A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise
Background: Scrum methodology is the most useful and adopted part of the agile methodology. Many organizations are adopting Scrum for the last decade to meet their software requirements. It is facilitating the software industries to develop software applications according to the user’s requirements....
- Autores:
-
Aziz Butt, Shariq
Khalid, Ayesha
Ercan, Tuncay
Ariza Colpas, Paola Patricia
Acosta-Coll, Melisa
Piñeres Espitia, Gabriel Dario
De-La-Hoz-Franco, Emiro
Piñeres Melo, Marlon Alberto
Morales Ortega, Roberto
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2022
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9521
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9521
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Scrum projects
Cost estimation techniques
Issues in the scrum
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
id |
RCUC2_23257d70467e17f8355c02420f987e2b |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/9521 |
network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
repository_id_str |
|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
title |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
spellingShingle |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise Scrum projects Cost estimation techniques Issues in the scrum |
title_short |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
title_full |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
title_fullStr |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
title_full_unstemmed |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
title_sort |
A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Aziz Butt, Shariq Khalid, Ayesha Ercan, Tuncay Ariza Colpas, Paola Patricia Acosta-Coll, Melisa Piñeres Espitia, Gabriel Dario De-La-Hoz-Franco, Emiro Piñeres Melo, Marlon Alberto Morales Ortega, Roberto |
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Aziz Butt, Shariq Khalid, Ayesha Ercan, Tuncay Ariza Colpas, Paola Patricia Acosta-Coll, Melisa Piñeres Espitia, Gabriel Dario De-La-Hoz-Franco, Emiro Piñeres Melo, Marlon Alberto Morales Ortega, Roberto |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Scrum projects Cost estimation techniques Issues in the scrum |
topic |
Scrum projects Cost estimation techniques Issues in the scrum |
description |
Background: Scrum methodology is the most useful and adopted part of the agile methodology. Many organizations are adopting Scrum for the last decade to meet their software requirements. It is facilitating the software industries to develop software applications according to the user’s requirements. Objective: Scrum helps to fulfill the customer’s requirements by interacting with the client and developer. Instead of this, scrum still has some challenges that influence the cost of a scrum. These challenging factors include coordination, team size, change request, complexity, and issues in daily meeting sessions. Due to these factors mostly the cost and time exceed scrum-based projects. To overcome these issues from the accurate and precise estimation in the scrum project we have developed a web-based software system to estimate the effort of a user story as well as the budget. Methodology: There are some sophisticated cost estimation techniques for scrum-based projects. But all estimation techniques have some limitations that make them less useful for estimation and overcoming the effects of these factors in the scrum. We have surveyed the multiple software industries to get the static findings of the survey. We have designed the 30 hypotheses that main aim to reveal how much the proposed estimation technique is valuable for the accuracy of estimation. For the inclusion of participants, we have set the age criteria to get the opinions of the most experienced programmers. Results: The main aim of this paper is to provide knowledge about key challenging factors in Scrum that cause exceed in cost and time, and also briefly explain why existing scrum cost estimation techniques are not pertinent for projects. In the last, we propose a framework as a solution to manage these factors and control cost and time from exceeding. We also adopted this estimation technique in different case studies in software industries for findings and results. The technique calculates the efforts autonomously. We design a software-based estimation technique that collects inputs from team/s and estimates the cost and time of a project. Conclusion: In outcomes, we found that our cost estimation approach reduced the issues from scrum software project development and make it more proficient for estimation of projects. Our proposed estimation technique introduced the new concept of estimation that facilitate the client, software industry, and developers as well to meet the requirements of the client, fulfill the changes during the sprints/s development and deliver the project within the time and cost. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-19T13:56:54Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-19T13:56:54Z 2024 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coarversion.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.spa.fl_str_mv |
Shariq Aziz Butt, Ayesha Khalid, Tuncay Ercan, Paola Patricia Ariza-Colpas, Acosta-Coll Melisa, Gabriel Piñeres-Espitia, Emiro De-La-Hoz-Franco, Marlon Alberto Pineres Melo, Roberto Morales Ortega, A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise, Advances in Engineering Software, Volume 171, 2022, 103159, ISSN 0965-9978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159. |
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
0965-9978 |
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9521 |
dc.identifier.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159 |
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159 |
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1873-5339 |
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
identifier_str_mv |
Shariq Aziz Butt, Ayesha Khalid, Tuncay Ercan, Paola Patricia Ariza-Colpas, Acosta-Coll Melisa, Gabriel Piñeres-Espitia, Emiro De-La-Hoz-Franco, Marlon Alberto Pineres Melo, Roberto Morales Ortega, A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise, Advances in Engineering Software, Volume 171, 2022, 103159, ISSN 0965-9978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159. 0965-9978 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159 1873-5339 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9521 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Advances in Engineering Software |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
[1] Balaji S, Sundararajan Murugaiyan M. Waterfall vs V-model vs AGILE: life Cycle. Int J Inf Technol Bus Manag 2012;29. June. [2] Ruparelia NB. Software development lifecycle models. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng 2010. May. [3] Sutherland J. Scrum. a revolutionary approach to building teams, beating deadlines and boosting productivity. Random House Business Books; 2014. [4] Nuevo ED, Piattini M, Pino FJ. Scrum-based methodology for distributed software development. IEEE Computer Society; 2011. [5] Suliman SM, Kadoda G. Factors influence that effect the software project cost and schedule estimation. In: Proceedings of the Sudan conference on computer science and information technology (SCCSIT). IEEE; 2017. [6] Hossain E, Bannerman P, Jeffery R. Towards an understanding of tailoring scrum in global software development: a multi-case study. In: Proceedings of the international conference on software and systems process; 2011. [7] Moe NB, Dingsoyr T, Dyba T. A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: a case study of a Scrum project. Inf Softw Technol 2010. ELSEVIER. [8] Anwer F, Aftab S, Shah S, Shah M, Waheed U. Comparative analysis of two popular agile models: extreme programming and scrum. Int J Comput Sci Telecommun 2017;8(2). volumeissueMarch. [9] Lindsjorn Y, Sjoberg DIK, Dingsoyr T, Bergersen GunnarR, Dyba Tore. Teamwork quality and project success in software development: a survey of agile development teams. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER. [10] Stray V, Sjoberg DIK, Dyba T. The daily stand-up meeting: a grounded theory study. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER. [11] Kaisti M, Mujunen T, Tuomas M, Rantala V, Lehtonen T. Agile principles in the embedded system development. In: Proceedings of the international conference on agile software development. Springer Italy; 2014. [12] Miller. The Characteristics of agile software process” Granville together soft. In: Proceedings of the 39th International conference and exhibition on Technology of object-Oriented language and Systems. IEEE; 2001. [13] Singh Matharu G, Mishra A. Harmeet singh and Priyanka Upadhyay “empirical study of agile software development methodologies: a comparative analysis. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT software engineering Notes page 1; 2015. January. [14] Streule T, Miserini N, Bartlome O, Klippel M, Soto BGD. Implementation of scrum in construction industry. In: Proceedings of the creative construction conference. Elseiver; 2016. [15] Schwaber K, Beedle M. Agile software development with scrum. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River; 2002. [16] Sutherland J., Schwaber K., and Sutherl C.J., “The scrum papers: nuts, bolts, and origins of an agile process”, 2007. [17] Choudhari J., Suman U., “Story Points based effort estimation model for software maintenance”, ELSEVIER, 2011. [18] Rosa W, Madachy R, Clark B, Boehm B. Early phase cost models for agile software processes in US DoD. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement (ESEM); 2017. [19] Ahmed AR, Tayyab M, Bhatti SNr, Alzahrani AJ, Baber MI. Impact of story point estimation on product using metrics in Scrum Development process. IJACSA Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017. [20] Coelho E, Basu A. Effort estimation in agile software development using story points. Int J Appl Inf Syst IJAIS 2012. [21] Williams L, Nagappan N. Scrum + engineering practices: experience of three microsoft teams. Software Engineering, IEEE; 2011. [22] Caballero E., Calvo-Manzano J.A. and Feliu T.S., “Introducing Scrum in a very small enterprise: a productivity and quality analysis”, Springer, EuroSPI 2011, CCIS 172, pp. 215–224-2011. [23] Trendowicz A, Jeffery R. Software Project effort estimation. Springer, International Publishing Switzerland; 2014. [24] Zhang Z. The benefits and challenges of planning poker in software development: comparison between theory and practice. Auckland University of Technology; 2017. retrieved from, http://hdl.handle.net/10292/10557. [25] Lavazza L, Morasca S, Taibi D, Tosi D. Applying SCRUM in an OSS development process. In: Proceedings of the Springer, international conference on agile; 2010. [26] Desharnais JM, Buglione L, Kocaturk B. Using the COSMIC method to estimate agile user. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on product focused software development and process improvement; 2011. Pages 68-73. [27] Hayata T, Han J. A hybrid model for IT project with scrum. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on service operations, logistics and Informatics; 2011. [28] Popli R, Chauhan N. Cost and Effort estimation in agile software development. In: Proceedings of international conference on reliability optimization and information technology (ICROIT). IEEE; 2014. [29] Tayh Raslan A, Darwish NR, Ahmed Hefny H. Towards a Fuzzy based framework for effort estimation in agile software development. Int J Comput Sci Inf Secur (IJCSIS) 2015. [30] Torrecilla-Salinas CJ, Sedeno J, Escalona MJ, Mejias M. Estimating, planning and managing agile web development projects under a value-based perspective. J Syst Softw 2015. ELSEVIER. [31] Moharreri K, Vinayak Sapre A, Ramanathan J, Ramnath R. Cost-Effective supervised Learning models for software effort estimation in agile environment. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC). IEEE; 2016. [32] Prakash B, Viswanathan V. A Survey on software estimation techniques in traditional and agile development models. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2017. [33] Bilgaiyan S, Sagnika S. Samaresh mishra and madhabananda, “a systematic review on software cost estimation in agile software development”. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 2017. [34] Vyas M, Bohra A, Lamba CS, Vyas A. A review on software cost and effort estimation techniques for agile development process. Int J Recent Res Aspects 2018;5(1):2349–7688. ISSNVol., Issue. [35] Yuliansyah H, Qudsiah SN, Zahrotun L, Arfiani I. Implementation of use case point as software effort estimation in Scrum framework. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on engineering and applied technology (ICEAT; 2017. [36] Lenarduzzi V, Lunesu I, Matta M, Taibi D. Functional size measures and effort estimation in agile development: a replicated study. Springer; 2015. [37] Strode DE, Huff SL, Hope B. Sebastian Link “Coordination in co-located agile software development projects. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER. [38] Brede Moe N, Dingsøyr T. Tore Dybå “a teamwork model for understanding an agile team: a case study of a Scrum project. Inf Softw Technol 2010. ELSEVIER. [39] Nguyen V., Deed-Rubin S., Tan T. and Bohem B., “A SLOC counting standard”, August 2007. [40] Bhatti K, Tarey V, Patel P. Analysis of source line of code (SLOC) metrics. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Technol 2012. [41] Olszewska M, Walden M. DevOps meets formal modelling in high-criticality complex systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop. ACM; 2015. [42] Ozkan N. Risks, challenges and issues in a possible scrum and COBIT marriage. In: Proceedings of the Asia-pacific software engineering conference. IEEE; 2015. [43] Samarawickrama SS, Perera I. A continuous Scrum: a framework to enhance Scrum with DevOps. In: Proceedings of the international conference on advances in ICT for emerging regions (ICTer); 2017. [44] Pohl C., Hof H.J., “Secure Scrum: development of secure software with scrum”, arXiv: 1507.02992v1, 2015. [45] Vithana VN. Scrum requirements engineering practices and challenges in offshore software development. Int J Comput Appl 2015. [46] Dingsoyr T, Nerur S, Balijepally V, Moe NB. A decade of agile methodologies: towards explaining agile software development. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER. [47] Oomen S, De Waal B, Albertin A, Ravesteyn P. How can Scrum be successful?. In: Proceedings of the cometences of the scrum product owner”, twenty-five European conference on information systems (ECIS); 2017. [48] Drury M, Conboy K, Power K. Obstacles to decision making in agile software development teams. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER. [49] Hoda R, Murugesan L,K. Multi-level agile project management challenges: a selforganizing team perspective. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER. [50] Singhto W, Denwattana N. An experience in blending the traditional and agile methodologies to assist in a small software development project. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on computer science and software engineering; 2016. IEEE. [51] Vlietland J, Vliet H. Towards a governance framework for chains of Scrum teams. Inf Softw Technol 2015;57:52–65. [52] Moharreri K, et al. Cost-effective supervised learning models for software effort estimation in agile environments. In: Proceedings of the computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC), IEEE 40th Annual. 2. IEEE; 2016. Vol. [53] Stray V, Sjøberg DIK, Dybå T. The daily stand-up meeting: a grounded theory study. J Syst Softw 2016;114. [54] Ahmed AR, et al. Impact of story point estimation on product using metrics in scrum development process. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017;8(4):385–91. [55] Salmanoglu M, Hacaloglu T, Demirors O. Effort estimation for agile software development: comparative case studies using COSMIC functional size measurement and story points. In: Proceedings of the 27th international workshop on software measurement and 12th international conference on software process and product measurement. ACM; 2017. [56] Samarawickrama SS, Perera I. Continuous scrum: a framework to enhance scrum with DevOps. In: Proceedings of the advances in ICT for emerging regions (ICTer), seventeenth international conference on. IEEE; 2017. [57] Lindsjørn Y, et al. Teamwork quality and project success in software development: a survey of agile development teams. J Syst Softw 2016;122:274–86. [58] Vlietland J, Van Solingen R, van Vliet H. Aligning codependent Scrum teams to enable fast business value delivery: a governance framework and set of intervention actions. J Syst Softw 2016;113:418–29. [59] Cooper RG, Sommer AF. Agile–stage-gate for manufacturers: changing the way new products are developed integrating agile project management methods into a Stage-Gate system offers both opportunities and challenges. Res Technol Manag 2018;61(2):17–26. [60] Drury M, Conboy K, Power K. Obstacles to decision making in Agile software development teams. J Syst Softw 2012;85(6):1239–54. [61] Przybylek A, Zakrzewski M. Adopting Collaborative games into agile requirements engineering. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on evaluation of novel approaches to software engineering (ENASE’18); 2018. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006681900540064. [62] Bumbary KM. Using velocity, acceleration, and jerk to manage agile schedule risk. In: Proceedings of the international conference on information systems engineering (ICISE). IEEE; 2016 (pp. 73-80). [63] Mahnic V. A capstone course on agile software development using Scrum. IEEE Trans Educ 2012;55(1):99–106. [64] Dong, W. (2015). Exploring and theorizing velocity flux in agile development. [65] Hassanein EE, Hassanien SA. Cost efficient scrum process methodology to improve agile software development. Int J Comput Sci Inf Secur (IJCSIS) 2020;18(4). [66] Krishna VV. Agile methodology (SCRUM) approach for web application testing process to reduce time, cost and improve the quality. Turk J Comput Math Educ (TURCOMAT) 2021;12(11):5467–80. [67] Kom EAPS, Suryani E. Designing cost measurement system in a small scrum based software company using activity based costing model (Case Study: ABC company). In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communications technology (ICOIACT). IEEE; 2019. pp. 943-947. [68] Przybylek A, Albecka M, Springer O, Kowalski W. Game-based Sprint retrospectives: multiple action research. Empir Softw Eng 2022;27. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10664-021-10043. vol. [69] Butt SA. Study of agile methodology with the cloud. Pac Sci Rev B Humanit Soc Sci 2016;2(1):22–8. [70] Butt SA, Abbas SA, Ahsan M. Software development life cycle & software quality measuring types. Asian J Math Comput Res 2016:112–22. [71] Khalil MA, Kotaiah B. Implementation of agile methodology based on SCRUM tool. In. In: Proceedings of the international conference on energy, communication, data analytics and soft computing (ICECDS). IEEE; 2017 (pp. 2351-2357). [72] Kom EAPS, Suryani E. Designing cost measurement system in a small scrum based software company using activity based costing model (case study: ABC company). In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communications technology (ICOIACT). IEEE; 2019. pp. 943-947. [73] Butt SA. Analysis of unfair means cases in computer-based examination systems. Pac Sci Rev B Humanit Soc Sci 2016;2(2):75–9. [74] Periyasamy K, Chianelli J. A project tracking tool for scrum projects with machine learning support for cost estimation. EPiC Ser Comput 2021;76:86–94. [75] Alostad JM, Abdullah LR, Aali LS. A Fuzzy based model for effort estimation in scrum projects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017;8(9):270–7. [76] Gandomani TJ, Faraji H, Radnejad M. Planning poker in cost estimation in agile methods: averaging vs. consensus. In: Proceedings of the 5th conference on knowledge based engineering and innovation (KBEI). IEEE; 2019. p. 066–71. [77] Arora M, Verma S, Chopra S. A systematic literature review of machine learning estimation approaches in scrum projects. Cogn Inf Soft Comput 2020:573–86. [78] Anwer F, Aftab S, Shah SM, Waheed U. Comparative analysis of two popular agile process models: extreme programming and scrum. Int J Comput Sci Telecommun 2017;8(2):1–7. [79] Chavarria RC, Madriz FL. ROI estimation in a scrum project: a case study. In. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference. 64; 2019. p. 78–87 (Vol., pp.). [80] Aziz Butt S, Pineres-Espitia ˜ G, Ariza-Colpas P, Tariq MI. Project management issues while using agile methodology. In: Proceedings of the international conference on lean and agile software development. Cham: Springer; 2022. pp. 201-214. [81] Meyer B. Making sense of agile methods. IEEE Softw 2018;35(2):91–4. |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
17 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
171 |
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess |
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf |
eu_rights_str_mv |
embargoedAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
17 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier Ltd. |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
United Kingdom |
institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965997822000709?via%3Dihub |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e3a1ffa4-387d-4a15-89e4-7dcbc8fdd34c/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63cc0f9f-84a6-4029-961a-ff68ec4b1821/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/09bd630a-fd84-4276-b0ef-56bf53d77be9/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/438c1c57-8455-40e7-b023-a85c44b7f688/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
646c3d6a1b5a75c6b5b4802e1a261e4e e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad 4cdd3a97c82196af53c5d1c999056e35 8afd2e7a11924c7f0b3b032c605f72c3 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
_version_ |
1811760748399951872 |
spelling |
Aziz Butt, ShariqKhalid, AyeshaErcan, TuncayAriza Colpas, Paola PatriciaAcosta-Coll, MelisaPiñeres Espitia, Gabriel DarioDe-La-Hoz-Franco, EmiroPiñeres Melo, Marlon AlbertoMorales Ortega, Roberto2022-09-19T13:56:54Z20242022-09-19T13:56:54Z2022Shariq Aziz Butt, Ayesha Khalid, Tuncay Ercan, Paola Patricia Ariza-Colpas, Acosta-Coll Melisa, Gabriel Piñeres-Espitia, Emiro De-La-Hoz-Franco, Marlon Alberto Pineres Melo, Roberto Morales Ortega, A software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise, Advances in Engineering Software, Volume 171, 2022, 103159, ISSN 0965-9978, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103159.0965-9978https://hdl.handle.net/11323/9521https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.10315910.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.1031591873-5339Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Background: Scrum methodology is the most useful and adopted part of the agile methodology. Many organizations are adopting Scrum for the last decade to meet their software requirements. It is facilitating the software industries to develop software applications according to the user’s requirements. Objective: Scrum helps to fulfill the customer’s requirements by interacting with the client and developer. Instead of this, scrum still has some challenges that influence the cost of a scrum. These challenging factors include coordination, team size, change request, complexity, and issues in daily meeting sessions. Due to these factors mostly the cost and time exceed scrum-based projects. To overcome these issues from the accurate and precise estimation in the scrum project we have developed a web-based software system to estimate the effort of a user story as well as the budget. Methodology: There are some sophisticated cost estimation techniques for scrum-based projects. But all estimation techniques have some limitations that make them less useful for estimation and overcoming the effects of these factors in the scrum. We have surveyed the multiple software industries to get the static findings of the survey. We have designed the 30 hypotheses that main aim to reveal how much the proposed estimation technique is valuable for the accuracy of estimation. For the inclusion of participants, we have set the age criteria to get the opinions of the most experienced programmers. Results: The main aim of this paper is to provide knowledge about key challenging factors in Scrum that cause exceed in cost and time, and also briefly explain why existing scrum cost estimation techniques are not pertinent for projects. In the last, we propose a framework as a solution to manage these factors and control cost and time from exceeding. We also adopted this estimation technique in different case studies in software industries for findings and results. The technique calculates the efforts autonomously. We design a software-based estimation technique that collects inputs from team/s and estimates the cost and time of a project. Conclusion: In outcomes, we found that our cost estimation approach reduced the issues from scrum software project development and make it more proficient for estimation of projects. Our proposed estimation technique introduced the new concept of estimation that facilitate the client, software industry, and developers as well to meet the requirements of the client, fulfill the changes during the sprints/s development and deliver the project within the time and cost.17 páginasapplication/pdfengElsevier Ltd.United Kingdom© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertiseArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0965997822000709?via%3DihubAdvances in Engineering Software[1] Balaji S, Sundararajan Murugaiyan M. Waterfall vs V-model vs AGILE: life Cycle. Int J Inf Technol Bus Manag 2012;29. June.[2] Ruparelia NB. Software development lifecycle models. ACM SIGSOFT Softw Eng 2010. May.[3] Sutherland J. Scrum. a revolutionary approach to building teams, beating deadlines and boosting productivity. Random House Business Books; 2014.[4] Nuevo ED, Piattini M, Pino FJ. Scrum-based methodology for distributed software development. IEEE Computer Society; 2011.[5] Suliman SM, Kadoda G. Factors influence that effect the software project cost and schedule estimation. In: Proceedings of the Sudan conference on computer science and information technology (SCCSIT). IEEE; 2017.[6] Hossain E, Bannerman P, Jeffery R. Towards an understanding of tailoring scrum in global software development: a multi-case study. In: Proceedings of the international conference on software and systems process; 2011.[7] Moe NB, Dingsoyr T, Dyba T. A teamwork model for understanding an agile team: a case study of a Scrum project. Inf Softw Technol 2010. ELSEVIER.[8] Anwer F, Aftab S, Shah S, Shah M, Waheed U. Comparative analysis of two popular agile models: extreme programming and scrum. Int J Comput Sci Telecommun 2017;8(2). volumeissueMarch.[9] Lindsjorn Y, Sjoberg DIK, Dingsoyr T, Bergersen GunnarR, Dyba Tore. Teamwork quality and project success in software development: a survey of agile development teams. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER.[10] Stray V, Sjoberg DIK, Dyba T. The daily stand-up meeting: a grounded theory study. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER.[11] Kaisti M, Mujunen T, Tuomas M, Rantala V, Lehtonen T. Agile principles in the embedded system development. In: Proceedings of the international conference on agile software development. Springer Italy; 2014.[12] Miller. The Characteristics of agile software process” Granville together soft. In: Proceedings of the 39th International conference and exhibition on Technology of object-Oriented language and Systems. IEEE; 2001.[13] Singh Matharu G, Mishra A. Harmeet singh and Priyanka Upadhyay “empirical study of agile software development methodologies: a comparative analysis. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT software engineering Notes page 1; 2015. January.[14] Streule T, Miserini N, Bartlome O, Klippel M, Soto BGD. Implementation of scrum in construction industry. In: Proceedings of the creative construction conference. Elseiver; 2016.[15] Schwaber K, Beedle M. Agile software development with scrum. Prentice-Hall: Upper Saddle River; 2002.[16] Sutherland J., Schwaber K., and Sutherl C.J., “The scrum papers: nuts, bolts, and origins of an agile process”, 2007.[17] Choudhari J., Suman U., “Story Points based effort estimation model for software maintenance”, ELSEVIER, 2011.[18] Rosa W, Madachy R, Clark B, Boehm B. Early phase cost models for agile software processes in US DoD. In: Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international symposium on empirical software engineering and measurement (ESEM); 2017.[19] Ahmed AR, Tayyab M, Bhatti SNr, Alzahrani AJ, Baber MI. Impact of story point estimation on product using metrics in Scrum Development process. IJACSA Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017.[20] Coelho E, Basu A. Effort estimation in agile software development using story points. Int J Appl Inf Syst IJAIS 2012.[21] Williams L, Nagappan N. Scrum + engineering practices: experience of three microsoft teams. Software Engineering, IEEE; 2011.[22] Caballero E., Calvo-Manzano J.A. and Feliu T.S., “Introducing Scrum in a very small enterprise: a productivity and quality analysis”, Springer, EuroSPI 2011, CCIS 172, pp. 215–224-2011.[23] Trendowicz A, Jeffery R. Software Project effort estimation. Springer, International Publishing Switzerland; 2014.[24] Zhang Z. The benefits and challenges of planning poker in software development: comparison between theory and practice. Auckland University of Technology; 2017. retrieved from, http://hdl.handle.net/10292/10557.[25] Lavazza L, Morasca S, Taibi D, Tosi D. Applying SCRUM in an OSS development process. In: Proceedings of the Springer, international conference on agile; 2010.[26] Desharnais JM, Buglione L, Kocaturk B. Using the COSMIC method to estimate agile user. In: Proceedings of the 12th international conference on product focused software development and process improvement; 2011. Pages 68-73.[27] Hayata T, Han J. A hybrid model for IT project with scrum. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on service operations, logistics and Informatics; 2011.[28] Popli R, Chauhan N. Cost and Effort estimation in agile software development. In: Proceedings of international conference on reliability optimization and information technology (ICROIT). IEEE; 2014.[29] Tayh Raslan A, Darwish NR, Ahmed Hefny H. Towards a Fuzzy based framework for effort estimation in agile software development. Int J Comput Sci Inf Secur (IJCSIS) 2015.[30] Torrecilla-Salinas CJ, Sedeno J, Escalona MJ, Mejias M. Estimating, planning and managing agile web development projects under a value-based perspective. J Syst Softw 2015. ELSEVIER.[31] Moharreri K, Vinayak Sapre A, Ramanathan J, Ramnath R. Cost-Effective supervised Learning models for software effort estimation in agile environment. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC). IEEE; 2016.[32] Prakash B, Viswanathan V. A Survey on software estimation techniques in traditional and agile development models. Indones J Electr Eng Comput Sci 2017.[33] Bilgaiyan S, Sagnika S. Samaresh mishra and madhabananda, “a systematic review on software cost estimation in agile software development”. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 2017.[34] Vyas M, Bohra A, Lamba CS, Vyas A. A review on software cost and effort estimation techniques for agile development process. Int J Recent Res Aspects 2018;5(1):2349–7688. ISSNVol., Issue.[35] Yuliansyah H, Qudsiah SN, Zahrotun L, Arfiani I. Implementation of use case point as software effort estimation in Scrum framework. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on engineering and applied technology (ICEAT; 2017.[36] Lenarduzzi V, Lunesu I, Matta M, Taibi D. Functional size measures and effort estimation in agile development: a replicated study. Springer; 2015.[37] Strode DE, Huff SL, Hope B. Sebastian Link “Coordination in co-located agile software development projects. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER.[38] Brede Moe N, Dingsøyr T. Tore Dybå “a teamwork model for understanding an agile team: a case study of a Scrum project. Inf Softw Technol 2010. ELSEVIER.[39] Nguyen V., Deed-Rubin S., Tan T. and Bohem B., “A SLOC counting standard”, August 2007.[40] Bhatti K, Tarey V, Patel P. Analysis of source line of code (SLOC) metrics. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Technol 2012.[41] Olszewska M, Walden M. DevOps meets formal modelling in high-criticality complex systems. In: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop. ACM; 2015.[42] Ozkan N. Risks, challenges and issues in a possible scrum and COBIT marriage. In: Proceedings of the Asia-pacific software engineering conference. IEEE; 2015.[43] Samarawickrama SS, Perera I. A continuous Scrum: a framework to enhance Scrum with DevOps. In: Proceedings of the international conference on advances in ICT for emerging regions (ICTer); 2017.[44] Pohl C., Hof H.J., “Secure Scrum: development of secure software with scrum”, arXiv: 1507.02992v1, 2015.[45] Vithana VN. Scrum requirements engineering practices and challenges in offshore software development. Int J Comput Appl 2015.[46] Dingsoyr T, Nerur S, Balijepally V, Moe NB. A decade of agile methodologies: towards explaining agile software development. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER.[47] Oomen S, De Waal B, Albertin A, Ravesteyn P. How can Scrum be successful?. In: Proceedings of the cometences of the scrum product owner”, twenty-five European conference on information systems (ECIS); 2017.[48] Drury M, Conboy K, Power K. Obstacles to decision making in agile software development teams. J Syst Softw 2012. ELSEVIER.[49] Hoda R, Murugesan L,K. Multi-level agile project management challenges: a selforganizing team perspective. J Syst Softw 2016. ELSEVIER.[50] Singhto W, Denwattana N. An experience in blending the traditional and agile methodologies to assist in a small software development project. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on computer science and software engineering; 2016. IEEE.[51] Vlietland J, Vliet H. Towards a governance framework for chains of Scrum teams. Inf Softw Technol 2015;57:52–65.[52] Moharreri K, et al. Cost-effective supervised learning models for software effort estimation in agile environments. In: Proceedings of the computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC), IEEE 40th Annual. 2. IEEE; 2016. Vol.[53] Stray V, Sjøberg DIK, Dybå T. The daily stand-up meeting: a grounded theory study. J Syst Softw 2016;114.[54] Ahmed AR, et al. Impact of story point estimation on product using metrics in scrum development process. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017;8(4):385–91.[55] Salmanoglu M, Hacaloglu T, Demirors O. Effort estimation for agile software development: comparative case studies using COSMIC functional size measurement and story points. In: Proceedings of the 27th international workshop on software measurement and 12th international conference on software process and product measurement. ACM; 2017.[56] Samarawickrama SS, Perera I. Continuous scrum: a framework to enhance scrum with DevOps. In: Proceedings of the advances in ICT for emerging regions (ICTer), seventeenth international conference on. IEEE; 2017.[57] Lindsjørn Y, et al. Teamwork quality and project success in software development: a survey of agile development teams. J Syst Softw 2016;122:274–86.[58] Vlietland J, Van Solingen R, van Vliet H. Aligning codependent Scrum teams to enable fast business value delivery: a governance framework and set of intervention actions. J Syst Softw 2016;113:418–29.[59] Cooper RG, Sommer AF. Agile–stage-gate for manufacturers: changing the way new products are developed integrating agile project management methods into a Stage-Gate system offers both opportunities and challenges. Res Technol Manag 2018;61(2):17–26.[60] Drury M, Conboy K, Power K. Obstacles to decision making in Agile software development teams. J Syst Softw 2012;85(6):1239–54.[61] Przybylek A, Zakrzewski M. Adopting Collaborative games into agile requirements engineering. In: Proceedings of the 13th international conference on evaluation of novel approaches to software engineering (ENASE’18); 2018. https://doi.org/10.5220/0006681900540064.[62] Bumbary KM. Using velocity, acceleration, and jerk to manage agile schedule risk. In: Proceedings of the international conference on information systems engineering (ICISE). IEEE; 2016 (pp. 73-80).[63] Mahnic V. A capstone course on agile software development using Scrum. IEEE Trans Educ 2012;55(1):99–106.[64] Dong, W. (2015). Exploring and theorizing velocity flux in agile development.[65] Hassanein EE, Hassanien SA. Cost efficient scrum process methodology to improve agile software development. Int J Comput Sci Inf Secur (IJCSIS) 2020;18(4).[66] Krishna VV. Agile methodology (SCRUM) approach for web application testing process to reduce time, cost and improve the quality. Turk J Comput Math Educ (TURCOMAT) 2021;12(11):5467–80.[67] Kom EAPS, Suryani E. Designing cost measurement system in a small scrum based software company using activity based costing model (Case Study: ABC company). In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communications technology (ICOIACT). IEEE; 2019. pp. 943-947.[68] Przybylek A, Albecka M, Springer O, Kowalski W. Game-based Sprint retrospectives: multiple action research. Empir Softw Eng 2022;27. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10664-021-10043. vol.[69] Butt SA. Study of agile methodology with the cloud. Pac Sci Rev B Humanit Soc Sci 2016;2(1):22–8.[70] Butt SA, Abbas SA, Ahsan M. Software development life cycle & software quality measuring types. Asian J Math Comput Res 2016:112–22.[71] Khalil MA, Kotaiah B. Implementation of agile methodology based on SCRUM tool. In. In: Proceedings of the international conference on energy, communication, data analytics and soft computing (ICECDS). IEEE; 2017 (pp. 2351-2357).[72] Kom EAPS, Suryani E. Designing cost measurement system in a small scrum based software company using activity based costing model (case study: ABC company). In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communications technology (ICOIACT). IEEE; 2019. pp. 943-947.[73] Butt SA. Analysis of unfair means cases in computer-based examination systems. Pac Sci Rev B Humanit Soc Sci 2016;2(2):75–9.[74] Periyasamy K, Chianelli J. A project tracking tool for scrum projects with machine learning support for cost estimation. EPiC Ser Comput 2021;76:86–94.[75] Alostad JM, Abdullah LR, Aali LS. A Fuzzy based model for effort estimation in scrum projects. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2017;8(9):270–7.[76] Gandomani TJ, Faraji H, Radnejad M. Planning poker in cost estimation in agile methods: averaging vs. consensus. In: Proceedings of the 5th conference on knowledge based engineering and innovation (KBEI). IEEE; 2019. p. 066–71.[77] Arora M, Verma S, Chopra S. A systematic literature review of machine learning estimation approaches in scrum projects. Cogn Inf Soft Comput 2020:573–86.[78] Anwer F, Aftab S, Shah SM, Waheed U. Comparative analysis of two popular agile process models: extreme programming and scrum. Int J Comput Sci Telecommun 2017;8(2):1–7.[79] Chavarria RC, Madriz FL. ROI estimation in a scrum project: a case study. In. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference. 64; 2019. p. 78–87 (Vol., pp.).[80] Aziz Butt S, Pineres-Espitia ˜ G, Ariza-Colpas P, Tariq MI. Project management issues while using agile methodology. In: Proceedings of the international conference on lean and agile software development. Cham: Springer; 2022. pp. 201-214.[81] Meyer B. Making sense of agile methods. IEEE Softw 2018;35(2):91–4.171171Scrum projectsCost estimation techniquesIssues in the scrumPublicationORIGINALA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdfA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdfapplication/pdf3454800https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e3a1ffa4-387d-4a15-89e4-7dcbc8fdd34c/download646c3d6a1b5a75c6b5b4802e1a261e4eMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/63cc0f9f-84a6-4029-961a-ff68ec4b1821/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD52TEXTA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdf.txtA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdf.txttext/plain85717https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/09bd630a-fd84-4276-b0ef-56bf53d77be9/download4cdd3a97c82196af53c5d1c999056e35MD53THUMBNAILA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdf.jpgA software-based cost estimation technique in scrum using a developer's expertise.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg13152https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/438c1c57-8455-40e7-b023-a85c44b7f688/download8afd2e7a11924c7f0b3b032c605f72c3MD5411323/9521oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/95212024-09-17 10:57:07.905https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |