Latif, “Equilibrium moisture content and volumetric changes of Gigantochloa Scortechinii,” Journal of Tropical Forest Science, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 18–24, Jan. 2007, Available: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43594693 W. Liese and M. Köhl, (Eds), Bamboo: The Plant and its Uses (Tropical Forestry),” Switzerland: Springer, Cham, (Int. Publishing), 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14133-6 T. Y. Lo, H. Z. Cui and H. C. Leung, “The effect of fiber density on strength capacity of bamboo,” Materials Letters, vol. 58, no. 21, pp. 2595–2598, Aug. 2004, doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.03.029 Z. Jiang, H. Wang, G. Tian, X. Liu and W. Yu, “Sensitivity of Several Selected Mechanical Properties of Moso Bamboo to Moisture Content Change Under Fiber Saturation Point,” Bioresources, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 5048–5058, Aug. 2012, doi: http://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.4.5048-5058 J. A. Janssen, “The relationship between mechanical properties and the biological and chemical composition of bamboo,” In Bamboo Production and Utilization, Higuchi, T. (ed.), Proc. of the XVII IUFRO World Cong., Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 6–17. 1981, pp- 27-32. Y. Kojima and H. Yamamoto, “Properties of the cell wall constituents in relation to the longitudinal elasticity of wood,” Wood Sci. Technol., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 427–434, Mar. 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0177-5 |
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Sánchez, Martha Lissette6df3cc0d60b4c4278df93147945ab2bdMorales Martín, Luz Yolanda667e8f847c7246dafce03c3f2cfaed822019-11-13T14:25:25Z2019-11-13T14:25:25Z2019-05-31M. L. Sánchez and L. Y. Morales “Influence of Moisture Content on the mechanical properties of Guadua culms,” INGE CUC, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 99-108, 2019. DOI: http://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.09http://hdl.handle.net/11323/5621https://doi.org/10.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.0910.17981/ingecuc.15.1.2019.092382-4700Corporación Universidad de la Costa0122-6517REDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Introduction−Due to its earthquake behavior, the use of bamboo for structural purposes has increased in the latest decades, mainly in South American countries, in which, their employment, has been standardized in the design bases. However, for the efficient use of bamboo as a construction material, it is necessary to consider that being a natural material, volumetric variations can occur, especially when the material is subjected to changes in moisture between the saturation point of the fibers and the equilibrium moisture.Objectives−The objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the moisture content on the mechani-cal properties of elements extracted from the bottom, middle, and top of bamboo culms.Methodology−For the study, research is carried out with a quantitative approach. The experimental charac-terization was focused on the determination of compres-sion, bending, and shear strength, according to the rec-ommendations of the Colombian Technical Standards.Results−Results allow verifying that bamboo elements are susceptible to vary their strength and stiffness de-pending on the equilibrium moisture of the region to be considered in the structural design. Conclusions−Theinfluence of the moisture content on the mechanical properties of elements extracted from the bottom, middle, and top of bamboo culms was evalu-ated. The experimental characterization was focused on the determination of compression, bending, and shear strength. From the results, it is possible to verify that an increase in the moisture content reduces the mechanical strength of the material. The decrease in the values of maximum stress is more significant for moisture values between 12 % and the saturation point of the fibers and is accompanied by important dimensional changes that impair the mechanical performance of the material. The results show that above the point of saturation of the fibers the mechanical behavior of the culms is not modified.Introducción−debido a su comportamiento sismo resis-tente, el uso del bambú con fines estructurales se ha in-crementado en las últimas décadas, principalmente en los países de América del Sur; en los cuales, su empleo, se ha estandarizado en las bases para el diseño estructural. Sin embargo, para el uso eficiente del bambú como material de construcción, es necesario considerar que al ser un ma-terial natural, pueden ocurrir variaciones volumétricas, especialmente cuando el material es sometido a cambios en el nivel de humedad entre el punto de saturación de las fibras y el punto de equilibrio de humedad.Objetivos−El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la influ-encia del nivel de humedad sobre las propiedades mecáni-cas de los elementos extraídos de las cañas de bambú de la parte inferior, media y superior, con edades comprendidas entre 4 a 6 años, después de inmunizados con una solución de ácido bórico.Metodología−Para el desarrollo del estudio, se llevó a cabo una investigación con un enfoque cuantitativo. La caracterización experimental se centró en la determinación de la compresión, la flexión y la resistencia al corte, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de las Normas Técnicas de Colombia (NTC).Resultados−Los resultados permiten evidenciar que los elementos de bambú son susceptibles de variar su resistencia y rigidez dependiendo de la humedad de equilibrio de la región a considerar en el diseño estructural.Conclusiones−Se evaluó la influencia del nivel de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de los elementos extraídos de los culmos de bambú de la parte inferior, media y superior. A partir de los resultados, es posible verificar que un incremento en el nivel de humedad reduce la resistencia mecánica del material. La disminución en los valores de tensión máxima es más significativa para los valores de humedad comprendidos entre el 12 % y el punto de saturación de las fibras, y se acompaña de importantes cambios dimensionales que impiden el rendimiento mecánico del material. Los resultados muestran que, por encima del punto de saturación de las fibras, no se modifica el comportamiento mecánico de las cañas.10 páginasapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaINGE CUC; Vol. 15, Núm. 1 (2019)INGE CUCINGE CUCC. B. Okhio, J. E. Waning and Y. T. Mekonnen, “An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Moisture Content on the Mechanical Properties of Bamboo and Cane,” Cyber Journals: Journal of Selected Areas in Bioengineering (JSAB), vol. 11, no. 1, pp.7–14, Nov. 2011. H. Chen, M. Miao and X. Ding, “Influence of moisture absorption on the interfacial strength of Bamboo and cane and Cane/vinyl ester composites,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 2013–2019, Dec. 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.09.003 C.C. Gerhards, “Effect of Moisture Content and Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Wood: An Analysis of Immediate Effects,” Wood Fiber Science, vol. 14, no. 1, pp.4–36, Jan. 1982. Z. Jiang, H. Wang, G. Tian, X. Liu and W. Yu, “Sensitivity of several selected mechanical properties of moso bamboo to moisture content change under the fibre saturation point,” Bioresources, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 5048–5058, Aug. 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.7.4.5048-5058 J. Niklewski, M. Fredriksson and T. Isaksson, “Moisture content prediction of rain-exposed wood: Test and evaluation of a simple numerical model for durability applications,” Building and Environment, vol. 97, no. 1, pp. 126–136, Feb. 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.11.037 H. Daassi-Gnaba, Y. Oussar, M. Merlan, T. Ditchi, E. Géron and S. Holé, “Wood moisture content prediction using feature selection techniques and a kernel method,” Neurocomputing, vol. 237, no. 10, pp. 79–91, May. 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2016.09.005 T. Mai, S. Razafindratsima, Z. Mehdi, F. Demontoux and F. 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Technol., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 427–434, Mar. 2004, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-003-0177-510899115INGE CUCCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2INGE CUChttps://revistascientificas.cuc.edu.co/ingecuc/article/view/1874Influence of moisture content on the mechanical properties of Guadua CulmsInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de GuaduaArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionBambooMoisture contentCompressionShearBendingBambúContenido de humedadCompresiónCortanteFlexiónORIGINALInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdfInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdfapplication/pdf562428https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/5621/1/Influencia%20del%20contenido%20de%20humedad%20en%20las%20propiedades%20mec%c3%a1nicas%20de%20la%20Ca%c3%b1a%20de%20Guadua.pdf6f5bbc145b0a701ed290e219ff3ae01dMD51open accessCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/5621/2/license_rdf42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/5621/3/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53open accessTHUMBNAILInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdf.jpgInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg64007https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/5621/5/Influencia%20del%20contenido%20de%20humedad%20en%20las%20propiedades%20mec%c3%a1nicas%20de%20la%20Ca%c3%b1a%20de%20Guadua.pdf.jpg375bf81294f7f84aecef8f37ba338139MD55open accessTEXTInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdf.txtInfluencia del contenido de humedad en las propiedades mecánicas de la Caña de Guadua.pdf.txttext/plain37672https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/5621/6/Influencia%20del%20contenido%20de%20humedad%20en%20las%20propiedades%20mec%c3%a1nicas%20de%20la%20Ca%c3%b1a%20de%20Guadua.pdf.txtcd4077c8a60d9c4f01a98b1896c91564MD56open access11323/5621oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/56212023-12-14 14:44:28.262CC0 1.0 Universal|||http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La Costabdigital@metabiblioteca.comTk9URTogUExBQ0UgWU9VUiBPV04gTElDRU5TRSBIRVJFClRoaXMgc2FtcGxlIGxpY2Vuc2UgaXMgcHJvdmlkZWQgZm9yIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgcHVycG9zZXMgb25seS4KCk5PTi1FWENMVVNJVkUgRElTVFJJQlVUSU9OIExJQ0VOU0UKCkJ5IHNpZ25pbmcgYW5kIHN1Ym1pdHRpbmcgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCB5b3UgKHRoZSBhdXRob3Iocykgb3IgY29weXJpZ2h0Cm93bmVyKSBncmFudHMgdG8gRFNwYWNlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgKERTVSkgdGhlIG5vbi1leGNsdXNpdmUgcmlnaHQgdG8gcmVwcm9kdWNlLAp0cmFuc2xhdGUgKGFzIGRlZmluZWQgYmVsb3cpLCBhbmQvb3IgZGlzdHJpYnV0ZSB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gKGluY2x1ZGluZwp0aGUgYWJzdHJhY3QpIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBpbiBwcmludCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBmb3JtYXQgYW5kIGluIGFueSBtZWRpdW0sCmluY2x1ZGluZyBidXQgbm90IGxpbWl0ZWQgdG8gYXVkaW8gb3IgdmlkZW8uCgpZb3UgYWdyZWUgdGhhdCBEU1UgbWF5LCB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5naW5nIHRoZSBjb250ZW50LCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgdGhlCnN1Ym1pc3Npb24gdG8gYW55IG1lZGl1bSBvciBmb3JtYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIHByZXNlcnZhdGlvbi4KCllvdSBhbHNvIGFncmVlIHRoYXQgRFNVIG1heSBrZWVwIG1vcmUgdGhhbiBvbmUgY29weSBvZiB0aGlzIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZm9yCnB1cnBvc2VzIG9mIHNlY3VyaXR5LCBiYWNrLXVwIGFuZCBwcmVzZXJ2YXRpb24uCgpZb3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgdGhlIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gaXMgeW91ciBvcmlnaW5hbCB3b3JrLCBhbmQgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZQp0aGUgcmlnaHQgdG8gZ3JhbnQgdGhlIHJpZ2h0cyBjb250YWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLiBZb3UgYWxzbyByZXByZXNlbnQKdGhhdCB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZG9lcyBub3QsIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHlvdXIga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpbmZyaW5nZSB1cG9uCmFueW9uZSdzIGNvcHlyaWdodC4KCklmIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uIGNvbnRhaW5zIG1hdGVyaWFsIGZvciB3aGljaCB5b3UgZG8gbm90IGhvbGQgY29weXJpZ2h0LAp5b3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgb2J0YWluZWQgdGhlIHVucmVzdHJpY3RlZCBwZXJtaXNzaW9uIG9mIHRoZQpjb3B5cmlnaHQgb3duZXIgdG8gZ3JhbnQgRFNVIHRoZSByaWdodHMgcmVxdWlyZWQgYnkgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCBhbmQgdGhhdApzdWNoIHRoaXJkLXBhcnR5IG93bmVkIG1hdGVyaWFsIGlzIGNsZWFybHkgaWRlbnRpZmllZCBhbmQgYWNrbm93bGVkZ2VkCndpdGhpbiB0aGUgdGV4dCBvciBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgoKSUYgVEhFIFNVQk1JU1NJT04gSVMgQkFTRUQgVVBPTiBXT1JLIFRIQVQgSEFTIEJFRU4gU1BPTlNPUkVEIE9SIFNVUFBPUlRFRApCWSBBTiBBR0VOQ1kgT1IgT1JHQU5JWkFUSU9OIE9USEVSIFRIQU4gRFNVLCBZT1UgUkVQUkVTRU5UIFRIQVQgWU9VIEhBVkUKRlVMRklMTEVEIEFOWSBSSUdIVCBPRiBSRVZJRVcgT1IgT1RIRVIgT0JMSUdBVElPTlMgUkVRVUlSRUQgQlkgU1VDSApDT05UUkFDVCBPUiBBR1JFRU1FTlQuCgpEU1Ugd2lsbCBjbGVhcmx5IGlkZW50aWZ5IHlvdXIgbmFtZShzKSBhcyB0aGUgYXV0aG9yKHMpIG9yIG93bmVyKHMpIG9mIHRoZQpzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgd2lsbCBub3QgbWFrZSBhbnkgYWx0ZXJhdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBhcyBhbGxvd2VkIGJ5IHRoaXMKbGljZW5zZSwgdG8geW91ciBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgo= |