New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms

Industrial plants, especially on mining, metal processing, energy and chemical/petrochemical processes require integrated management of all the events that may cause accidents and translate into alarms. Process alarm management can be formulated as an eventbased pattern recognition problem in which...

Full description

Autores:
Vasquez, John William
Pérez-Zúñiga, Gustavo
Sotomayor-Moriano, Javier
Muñoz, Yecid A.
Ospino, A.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6013
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/11323/6013
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Alarm management
Protection layers
Safeprocess
Diagnosis
Super alarms
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_25262802560360282057107a17dfd57e
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/6013
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
title New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
spellingShingle New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
Alarm management
Protection layers
Safeprocess
Diagnosis
Super alarms
title_short New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
title_full New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
title_fullStr New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
title_full_unstemmed New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
title_sort New concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarms
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Vasquez, John William
Pérez-Zúñiga, Gustavo
Sotomayor-Moriano, Javier
Muñoz, Yecid A.
Ospino, A.
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Vasquez, John William
Pérez-Zúñiga, Gustavo
Sotomayor-Moriano, Javier
Muñoz, Yecid A.
Ospino, A.
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv Alarm management
Protection layers
Safeprocess
Diagnosis
Super alarms
topic Alarm management
Protection layers
Safeprocess
Diagnosis
Super alarms
description Industrial plants, especially on mining, metal processing, energy and chemical/petrochemical processes require integrated management of all the events that may cause accidents and translate into alarms. Process alarm management can be formulated as an eventbased pattern recognition problem in which temporal patterns are used to characterize different typical situations, particularly at startup and shutdown stages. In this paper, a new layer based on a diagnosis process is proposed over the typical layers of protection in industrial processes. Considering the alarms and the actions of the standard operating procedure as discrete events, the diagnosis step relies on situation recognition to provide the operators with relevant information about the failures inducing the alarm flow. The new concept of super alarms is based on a methodology with a diagnosis step that permits generate these types of superior alarms. For example, the Chronicle Based Alarm Management (CBAM) methodology involves different techniques to take the hybrid aspect and the standard operational procedures of the concerned processes into account.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-07T20:30:39Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2020-02-07T20:30:39Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 2405-8963
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11323/6013
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 2405-8963
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url http://hdl.handle.net/11323/6013
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.ispartof.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.09.192
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Agudelo, C. (2015). Integraci´on de t´ecnicas y las secuencias de alarmas para la detecci´on y el diagnostico de fallos. Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Politecnica De Valencia - Spain.
Astolfi, A. and Praly, L. (2006). Global complete observability and output- to-state stability imply the existence of a globally convergent observer. Mathematics of Control Signals and Systems, Vol:18, ISSN:0932-4194, Pages:32-65.
Bayoudh, M., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., and Olive, X. (2006). Hybrid systems diagnosability by abstracting faulty continuous dynamics. In Proc. of the 17th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis, pages 915, 2006.
Beebe, D., Ferrer, S., and Logerot, D. (2013). The connection of peak alarm rates to plant incidents and what you can do to minimize. Process Safety Progress.
Chen, Y. and Lee, J. (2011). Autonomous mining for alarm correlation patterns based on time-shift similarity clustering in manufacturing system. 2011 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management.
Ding, S. (2008). Model-based fault diagnosis techniques design schemes, algorithms, and tools. ISBN 978-3-54076303-1. Springer 2008.
Fernandez, I., Camacho, A., Gasco, C., Macias, A., and M.A. Martin, G. Reyes, J.R. (2012). Seguridad funcional en instalaciones de proceso: sistemas, instrumentados de seguridad y an´alisis SIL.
Ediciones D´ıaz de Santos, S.A. Garcia, E., Agudelo, C., and Morant, F. (2012). Secuencias de alarmas para detecci´on y diagn´ostico de fallos. Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, 460022 Spain. 3er Congreso internacional de ingeniera mecatrnica. UNAB 2012.
Habibi, E. and Hollifiled, B. (2006). Alarm systems greatly affect offshore facilities amid high oil prices. World Oil, septiembre de 2006, pgs. 101-105.
Hollender, M., Skovholt, T., and Evans, J. (2016). Holistic alarm management throughout the plant lifecycle. In 2016 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe (PCIC Europe), 1–6. doi: 10.1109/PCICEurope.2016.7604645.
Koscielny, J.M. and Bartys, M. (2015). The requirements for a new layer in the industrial safety systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(21), 1333 – 1338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.09.710. 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes SAFEPROCESS 2015.
Lew, J., Juang, J., and Keel, H. (1994). Quantification of parametric uncertainty via an interval model. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics - J GUID CONTROL DYNAM. 01/1994; 17(6):1212-1218.
Magni, L., Scattolini, R., and Rossi, C. (2000). A fault detection and isolation method for complex industrial systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans ( Volume: 30, Issue: 6, Nov 2000).
Palomeque, D. (2005). Enfoque integral y herramientas de gestin. Petrotecnia, Vol 46, pp. 42-48.
Patton, R.J. and Chen, J. (1997). Observer-based fault detection and isolation: robustness and applications. Control Engineering Practice, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 671682.
Rodrigo, V., Chioua, M., Hagglund, T., and Hollender, M. (2016). Causal analysis for alarm flood reduction. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(7), 723 – 728. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.269. 11th IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process SystemsIncluding Biosystems DYCOPS-CAB 2016.
Sarmiento, H. and Isaza, C. (2012). Identification and estimation of functional states in drinking water plant based on fuzzy clustering. 22st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. pp 1317 to 1327.
Vasquez, J.W. (2017). Chronicle based alarm management. Doctoral thesis of Automatic Control Engineering. INSA Toulouse.
Vasquez, J., Prada, J., Agudelo, C., and Jimenez, F. (2013). Analysis of alarm management in startups and shutdowns for oil refining processes. IEEE Explorer. Engineering Mechatronics and Automation (CIIMA), 2013 II International Congress, Bogota.
Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2015). Chronicle based alarm management in startup and shutdown stages. International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis (DX-2015), Paris.
Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2016). Alarm management based on diagnosis. 4th IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control and Automation Sciences (ICONS 2016), Reims.
Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2017). Enhanced chronicle learning for process supervision. 20th IFAC World Congress, IFACPapersOnLine. Volume 50, Issue 1, July 2017, Pages 5035-5040.
Vries, R. (1990). An automated methodology for generating a fault tree. IEEE Transactions on Reliability.
Yang, F. and Xiao, D. (2012). Progress in root cause and fault propagation analysis of large scale industrial processes. Journal of Control Science and Engineering. Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 478373, 10 pages.
Zhu, J., Shu, Y., Zhao, J., and Yang, F. (2013). A dynamic alarm management strategy for chemical process transitions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Volume 30, July 2014, Pages 207-218.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv IFAC-PapersOnLine
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/1/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/2/license_rdf
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/3/license.txt
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/5/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf.jpg
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/6/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 493a13a6f7ea05d39411b7a895bd15e5
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c
8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33
c0725cc46b5a8c33b6ecb5743d0114da
bda3daf0b53a8554fd7bf7b5635cd644
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio Universidad de La Costa
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bdigital@metabiblioteca.com
_version_ 1808400134778650624
spelling Vasquez, John Williamec23dd65649cb5cb0dbe9a2dc0caddcd300Pérez-Zúñiga, Gustavoea07a2df45913806bb7ffab6d6d66022300Sotomayor-Moriano, Javierc21abb42b8733e31b835d5457a9529baMuñoz, Yecid A.649f74fc686b4064f082c333198c75a8300Ospino, A.5a1ccce741dcfc1c58553d73eb413e5e2020-02-07T20:30:39Z2020-02-07T20:30:39Z20192405-8963http://hdl.handle.net/11323/6013Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Industrial plants, especially on mining, metal processing, energy and chemical/petrochemical processes require integrated management of all the events that may cause accidents and translate into alarms. Process alarm management can be formulated as an eventbased pattern recognition problem in which temporal patterns are used to characterize different typical situations, particularly at startup and shutdown stages. In this paper, a new layer based on a diagnosis process is proposed over the typical layers of protection in industrial processes. Considering the alarms and the actions of the standard operating procedure as discrete events, the diagnosis step relies on situation recognition to provide the operators with relevant information about the failures inducing the alarm flow. The new concept of super alarms is based on a methodology with a diagnosis step that permits generate these types of superior alarms. For example, the Chronicle Based Alarm Management (CBAM) methodology involves different techniques to take the hybrid aspect and the standard operational procedures of the concerned processes into account.engIFAC-PapersOnLinehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.09.192Agudelo, C. (2015). Integraci´on de t´ecnicas y las secuencias de alarmas para la detecci´on y el diagnostico de fallos. Doctoral Thesis, Universidad Politecnica De Valencia - Spain.Astolfi, A. and Praly, L. (2006). Global complete observability and output- to-state stability imply the existence of a globally convergent observer. Mathematics of Control Signals and Systems, Vol:18, ISSN:0932-4194, Pages:32-65.Bayoudh, M., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., and Olive, X. (2006). Hybrid systems diagnosability by abstracting faulty continuous dynamics. In Proc. of the 17th International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis, pages 915, 2006.Beebe, D., Ferrer, S., and Logerot, D. (2013). The connection of peak alarm rates to plant incidents and what you can do to minimize. Process Safety Progress.Chen, Y. and Lee, J. (2011). Autonomous mining for alarm correlation patterns based on time-shift similarity clustering in manufacturing system. 2011 IEEE International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management.Ding, S. (2008). Model-based fault diagnosis techniques design schemes, algorithms, and tools. ISBN 978-3-54076303-1. Springer 2008.Fernandez, I., Camacho, A., Gasco, C., Macias, A., and M.A. Martin, G. Reyes, J.R. (2012). Seguridad funcional en instalaciones de proceso: sistemas, instrumentados de seguridad y an´alisis SIL.Ediciones D´ıaz de Santos, S.A. Garcia, E., Agudelo, C., and Morant, F. (2012). Secuencias de alarmas para detecci´on y diagn´ostico de fallos. Universidad Politcnica de Valencia, 460022 Spain. 3er Congreso internacional de ingeniera mecatrnica. UNAB 2012.Habibi, E. and Hollifiled, B. (2006). Alarm systems greatly affect offshore facilities amid high oil prices. World Oil, septiembre de 2006, pgs. 101-105.Hollender, M., Skovholt, T., and Evans, J. (2016). Holistic alarm management throughout the plant lifecycle. In 2016 Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference Europe (PCIC Europe), 1–6. doi: 10.1109/PCICEurope.2016.7604645.Koscielny, J.M. and Bartys, M. (2015). The requirements for a new layer in the industrial safety systems. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(21), 1333 – 1338. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.09.710. 9th IFAC Symposium on Fault Detection, Supervision and Safety for Technical Processes SAFEPROCESS 2015.Lew, J., Juang, J., and Keel, H. (1994). Quantification of parametric uncertainty via an interval model. Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics - J GUID CONTROL DYNAM. 01/1994; 17(6):1212-1218.Magni, L., Scattolini, R., and Rossi, C. (2000). A fault detection and isolation method for complex industrial systems. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans ( Volume: 30, Issue: 6, Nov 2000).Palomeque, D. (2005). Enfoque integral y herramientas de gestin. Petrotecnia, Vol 46, pp. 42-48.Patton, R.J. and Chen, J. (1997). Observer-based fault detection and isolation: robustness and applications. Control Engineering Practice, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 671682.Rodrigo, V., Chioua, M., Hagglund, T., and Hollender, M. (2016). Causal analysis for alarm flood reduction. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(7), 723 – 728. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.269. 11th IFAC Symposium on Dynamics and Control of Process SystemsIncluding Biosystems DYCOPS-CAB 2016.Sarmiento, H. and Isaza, C. (2012). Identification and estimation of functional states in drinking water plant based on fuzzy clustering. 22st European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering. pp 1317 to 1327.Vasquez, J.W. (2017). Chronicle based alarm management. Doctoral thesis of Automatic Control Engineering. INSA Toulouse.Vasquez, J., Prada, J., Agudelo, C., and Jimenez, F. (2013). Analysis of alarm management in startups and shutdowns for oil refining processes. IEEE Explorer. Engineering Mechatronics and Automation (CIIMA), 2013 II International Congress, Bogota.Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2015). Chronicle based alarm management in startup and shutdown stages. International Workshop on Principles of Diagnosis (DX-2015), Paris.Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2016). Alarm management based on diagnosis. 4th IFAC International Conference on Intelligent Control and Automation Sciences (ICONS 2016), Reims.Vasquez, J., Trav´e-Massuy`es, L., Subias, A., Jimenez, F., and Agudelo, C. (2017). Enhanced chronicle learning for process supervision. 20th IFAC World Congress, IFACPapersOnLine. Volume 50, Issue 1, July 2017, Pages 5035-5040.Vries, R. (1990). An automated methodology for generating a fault tree. IEEE Transactions on Reliability.Yang, F. and Xiao, D. (2012). Progress in root cause and fault propagation analysis of large scale industrial processes. Journal of Control Science and Engineering. Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 478373, 10 pages.Zhu, J., Shu, Y., Zhao, J., and Yang, F. (2013). A dynamic alarm management strategy for chemical process transitions. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Volume 30, July 2014, Pages 207-218.CC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Alarm managementProtection layersSafeprocessDiagnosisSuper alarmsNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology: super alarmsArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionORIGINALNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdfNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdfapplication/pdf850410https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/1/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf493a13a6f7ea05d39411b7a895bd15e5MD51open accessCC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/2/license_rdf42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/3/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD53open accessTHUMBNAILNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdf.jpgNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg76958https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/5/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf.jpgc0725cc46b5a8c33b6ecb5743d0114daMD55open accessTEXTNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdf.txtNew concept of safeprocess based on a fault detection methodology. Super Alarms.pdf.txttext/plain68849https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/6013/6/New%20concept%20of%20safeprocess%20based%20on%20a%20fault%20detection%20methodology.%20Super%20Alarms.pdf.txtbda3daf0b53a8554fd7bf7b5635cd644MD56open access11323/6013oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/60132023-12-14 14:57:25.762CC0 1.0 Universal|||http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/open accessRepositorio Universidad de La Costabdigital@metabiblioteca.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