Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists
The composite precast slabs are composite systems, in which they are constituted by concrete joists (reinforced or prestressed), filling components and a solidarization layer in reinforced concrete. It is a construction system widely used in the world, mainly in Ibero-American countries, such as Bra...
- Autores:
-
Kaspary, Jordan
Ehrenbring, Hinoel Zamis
Pacheco, Fernanda
Christ, Roberto
de Medeiros Quinino, Uziel Cavalcanti
Tutikian, Bernardo
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10746
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10746
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Precast slabs
Prestressed joists
Bending test
Maximum bending moment
Lajes pré-fabricadas
Vigotas protendidas
Ensaio de flexão
Momento máximo na flexão
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| dc.title.translated.none.fl_str_mv |
Análise teórica e experimental de lajes pré-fabricadas compostas por vigotas protendidas |
| title |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| spellingShingle |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists Precast slabs Prestressed joists Bending test Maximum bending moment Lajes pré-fabricadas Vigotas protendidas Ensaio de flexão Momento máximo na flexão |
| title_short |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| title_full |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| title_fullStr |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| title_sort |
Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Kaspary, Jordan Ehrenbring, Hinoel Zamis Pacheco, Fernanda Christ, Roberto de Medeiros Quinino, Uziel Cavalcanti Tutikian, Bernardo |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Kaspary, Jordan Ehrenbring, Hinoel Zamis Pacheco, Fernanda Christ, Roberto de Medeiros Quinino, Uziel Cavalcanti Tutikian, Bernardo |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Precast slabs Prestressed joists Bending test Maximum bending moment |
| topic |
Precast slabs Prestressed joists Bending test Maximum bending moment Lajes pré-fabricadas Vigotas protendidas Ensaio de flexão Momento máximo na flexão |
| dc.subject.proposal.por.fl_str_mv |
Lajes pré-fabricadas Vigotas protendidas Ensaio de flexão Momento máximo na flexão |
| description |
The composite precast slabs are composite systems, in which they are constituted by concrete joists (reinforced or prestressed), filling components and a solidarization layer in reinforced concrete. It is a construction system widely used in the world, mainly in Ibero-American countries, such as Brazil and Spain, for example. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the compatibility between the theoretical results and the experimental ones, since they are composite systems, and the variables can be decisive in the theoretical models. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the theoretical and experimental results of precast composite slabs. This study developed an experimental program of flexing tests for a slab with pre-stressed center joist reinforced on each side with half-longitudinal slab components and a 5 cm mesh-reinforced concrete cover. Experimental variables were the diameter of steel reinforcement and filler material (ceramic blocks or Expanded Polystyrene – EPS blocks). This study has 4 steps: materials characterization, mechanical tests of the joist, effect of filler material in the structural behavior and theoretical and experimental system behavior at fissuring and rupturing. Prestressed joists ruptured in compression regions during bending tests regardless of the diameter of steel reinforcement due to concrete low strength. Filler material did not alter the slabs rupturing load, but EPS blocks allowed considerable deflections. Regarding maximum bending moment, the selected theoretical models had an agreement of up to 99% on experimental values for 4 mm diameter steel-reinforced joists. However, for the joints with 5 and 6 mm wires, the analysis did not prove to be so valid, reaching a ratio of approximately 70 and 60%, respectively. |
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2022 |
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2022 |
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2024-02-20T17:45:14Z |
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2024-02-20T17:45:14Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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Kaspary, J., Zamis Ehrenbring, H., Pacheco, F., Christ, R., Quinino, U. C. de M., & Tutikian, B. F.. (2022). Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists. Matéria (rio De Janeiro), 27(3), e20220136. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0136 |
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1517-7076 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10746 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0136 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
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REDICUC – Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Kaspary, J., Zamis Ehrenbring, H., Pacheco, F., Christ, R., Quinino, U. C. de M., & Tutikian, B. F.. (2022). Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists. Matéria (rio De Janeiro), 27(3), e20220136. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0136 1517-7076 10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0136 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC – Repositorio CUC |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10746 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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eng |
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eng |
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Revista Materia |
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[1] BROWN, N.C., MUELLER, C., “Design for structural and energy performance of long span buildings using geometric multi-objective optimization”, Energy and Building, v. 127, pp. 748–761, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.090. [2] DROPPA JUNIOR, A., “Structural analysis of slabs formed by precast elements such as joist with lattice frame”, M.Sc Thesis, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil, 1999. [3] SILVA, B.R., “Contribution to the structural analysis of precast slabs with lattice joists”, M.Sc Thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil, 2012. [4] SARTORI, A.L., FONTES, A.C., PINHEIRO, L.M., “Analysis of the assembling phase of lattice slabs”, Ibracon Structures and Materials Journal, v. 6, n. 4, pp. 623–660, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/ S1983-41952013000400008 [5] PINHEIRO, L.M., REZANTE, J.A., “Ribbed slabs”, In: Concrete Structures. São Carlos, Brasil: Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. [6] SILVA, M.G., “Comparative study between structural systems of massive and ribbed slabs casted in-situ in a commercial building”, M.Sc Thesis, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, 2019. [7] FLÓRIO, M.C., Design and execution of unidirectional slabs with reinforced concrete joists, São Carlos, Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004. [8] CARVALHO, R.C., FIGUEIREDO FILHO, J.R., Calculation and detailing of usual reinforced concrete structures, São Paulo, Brasil, EdUFSCar, 2014. [9] CARVALHO, R.C., PINHEIRO, L.M., Cálculo e detalhamento de estruturas usuais de concreto armado, São Paulo, PINI, 2009. [10] CUNHA, M.O., Recommendations for the design of slabs formed by joists with lattice frames, São Carlos, Brasil, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. [11] GUIMARÃES, M. S., SILVA, C. R., SILVA, J. R., et al., “Comparison of the use of different types of slabs in a reinforced concrete building”, Revista Mirante, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 1–20, 2017. [12] SANTOS, A.P., Structural analysis of precast concrete frames, São Carlos, Brasil, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. [13] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 6118: Design of concrete structures — Procedure, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2014. [14] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 9062: Design and execution of precast concrete structures, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2017b. [15] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 14859-1: Pre-fabricated concrete slabs Part 1: Joist, mini-panels and panels – Requirements, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2016a. [16] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 5738: Concrete - Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2016b. [17] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8953: Concrete for structural purposes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2015. [18] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 5739: Concrete - Compression test of cylindrical specimens, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2018. [19] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8522: Concrete - Determination of static modulus of elasticity and deformation by compression, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2017a. [20] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 12142: Concrete - Determination of tension strength in flexure of prismatic specimens. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2010. [21] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 6349: Steel wire, bar and strand for reinforcement of prestressed concrete - Tension test. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2008. [22] AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, ASTM C1609/C1609M-19a, Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading), West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, 2019. [23] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 15522: Precast slabs - Performance evaluation of ribs and precast plank composite slabs under load, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2007. [24] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8681: Actions and safety of structures – Procedure, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2004. [25] SALES, J.J., MUNAIAR NETO, J., MALITE, M., Structural safety, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Elsevier, 2015. [26] MIOTTO SOARES, A.M., HANAI, J.B., “Structural analysis of plan frames of precast concrete elements considering the deformability of the connections.”, Cadernos de Engenharia de Estruturas, v. 17, pp. 29–57, 2001. [27] MERLIN, A.J., Negative bending moments in slab supports formed by prestressed concrete beams, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil, 2002. [28] SCHNEIDER, D., “Scaling of unidirectional precast ribbed slabs”, Monograph (Bachelor of Civil Engineering), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, 2010. [29] CASTRO, M.A.M., COSTA, F.G., BORBA, S.C., et al., “Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement bricks formulated with steel co-products”, Matéria UFRJ, v. 21, n. 3, pp. 666–676, 2016. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620160003.0064 [30] ALMEIDA, G.S.R., “Gerenciamento de resíduos na industria de construção civil: um estudo de caso”, Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Engenharia de Produção), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Medianeira, 2014. [31] SUDARSHAN, N.M., RAO, T.C., “Experimental investigations on tensile strength behavior and microsctructure of ultra-high performance fiber-based concrete”, Research Article SN Applied Sciences, v. 1, n. 3, pp. 215, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0186-0. [32] ROMERO, S.L., “Precast prestressed concrete”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación, Arquitectura Técnica, Cartagena, Espanha, 2012. [33] STORCH, I.S, DOBELIN, J.G.S, BATALHA, L.C, et al., “Self- supporting tests in lattice joists subject to negative bending”, Ibracon Structures and Materials Journal, v. 10, n. 6, p. 1366–1395, 2017. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952017000600011 [34] MIHLAYANLAR, E., DILMAÇ, S., GUNER, A., “Analysis of the effect of production process parameters and density of expanded polystyrene insulation boards on mechanical properties and thermal conductivity”, Materials & Design, v. 29, n. 2, pp. 344–352, 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.01.032. [35] SULONG, N.H.R., MUSTAPA, S.A.S., RASHID, M.K.A., “Application of expanded polystyrene EPS in buildings and constructions: a review”, Applied Polymer, v. 36, n. 20, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/app.47529. [36] LI, V.C., Engineered cementitious composites (ECC): bendable concrete for sustainable and resilient infrastructure, Berlin, Springer Nature, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58438-5. [37] CALLISTER JUNIOR, W.D., RETHWISCH, D.G., Ciência e engenharia de materiais: uma introdução, 9. ed., Rio de Janeiro, LTC, 2016. [38] FISHER, J.M., “Strengthening open-web steel joists”, Engineering Journal American Institute of Steel Construction, v. 42, n. 4, pp. 247–259, 2005. |
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Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Kaspary, JordanEhrenbring, Hinoel ZamisPacheco, FernandaChrist, Robertode Medeiros Quinino, Uziel CavalcantiTutikian, Bernardo2024-02-20T17:45:14Z2024-02-20T17:45:14Z2022Kaspary, J., Zamis Ehrenbring, H., Pacheco, F., Christ, R., Quinino, U. C. de M., & Tutikian, B. F.. (2022). Theoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joists. Matéria (rio De Janeiro), 27(3), e20220136. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-01361517-7076https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1074610.1590/1517-7076-RMAT-2022-0136Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC – Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The composite precast slabs are composite systems, in which they are constituted by concrete joists (reinforced or prestressed), filling components and a solidarization layer in reinforced concrete. It is a construction system widely used in the world, mainly in Ibero-American countries, such as Brazil and Spain, for example. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the compatibility between the theoretical results and the experimental ones, since they are composite systems, and the variables can be decisive in the theoretical models. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the theoretical and experimental results of precast composite slabs. This study developed an experimental program of flexing tests for a slab with pre-stressed center joist reinforced on each side with half-longitudinal slab components and a 5 cm mesh-reinforced concrete cover. Experimental variables were the diameter of steel reinforcement and filler material (ceramic blocks or Expanded Polystyrene – EPS blocks). This study has 4 steps: materials characterization, mechanical tests of the joist, effect of filler material in the structural behavior and theoretical and experimental system behavior at fissuring and rupturing. Prestressed joists ruptured in compression regions during bending tests regardless of the diameter of steel reinforcement due to concrete low strength. Filler material did not alter the slabs rupturing load, but EPS blocks allowed considerable deflections. Regarding maximum bending moment, the selected theoretical models had an agreement of up to 99% on experimental values for 4 mm diameter steel-reinforced joists. However, for the joints with 5 and 6 mm wires, the analysis did not prove to be so valid, reaching a ratio of approximately 70 and 60%, respectively.Entende-se que as lajes pré-fabricadas mistas são sistemas compostos, nos quais se constituem por vigotas de concreto (armado ou protendido), elementos de preenchimento e uma camada de solidarização em concreto armado. É um sistema construtivo muito utilizado no mundo, principalmente, em países ibero-americanos, como o Brasil e Espanha, por exemplo. No entanto, ainda há desconhecimento sobre a compatibilidade entre os resultados teóricos para os experimentais, uma vez que são sistemas compostos e as variáveis podem ser determinantes nos modelos de previsão. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo comparar os resultados teóricos e experimentais de lajes mistas pré-fabricadas. Para isso, desenvolveu um programa experimental de ensaios de flexão para uma laje com vigota central protendida reforçada de cada lado com elementos de laje e uma cobertura de concreto armado com malha de 5 cm. As variáveis experimentais foram o diâmetro da armadura de aço e do material de enchimento (telhas de cerâmica ou blocos de poliestireno expandido). Este estudo tem 4 etapas: caracterização dos materiais, ensaios mecânicos da vigota, efeito do material de enchimento no comportamento estrutural e comportamento teórico e experimental do sistema na fissuração e ruptura. Vigotas protendidas romperam na região de compressão durante os testes de flexão, independentemente do diâmetro da armadura de aço. O material de enchimento não alterou a carga de ruptura das lajes, mas os blocos de EPS permitiram deflexões consideráveis. Em relação ao momento fletor máximo, os modelos teóricos selecionados apresentaram concordância de até 99% nos valores experimentais para vigotas reforçadas com aço de 4 mm de diâmetro. Entretanto, para as nervuras com fios de 5 e 6 mm, a análise não se mostrou tão válida, chegando a uma relação de aproximadamente, 70 e 60%, respectivamente.14 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJBrazilhttps://www.scielo.br/j/rmat/a/MrnPMjwt6r4CQdbMnhY7Prk/#topTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed of pre-stressed joistsAnálise teórica e experimental de lajes pré-fabricadas compostas por vigotas protendidasArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Revista Materia[1] BROWN, N.C., MUELLER, C., “Design for structural and energy performance of long span buildings using geometric multi-objective optimization”, Energy and Building, v. 127, pp. 748–761, 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.090.[2] DROPPA JUNIOR, A., “Structural analysis of slabs formed by precast elements such as joist with lattice frame”, M.Sc Thesis, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil, 1999.[3] SILVA, B.R., “Contribution to the structural analysis of precast slabs with lattice joists”, M.Sc Thesis, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brasil, 2012.[4] SARTORI, A.L., FONTES, A.C., PINHEIRO, L.M., “Analysis of the assembling phase of lattice slabs”, Ibracon Structures and Materials Journal, v. 6, n. 4, pp. 623–660, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/ S1983-41952013000400008[5] PINHEIRO, L.M., REZANTE, J.A., “Ribbed slabs”, In: Concrete Structures. São Carlos, Brasil: Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2003.[6] SILVA, M.G., “Comparative study between structural systems of massive and ribbed slabs casted in-situ in a commercial building”, M.Sc Thesis, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, 2019.[7] FLÓRIO, M.C., Design and execution of unidirectional slabs with reinforced concrete joists, São Carlos, Brasil, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2004.[8] CARVALHO, R.C., FIGUEIREDO FILHO, J.R., Calculation and detailing of usual reinforced concrete structures, São Paulo, Brasil, EdUFSCar, 2014.[9] CARVALHO, R.C., PINHEIRO, L.M., Cálculo e detalhamento de estruturas usuais de concreto armado, São Paulo, PINI, 2009.[10] CUNHA, M.O., Recommendations for the design of slabs formed by joists with lattice frames, São Carlos, Brasil, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2012.[11] GUIMARÃES, M. S., SILVA, C. R., SILVA, J. R., et al., “Comparison of the use of different types of slabs in a reinforced concrete building”, Revista Mirante, v. 10, n. 1, pp. 1–20, 2017.[12] SANTOS, A.P., Structural analysis of precast concrete frames, São Carlos, Brasil, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 2010.[13] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 6118: Design of concrete structures — Procedure, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2014.[14] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 9062: Design and execution of precast concrete structures, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2017b.[15] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 14859-1: Pre-fabricated concrete slabs Part 1: Joist, mini-panels and panels – Requirements, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2016a.[16] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 5738: Concrete - Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2016b.[17] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8953: Concrete for structural purposes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2015.[18] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 5739: Concrete - Compression test of cylindrical specimens, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2018.[19] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8522: Concrete - Determination of static modulus of elasticity and deformation by compression, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2017a.[20] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 12142: Concrete - Determination of tension strength in flexure of prismatic specimens. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2010.[21] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 6349: Steel wire, bar and strand for reinforcement of prestressed concrete - Tension test. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2008.[22] AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, ASTM C1609/C1609M-19a, Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading), West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM International, 2019.[23] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 15522: Precast slabs - Performance evaluation of ribs and precast plank composite slabs under load, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, ABNT, 2007.[24] ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, ABNT NBR 8681: Actions and safety of structures – Procedure, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2004.[25] SALES, J.J., MUNAIAR NETO, J., MALITE, M., Structural safety, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Elsevier, 2015.[26] MIOTTO SOARES, A.M., HANAI, J.B., “Structural analysis of plan frames of precast concrete elements considering the deformability of the connections.”, Cadernos de Engenharia de Estruturas, v. 17, pp. 29–57, 2001.[27] MERLIN, A.J., Negative bending moments in slab supports formed by prestressed concrete beams, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brasil, 2002.[28] SCHNEIDER, D., “Scaling of unidirectional precast ribbed slabs”, Monograph (Bachelor of Civil Engineering), University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, 2010.[29] CASTRO, M.A.M., COSTA, F.G., BORBA, S.C., et al., “Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of soil-cement bricks formulated with steel co-products”, Matéria UFRJ, v. 21, n. 3, pp. 666–676, 2016. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-707620160003.0064[30] ALMEIDA, G.S.R., “Gerenciamento de resíduos na industria de construção civil: um estudo de caso”, Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Engenharia de Produção), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Medianeira, 2014.[31] SUDARSHAN, N.M., RAO, T.C., “Experimental investigations on tensile strength behavior and microsctructure of ultra-high performance fiber-based concrete”, Research Article SN Applied Sciences, v. 1, n. 3, pp. 215, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0186-0.[32] ROMERO, S.L., “Precast prestressed concrete”, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Escuela de Arquitectura e Ingeniería de Edificación, Arquitectura Técnica, Cartagena, Espanha, 2012.[33] STORCH, I.S, DOBELIN, J.G.S, BATALHA, L.C, et al., “Self- supporting tests in lattice joists subject to negative bending”, Ibracon Structures and Materials Journal, v. 10, n. 6, p. 1366–1395, 2017. DOI: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952017000600011[34] MIHLAYANLAR, E., DILMAÇ, S., GUNER, A., “Analysis of the effect of production process parameters and density of expanded polystyrene insulation boards on mechanical properties and thermal conductivity”, Materials & Design, v. 29, n. 2, pp. 344–352, 2008. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2007.01.032.[35] SULONG, N.H.R., MUSTAPA, S.A.S., RASHID, M.K.A., “Application of expanded polystyrene EPS in buildings and constructions: a review”, Applied Polymer, v. 36, n. 20, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1002/app.47529.[36] LI, V.C., Engineered cementitious composites (ECC): bendable concrete for sustainable and resilient infrastructure, Berlin, Springer Nature, 2019. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-58438-5.[37] CALLISTER JUNIOR, W.D., RETHWISCH, D.G., Ciência e engenharia de materiais: uma introdução, 9. ed., Rio de Janeiro, LTC, 2016. [38] FISHER, J.M., “Strengthening open-web steel joists”, Engineering Journal American Institute of Steel Construction, v. 42, n. 4, pp. 247–259, 2005.327Precast slabsPrestressed joistsBending testMaximum bending momentLajes pré-fabricadasVigotas protendidasEnsaio de flexãoMomento máximo na flexãoPublicationORIGINALTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdfTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf2610884https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6790ced2-5e3d-4922-a494-f75f7bf4f9f0/download8788e03a690111231652346f087e6badMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/ae3aa289-f19b-48fd-aa4c-f007fabefeb3/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdf.txtTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain56762https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/fc6df952-77c7-4bab-b565-34c9a762e3f4/download111dea71381849d4e1c3aa1ceb933077MD53THUMBNAILTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdf.jpgTheoretical and experimental analysis of precast slabs composed.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14068https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/840908f0-dd1f-4e0f-9ff9-2c5e7ae60c95/download0a3168bc491962681e52a101f74ad87aMD5411323/10746oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/107462024-09-16 16:37:02.78https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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