Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading
The results of an experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading are presented. In the tests, a wide range of initial conditions was varied in order to investigate their influence on the mechanical behavior of the kaolin. The response under monotonic loading was an...
- Autores:
-
Duque, J.
Roháč, J.
Mašín, D.
Najser, J.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10731
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10731
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Cyclic loading
Database
Kaolin
Stress history
Triaxial
Miner’s rule
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| title |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| spellingShingle |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading Cyclic loading Database Kaolin Stress history Triaxial Miner’s rule |
| title_short |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| title_full |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| title_fullStr |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| title_sort |
Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Duque, J. Roháč, J. Mašín, D. Najser, J. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Duque, J. Roháč, J. Mašín, D. Najser, J. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Cyclic loading Database Kaolin Stress history Triaxial |
| topic |
Cyclic loading Database Kaolin Stress history Triaxial Miner’s rule |
| dc.subject.proposal.fra.fl_str_mv |
Miner’s rule |
| description |
The results of an experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading are presented. In the tests, a wide range of initial conditions was varied in order to investigate their influence on the mechanical behavior of the kaolin. The response under monotonic loading was analyzed by means of undrained monotonic triaxial tests with different initial mean effective pressures and overconsolidation ratios. The experimental plan under cyclic loading includes an oedometer test with multiple unloading-reloading cycles and twenty-one undrained cyclic triaxial tests with either isotropic or anisotropic consolidation. In the latter tests, the influence of the initial stress ratio, deviatoric stress amplitude, drained cyclic preloading and sequence of packages of cycles with different deviatoric stress amplitudes has been investigated. The experimental results suggest that the variation of the aforementioned test conditions leads to remarkable changes in the accumulation rates of pore water pressure and strains. In addition, it was found that the so-called Miner’s rule (independence of accumulated strains on loading sequence) is not valid under undrained cyclic conditions. A modified Stewart’s approach was proposed for the estimation of the accumulated pore water pressure and strains on undrained cyclic tests with packages of cycles with different deviatoric stress amplitudes, demonstrating that constitutive models developed using single-magnitude loading packages can be used in simulations of problems with variable cyclic loading magnitude. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 2024-02-19T21:01:55Z |
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2024-02-19T21:01:55Z |
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Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Duque, J., Roháč, J., Mašín, D. et al. Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading. Acta Geotech. 17, 4953–4975 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01643-0 |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1861-1125 |
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https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10731 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1007/s11440-022-01643-0 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1861-1133 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC – Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Duque, J., Roháč, J., Mašín, D. et al. Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading. Acta Geotech. 17, 4953–4975 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01643-0 1861-1125 10.1007/s11440-022-01643-0 1861-1133 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC – Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10731 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Acta Geotechnica |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Andersen K (2015) Cyclic soil parameters for offshore foundation design. In Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, pages 5–82, Leiden ASTMD7181-20 (2020) Standard test method for consolidated drained triaxial compression test for soils. ASTM International Banerjee A, Puppala A, Hoyos L (2020) Suction-controlled multistage triaxial testing on clayey silty soil. Eng Geol 265:105409 Benoot J, Haegeman W, François S, Degrande G (2014) Experimental study of strain accumulation of silica sand in a cyclic triaxial test. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference, pages 3–6, Barcelona Bobei D, Wanatowski D, Rahman M, Lo S, Gnanendran C (2013) The effect of drained pre-shearing on the undrained behaviour of loose sand with a small amount of fines. Acta Geotechnica 8:311–322 Boulanger R, Idriss I (2006) Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(11):1413–1426 Boulanger R, Idriss I (2007) Evaluation of cyclic softening in silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(6):641–652 Brown S, Lashine A, Hyde A (1975) Repeated load triaxial testing of a silty clay. Géotechnique 25(1):95–114 Cai Y, Gu C, Wang J, Juang C, Xu C, Hu X (2013) One-way cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clay: comparison between constant and variable confining pressure. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(5):797–809 Doanh T, Dubujet P, Touron G (2010) Exploring the undrained induced anisotropy of Hostun rf loose sand. Acta Geotechnica 5(4):239–256 Doanh T, Finge Z, Boucq S, Dubujet P (2006) Histotropy of Hostun RF loose sand. Modern Trends Geomech 25:399–411 Doanh T, Ibraim E, Matiotti R (1997) Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. part 1: experimental observations. Mech Cohesive-friction Mater 2(1):47–70 Dubujet P, Doanh T (1997) Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. part 2: theoretical analysis using an elastoplasticity model. Mech Cohesive-friction Mater 2(1):71–92 Duque J, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2020) Improvement to the intergranular strain model for larger numbers of repetitive cycles. Acta Geotechnica 15:3593–3604 Duque J, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2021) Hypoplastic model for clays with stiffness anisotropy. In Proceedings of IACMAG 2021: Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics, pages 414–421, Turin, Italy Duque J, Ochmański M, Mašín D, Hong Y, Wang L (2021) On the behavior of monopiles subjected to multiple episodes of cyclic loading and reconsolidation in cohesive soils. Computers Geotech 134:104049 Duque J, Tafili M, Seidalinov G, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2022) Inspection of four advanced constitutive models for fine-grained soils under monotonic and cyclic loading. Acta Geotechnica. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-021-01437-w Duque J, Yang M, Fuentes W, Mašín D, Taiebat M (2022) Characteristic limitations of advanced plasticity and hypoplasticity models for cyclic loading of sands. Acta Geotechnica 17:2235–2257 Feng S, Xu R, Cheng K, Yu J, Jia Q (2020) Centrifuge model test on the performance of geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported embankment over soft soil. Soil Mech Foundation Eng 57(3):244–251 Finge Z, Doanh T, Dubujet P (2006) Undrained anisotropy of hostun rf loose sand: new experimental investigations. Canadian Geotech J 43(11):1195–1212 Finno R, Chung C (1992) Stress-strain-strength responses of compressible Chicago glacial clays. J Geotech Eng 118(10):1607–1625 Fuentes W, Duque J, Lascarro C (2018) Constitutive simulation of a kaolin clay with vertical and horizontal sedimentation axes. DYNA 85(207):227–235 Fuentes W, Gil M, Duque J (2019) Dynamic simulation of the sudden settlement of a mine waste dump under earthquake loading. Int J Mining, Reclamation Environ 33(6):425–443 Fuentes W, Mašín D, Duque J (2021) Constitutive model for monotonic and cyclic loading on anisotropic clays. Géotechnique 71(8):657–673 Fuentes W, Tafili M, Triantafyllidis T (2018) An ISA-plasticity-based model for viscous and non-viscous clays. Acta Geotechnica 13(3):367–386 Gajo A, Piffer L (1999) The effects of preloading history on the undrained behaviour of saturated loose sand. Soils Foundations 39(6):43–53 Gu C, Wang J, Cai Y, Yang Z, Gao Y (2012) Undrained cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clays under variable confining pressure. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 40:118–128 Gudehus G, Amorosi A, Gens A, Herle I, Kolymbas D, Mašín D, Wood D, Niemunis A, Nova R, Pastor M, Tamagnini C, Viggiani G (2008) The soilmodels.info project. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 32(12):1571–1572 Head K (1998) Manual of soil laboratory testing effective stress tests. Wiley, New Jersey Hettler A (1981) Verschiebungen starrer und elastische Gründungskörper in Sand bei monotoner und zyklischer Belastung. PhD thesis, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hong Y, Wang L, Ng C, Yang B (2017) Effect of initial pore pressure on undrained shear behaviour of fine-grained gassy soil. Canadian Geotech J 54(11):1592–1600 Houlsby G (2016) Interactions in offshore foundation design. Géotechnique 66(10):791–825 Hyodo M, Hyde A, Yamamoto Y, Fujii T (1999) Cyclic shear strength of undisturbed and remoulded marine clays. Soils Foundations 39(2):45–58 Hyodo M, Yamamoto Y, Sugiyama M (1994) Undrained cyclic shear behaviour of normally consolidated clay subjected to initial static shear stress. Soils Foundations 34(4):1–11 Ilyas T, Leung C, Chow Y, Budi S (2004) Centrifuge model study of laterally loaded pile groups in clay. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(3):274–283 ISO17892-9 (2018) Geotechnical investigation and testing - Laboratory testing of soil - Part 9: Consolidated triaxial compression tests on water saturated soils. European Standards Jerman J, Mašín D (2020) Hypoplastic and viscohypoplastic models for soft clays with strength anisotropy. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 44(10):1396–1416 Kaggwa W, Booker J, Carter J (1991) Residual strains in calcareous sand due to irregular cyclic loading. J Geotech Eng 117(2):201–218 Kayaturk D, Ertan B, Sedat S, Özocak A (2021) Determination of shear strength parameters by multistage triaxial tests in the long-term analysis of slopes. Acad Platform J Nat Hazards Disaster Manage 2(1):29–36 Lai Y, Wang L, Hong Y, He B (2020) Centrifuge modeling of the cyclic lateral behavior of large-diameter monopiles in soft clay: Effects of episodic cycling and reconsolidation. Ocean Eng 200:107048 Leblanc C, Byrne B, Houlsby G (2010) Response of stiff piles to random two-way lateral loading. Géotechnique 60(9):715–721 Li L, Dan H, Wang L (2011) Undrained behavior of natural marine clay under cyclic loading. Ocean Eng 38(16):1792–1805 Li W, Igoe D, Gavin K (2015) Field tests to investigate the cyclic response of monopiles in sand. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Geotechnical Engineering, pages 407–421 Lin S, Liao J (1999) Permanent strains of piles in sand due to cyclic lateral loads. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 125(9):798–802 López S, Coop M (2012) Drained cyclic behaviour of loose dogs bay sand. Géotechnique 62(4):281–289 Miner M (1945) Cumulative damage fatigue. J Appl Mech 12:159–164 Mitchell J, Soga K (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior. Wiley, New York Monismith C, Ogawa N, Freeme C (1975) Permanent deformation characteristics of subgrade soils due to repeated laoding. Transp Res Record 537:1–17 Niemunis A, Wichtmann T, Triantafyllidis T (2005) A high-cycle accumulation model for sand. Computers Geotech 32(4):245–263 Ochmański M, Mašín D, Duque J, Hong Y, Wang L (2021) Performance of tripod foundations for offshore wind turbines: a numerical study. Géotechnique Lett 11(3):230–238 Parry R (1960) Triaxial compression and extension tests on remoulded saturated clay. Géotechnique 10(4):166–180 Patiño H, Soriano A, González J (2013) Failure of a soft cohesive soil subjected to combined static and cyclic loading. Soils Foundations 53(6):910–922 Porcino D, Caridi G (2007) Pre- and post-liquefaction response of sand in cyclic simple shear. In Geo-Denver 2007: New Peaks in Geotechnics, pages 1–10 Porcino D, Marciano V, Ghionna V (2009) Influence of cyclic pre-shearing on undrained behaviour of carbonate sand in simple shear tests. Geomech Geoeng 4(2):151–161 Sheahan T, Ladd C, Germaine J (1996) Rate dependent undrained shear behavior of saturated clay. J Geotech Eng 122(2):99–108 Sivakumar V, Doran I, Graham J (2002) Particle orientation and its influence on the mechanical behavior of isotropically consolidated reconstituted clay. Eng Geol 66(3):197–209 Son S, Yoon J, Kim J (2020) Simplified method for defining 2-dimensional design failure curve of marine silty sand under dynamic loading. J Marine Sci Eng 8(1):1–15 Staubach P, Wichtmann T (2020) Long-term deformations of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines studied with a high-cycle accumulation model. Computers Geotech 124:103553 Stewart H (1986) Permanent strains from cyclic variable-amplitude loadings. J Geotech Eng 112(6):646–660 Tafili M (2019) On the Behaviour of Cohesive Soils: Constitutive Description and Experimental Observations. PhD thesis, Institute of Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2019 Tafili M, Triantafyllidis T (2020) AVISA: anisotropic visco-ISA model and its performance at cyclic loading. Acta Geotechnica 15:2395–2413 Tafili M, Triantafyllidis T (2020) Cyclic and monotonic response of silts and clays: experimental analysis and constitutive modelling. Eur J Environ Civil Eng 87:1–10 Tafili M, Triantafyllidis T (2020) A simple hypoplastic model with loading surface accounting for viscous and fabric effects of clays. Int J Numer Anal Methods Geomech 44(16):2189–2215 Tafili M, Wichtmann T, Triantafyllidis T (2021) Experimental investigation and constitutive modeling of the behaviour of highly plastic lower rhine clay under monotonic and cyclic loading. Canadian Geotech J 58(9):1396–1410 Tiwari M (2008) Time-effect and instability behaviour of cohesive soils. PhD thesis, Nanyang Technological University Vinck K, Liu T, E U, Jardine R (2019) An appraisal of end conditions in advanced monotonic and cyclic triaxial testing on a range of geomaterials. 7th International Symposium on Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials Walker M (2012) Hot deserts: engineering, geology and geomorphology: engineering group working party report. Geological Society of London Wang L, Lai Y, Hong Y, Mašín D (2020) A unified lateral soil reaction model for monopiles in soft clay considering various length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios. Ocean Eng 212:107492 Wichtmann T (2005) Explicit accumulation model for non-cohesive soils under cyclic loading. PhD thesis, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany Wichtmann T (2016) Soil behaviour under cyclic loading: Experimental observations, constitutive description and applications. Habilitation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Wichtmann T, Andersen K, Sjursen M, Berre T (2013) Cyclic tests on high-quality undisturbed block samples of soft marine norwegian clay. Canadian Geotech J 50(4):400–412 Wichtmann T, Niemunis A, Triantafyllidis T (2007) Gilt die miner’sche regel für sand? Bautechnik 83(5):341–350 Wichtmann T, Niemunis A, Triantafyllidis T (2010) Strain accumulation in sand due to drained cyclic loading: on the effect of monotonic and cyclic preloading (miner’s rule). Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 30(8):736–745 Wichtmann T, Triantafyllidis T (2016) An experimental data base for the development, calibration and verification of constitutive models for sand with focus to cyclic loading. part II: tests with strain cycles and combined loading. Acta Geotechnica 11(4):763–774 Wichtmann T, Triantafyllidis T (2018) Monotonic and cyclic tests on kaolin: a database for the development, calibration and verification of constitutive models for cohesive soils with focus to cyclic loading. Acta Geotechnica 13(5):1103–1128 Xie Y, Leung C, Chow Y (2012) Centrifuge modelling of spudcan-pile interaction in soft clay. Géotechnique 62(9):799–810 Zhu B, Wen K, Kong D, Zhu Z, Wang L (2018) A numerical study on the lateral loading behaviour of offshore tetrapod piled jacket foundations in clay. Appl Ocean Res 75:165–177 Zhu S, Chen R, Kang X (2021) Centrifuge modelling of a tetrapod jacket foundation under lateral cyclic and monotonic loading in soft soil. Canadian Geotech J 58(5):637–649 Zografou D (2018) Investigation of shallow skirted foundations under undrained cyclic loading. PhD thesis, University of Western Australia |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Naturehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfDuque, J.Roháč, J.Mašín, D.Najser, J.2024-02-19T21:01:55Z20232024-02-19T21:01:55Z2022Duque, J., Roháč, J., Mašín, D. et al. Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloading. Acta Geotech. 17, 4953–4975 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01643-01861-1125https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1073110.1007/s11440-022-01643-01861-1133Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC – Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/The results of an experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading are presented. In the tests, a wide range of initial conditions was varied in order to investigate their influence on the mechanical behavior of the kaolin. The response under monotonic loading was analyzed by means of undrained monotonic triaxial tests with different initial mean effective pressures and overconsolidation ratios. The experimental plan under cyclic loading includes an oedometer test with multiple unloading-reloading cycles and twenty-one undrained cyclic triaxial tests with either isotropic or anisotropic consolidation. In the latter tests, the influence of the initial stress ratio, deviatoric stress amplitude, drained cyclic preloading and sequence of packages of cycles with different deviatoric stress amplitudes has been investigated. The experimental results suggest that the variation of the aforementioned test conditions leads to remarkable changes in the accumulation rates of pore water pressure and strains. In addition, it was found that the so-called Miner’s rule (independence of accumulated strains on loading sequence) is not valid under undrained cyclic conditions. A modified Stewart’s approach was proposed for the estimation of the accumulated pore water pressure and strains on undrained cyclic tests with packages of cycles with different deviatoric stress amplitudes, demonstrating that constitutive models developed using single-magnitude loading packages can be used in simulations of problems with variable cyclic loading magnitude.1 páginaapplication/pdfengSpringer VerlagGermanyhttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11440-022-01643-0Experimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading: inspection of undrained Miner’s rule and drained cyclic preloadingArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/drafthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_b1a7d7d4d402bcceActa GeotechnicaAndersen K (2015) Cyclic soil parameters for offshore foundation design. In Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics, pages 5–82, LeidenASTMD7181-20 (2020) Standard test method for consolidated drained triaxial compression test for soils. ASTM InternationalBanerjee A, Puppala A, Hoyos L (2020) Suction-controlled multistage triaxial testing on clayey silty soil. Eng Geol 265:105409Benoot J, Haegeman W, François S, Degrande G (2014) Experimental study of strain accumulation of silica sand in a cyclic triaxial test. In Proceedings of the 23rd European Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference, pages 3–6, BarcelonaBobei D, Wanatowski D, Rahman M, Lo S, Gnanendran C (2013) The effect of drained pre-shearing on the undrained behaviour of loose sand with a small amount of fines. Acta Geotechnica 8:311–322Boulanger R, Idriss I (2006) Liquefaction susceptibility criteria for silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 132(11):1413–1426Boulanger R, Idriss I (2007) Evaluation of cyclic softening in silts and clays. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 133(6):641–652Brown S, Lashine A, Hyde A (1975) Repeated load triaxial testing of a silty clay. Géotechnique 25(1):95–114Cai Y, Gu C, Wang J, Juang C, Xu C, Hu X (2013) One-way cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clay: comparison between constant and variable confining pressure. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 139(5):797–809Doanh T, Dubujet P, Touron G (2010) Exploring the undrained induced anisotropy of Hostun rf loose sand. Acta Geotechnica 5(4):239–256Doanh T, Finge Z, Boucq S, Dubujet P (2006) Histotropy of Hostun RF loose sand. Modern Trends Geomech 25:399–411Doanh T, Ibraim E, Matiotti R (1997) Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. part 1: experimental observations. Mech Cohesive-friction Mater 2(1):47–70Dubujet P, Doanh T (1997) Undrained instability of very loose Hostun sand in triaxial compression and extension. part 2: theoretical analysis using an elastoplasticity model. Mech Cohesive-friction Mater 2(1):71–92Duque J, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2020) Improvement to the intergranular strain model for larger numbers of repetitive cycles. Acta Geotechnica 15:3593–3604Duque J, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2021) Hypoplastic model for clays with stiffness anisotropy. In Proceedings of IACMAG 2021: Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics, pages 414–421, Turin, ItalyDuque J, Ochmański M, Mašín D, Hong Y, Wang L (2021) On the behavior of monopiles subjected to multiple episodes of cyclic loading and reconsolidation in cohesive soils. Computers Geotech 134:104049Duque J, Tafili M, Seidalinov G, Mašín D, Fuentes W (2022) Inspection of four advanced constitutive models for fine-grained soils under monotonic and cyclic loading. 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PhD thesis, University of Western Australia4975495317Cyclic loadingDatabaseKaolinStress historyTriaxialMiner’s rulePublicationORIGINALExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdfExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf80270https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d69a7f04-c9c4-4537-8785-403a16fd36ee/downloadd7c6addef5d0807984e556738a9f247fMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/a17a147d-0bb4-4cce-abad-eb9579a13c9f/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdf.txtExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1912https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d631d4f1-43e9-42f1-b37a-26803f394704/download3c8d125d7853ad8df1f1f07ba1f0f0daMD53THUMBNAILExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdf.jpgExperimental investigation on Malaysian kaolin under monotonic and cyclic loading.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg15301https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/b9a5cd9f-d26f-4b8f-93cf-bef53583a4e1/download589690f703cd946707a4c09b9c2e50c4MD5411323/10731oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/107312024-09-17 12:47:39.362https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Natureopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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