Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content
This work examines the environmental and geochemical impact of recycled aggregate concrete production with properties representative for structural applications. The environmental influence of cement content, aggregate production, transportation, and waste landfilling is analysed by undertaking a li...
- Autores:
-
Sabau, Marian
Bompa, Dan V.
Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2021
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8352
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8352
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101235
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Life cycle assessment
Recycled aggregate
Natural aggregate
Transportation distance
OpenLCA
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- CC0 1.0 Universal
| id |
RCUC2_218b4135e53ee3d63ecc2bac11665885 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8352 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| title |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| spellingShingle |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content Life cycle assessment Recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Transportation distance OpenLCA |
| title_short |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| title_full |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| title_fullStr |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| title_sort |
Comparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement content |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Sabau, Marian Bompa, Dan V. Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe |
| dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv |
Sabau, Marian Bompa, Dan V. Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe |
| dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Life cycle assessment Recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Transportation distance OpenLCA |
| topic |
Life cycle assessment Recycled aggregate Natural aggregate Transportation distance OpenLCA |
| description |
This work examines the environmental and geochemical impact of recycled aggregate concrete production with properties representative for structural applications. The environmental influence of cement content, aggregate production, transportation, and waste landfilling is analysed by undertaking a life cycle assessment and considering a life cycle inventory largely specific for the region. To obtain a detailed insight into the optimum life cycle parameters, a sensitivity study is carried out in which supplementary cementitious materials, different values of natural-to-recycled aggregate content ratio and case-specific transportation distances were considered. The results show that carbon emissions were between 323 and 332 kgCO2e per cubic metre of cement only natural aggregate concrete. These values can be reduced by up to 17% by replacing 25% of the cement with fly ash. By contrast, carbon emissions can increase when natural coarse aggregates are replaced by recycled aggregates in proportions of 50% and 100%, and transportation is not included in analysis. However, the concrete with 50% recycled aggregate presented lower increase, only 0.3% and 3.4% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively. In some cases, the relative contribution of transportation to the total carbon emissions increased when cement was replaced by fly ash in proportions of 25%, and case-specific transportation distances were considered. In absolute values, the concrete mixes with 100% recycled aggregates and 25% fly ash had lower carbon emissions than concrete with cement and natural aggregates only. Higher environmental benefits can be obtained when the transportation distances of fly ash are relatively short (15–25 km) and the cement replacement by fly ash is equal or higher than 25%, considering that the mechanical properties are adequate for practical application. The observations from this paper show that recycled aggregate concrete with strength characteristics representative for structural members can have lower carbon emissions than conventional concrete, recommending them as an alternative to achieving global sustainability standards in construction. |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-06-03T18:40:16Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-06-03T18:40:16Z |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2021 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1674-9871 |
| dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8352 |
| dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101235 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
1674-9871 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8352 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101235 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
ABRELPE, 2015 ABRELPE (Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais), 2015. Panorama of Solid Waste in Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil, 120 pp. Aiello and Leuzzi, 2010 M.A. Aiello, F. Leuzzi Waste tyre rubberized concrete: properties at fresh and hardened state Waste Manag., 30 (8-9) (2010), pp. 1696-1704, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.005 ASTM C1157, 2011 ASTM C1157/C1157M-20 Standard performance specification for hydraulic cement ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011), p. 5 Boesch and Hellweg, 2010 M.E. Boesch, S. Hellweg Identifying improvement potentials in cement production with life cycle assessment Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (23) (2010), pp. 9143-9149, 10.1021/es100771k Bostanci et al., 2018 S.C. Bostanci, M. Limbachiya, H. Kew Use of recycled aggregates for low carbon and cost effective concrete construction J. Clean. Prod., 189 (2018), pp. 176-196, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.090 Braga et al., 2017 A.M. Braga, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito Compared environmental and economic impact from cradle to gate of concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates J. Clean. Prod., 162 (2017), pp. 529-543, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.057 BSI, 2004 BSI (British Standards Institution), 2004. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings, BSI London, UK, 230 pp. Classen et al., 2009 Classen, M., Althaus, H.J., Blaser, S., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., Doka, G., Faist Emmenegger, M., Scharnhorst, W., 2009. Life Cycle Inventories of Metals. Final Report ecoinvent data v2.1, No 10, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 926 pp. Collins, 2010 F. Collins Inclusion of carbonation during the life cycle of built and recycled concrete: influence on their carbon footprint Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 15 (6) (2010), pp. 549-556, 10.1007/s11367-010-0191-4 Dauriat et al., 2018 Dauriat, A., Porté, C., Delerce-Mauris, C., Pike, A., 2018. WBCSD-CSI tool for EPDs of concrete and cement (v.1.5), Quantis Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland, 66 pp. de Brito and Saikia, 2012 de Brito, J., Saikia, N., 2012. Recycled Aggregate in Concrete: Use of Industrial, Construction and Demolition Waste. Springer-Verlag London, London, UK. 448 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4540-0. Dimitriou et al., 2018 G. Dimitriou, P. Savva, M.F. Petrou Enhancing mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 158 (2018), pp. 228-235, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.137 Ding et al., 2016 T. Ding, J. Xiao, V.W.Y. Tam A closed-loop life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete utilization in China Waste Manag., 56 (2016), pp. 367-375, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.031 Doka, 2009 Doka, G., 2009. Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services. ecoinvent report No. 13, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 59 pp. EC, 2011 EC (European Commission), 2011. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe, COM(2011) 571 final, Brussels, Belgium, 25 pp. Etxeberria et al., 2007 M. Etxeberria, E. Vázquez, A. Marí, M. Barra Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete Cem. Concr. Res., 37 (5) (2007), pp. 735-742, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002 Evangelista and de Brito, 2007 L. Evangelista, J. de Brito Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates Cem. Concr. Compos., 29 (5) (2007), pp. 397-401, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004 Faleschini et al., 2014 F. Faleschini, P. De Marzi, C. Pellegrino Recycled concrete containing EAF slag: environmental assessment through LCA Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 18 (9) (2014), pp. 1009-1024, 10.1080/19648189.2014.922505 Fan et al., 2014 Y. Fan, J. Xiao, V.W.Y. Tam Effect of old attached mortar on the creep of recycled aggregate concrete Struct. Concr., 15 (2) (2014), pp. 169-178, 10.1002/suco.201300055 Flower and Sanjayan, 2007 D.J.M. Flower, J.G. Sanjayan Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 12 (5) (2007), pp. 282-288, 10.1065/lca2007.05.327 Fonseca et al., 2011 N. Fonseca, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste Cem. Concr. Compos., 33 (6) (2011), pp. 637-643, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.04.002 Ghanbari et al., 2018 M. Ghanbari, A.M. Abbasi, M. Ravanshadnia Production of natural and recycled aggregates: the environmental impacts of energy consumption and CO2 emissions J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 20 (2) (2018), pp. 810-822, 10.1007/s10163-017-0640-2 Gmünder et al., 2018 Gmünder, S., Myers, N., Laffely, J., Silva, F., 2018. Life Cycle Inventories of Cement, Concrete and Related Industries – Colombia and Peru. Ecoinvent association, Zürich, Switzerland, 53 pp. Gmünder et al., 2019 S. Gmünder, L. Rubio, A. Kounina, J. Bunge, A. Conza, H. Soni, P. Notten Life Cycle Inventories of Water Supply and Distribution Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2019), p. 20 González-Fonteboa and Martínez-Abella, 2008 B. González-Fonteboa, F. Martínez-Abella Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties Build. Environ., 43 (4) (2008), pp. 429-437, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.008 Gursel et al., 2016 A.P. Gursel, H. Maryman, C. Ostertag A life-cycle approach to environmental, mechanical, and durability properties of “green” concrete mixes with rice husk ash J. Clean. Prod., 112 (2016), pp. 823-836, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.029 Hammond and Jones, 2011 Hammond, G., Jones, C., 2011. The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK, 136 pp. Hischier, 2007 Hischier, R., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Packaging and Graphical Paper. Ecoinvent report No. 11, v2.0, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 17 pp. Horvath, 2005 Horvath, A., 2005. Decision-making in Electricity Generation Based on Global Warming Potential and Life-cycle Assessment for Climate Change. Final report, (UCEI) Energy Policy and Economics Working Paper Series, UC Berkeley: University of California Energy Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA, 15 pp. ICONTEC, 2011 ICONTEC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación), 2011. NTC 121: Civil engineering and architecture. Portland cement. Physical and mechanic specifications, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación, Santafé de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 10 pp. IEPDS, 2010 IEPDS (The International EPD® System), 2010. Product category rules of UN CPC 3744 Cement, The International EPD® System, Stockholm, Sweden, 21 pp. Ignjatović et al., 2017 I.S. Ignjatović, S.B. Marinković, N. Tošić Shear behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete beams with and without shear reinforcement Eng. Struct., 141 (2017), pp. 386-401, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.026 IPCC, 2014 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2014. Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1535 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324. ISO, 2006a ISO (International Standard Organization) ISO 14040: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (2006), p. 20 ISO, 2006b ISO (International Standard Organization), 2006b. ISO 14044: Environmental management, Life cycle assessment, Requirements and guidelines, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 46 pp. Jau et al., 2004 W.C. Jau, C.W. Fu, C.T. Yang Study of feasibility and mechanical properties for producing high-flowing concrete with recycled coarse aggregates Proc. The International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology (2004), pp. 89-102 Jiménez et al., 2015 C. Jiménez, M. Barra, A. Josa, S. Valls LCA of recycled and conventional concretes designed using the Equivalent Mortar Volume and classic methods Constr. Build. Mater., 84 (2015), pp. 245-252, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.051 Jones et al., 2011 Jones, R., McCarthy, M., Newlands, M., 2011. Fly ash route to low embodied CO2 and implications for concrete construction, in: Proc. 2011 World of Coal Ash Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1–14. Kellenberger et al., 2007 Kellenberger, D., Althaus, H.J., Jungbluth, N., Künniger, T., Lehmann, M., Thalmann, P., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Building Products. Final report ecoinvent Data v2.0 No. 7, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 914 pp. Kim et al., 2015 S.W. Kim, H.D. Yun, W.S. Park, Y.I. Jang Bond strength prediction for deformed steel rebar embedded in recycled coarse aggregate concrete Mater. Des., 83 (2015), pp. 257-269, 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.008 Kim et al., 2019 Y. Kim, A. Hanif, M. Usman, W. Park Influence of bonded mortar of recycled concrete aggregates on interfacial characteristics – porosity assessment based on pore segmentation from backscattered electron image analysis Constr. Build. Mater., 212 (2019), pp. 149-163, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.265 Kleijer et al., 2017 A.L. Kleijer, S. Lasvaux, S. Citherlet, M. Viviani Product-specific Life Cycle Assessment of ready mix concrete: comparison between a recycled and an ordinary concrete Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 122 (2017), pp. 210-218, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.004 Knoeri et al., 2013 C. Knoeri, E. Sanyé-Mengual, H.-J. Althaus Comparative LCA of recycled and conventional concrete for structural applications Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 18 (5) (2013), pp. 909-918, 10.1007/s11367-012-0544-2 Kurda et al., 2018 R. Kurda, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito Life cycle assessment of concrete made with high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 139 (2018), pp. 407-417, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.004 López Gayarre et al., 2016 F. López Gayarre, J. González Pérez, C. López-Colina Pérez, M. Serrano López, A. López Martínez Life cycle assessment for concrete kerbs manufactured with recycled aggregates J. Clean. Prod., 113 (2016), pp. 41-53, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.093 Marinković et al., 2010 S. Marinković, V. Radonjanin, M. Malešev, I. Ignjatović Comparative environmental assessment of natural and recycled aggregate concrete Waste Manag., 30 (11) (2010), pp. 2255-2264, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.012 Martinez-Arguelles et al., 2019 G. Martinez-Arguelles, M.P. Acosta, M. Dugarte, L. Fuentes Life cycle assessment of natural and recycled concrete aggregate production for road pavements applications in the Northern Region of Colombia: case study Transp. Res. Rec., 2673 (5) (2019), pp. 397-406, 10.1177/0361198119839955 MESD, 2017 MESD (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development), 2017. Resolution No. 472 by which the comprehensive management of waste generated in construction and demolition activities is regulated and other provisions are issued, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Bogota D.C., Colombia, 18 pp. MPA, 2020 MPA (Mineral Products Association) Concrete Industry Sustainability Performance Report, 12th report: 2018 Performance Data MPA, London, UK (2020), p. 6 Nakic, 2018 D. Nakic Environmental evaluation of concrete with sewage sludge ash based on LCA Sustainable Prod. Consumption, 16 (2018), pp. 193-201, 10.1016/j.spc.2018.08.003 Park et al., 2018 S.-S. Park, S.-J. Kim, K. Chen, Y.-J. Lee, S.-B. Lee Crushing characteristics of a recycled aggregate from waste concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 160 (2018), pp. 100-105, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.036 Pomponi and Campos, 2018 F. Pomponi, L.M. Campos Embodied and Life Cycle Carbon Assessment of Buildings in Latin America: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions F. Pomponi, C. De Wolf, A. Moncaster (Eds.), Embodied Carbon in Buildings: Measurement, Management, and Mitigation, Springer International Publishing, Cham (2018), pp. 483-503, 10.1007/978-3-319-72796-7_22 Poon and Lam, 2008 C.S. Poon, C.S. Lam The effect of aggregate-to-cement ratio and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-cast concrete blocks Cem. Concr. Compos., 30 (4) (2008), pp. 283-289, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.10.005 Reda Taha et al., 2008 M.M. Reda Taha, A.S. El-Dieb, M.A. Abd El-Wahab, M.E. Abdel-Hameed Mechanical, fracture, and microstructural investigations of rubber concrete J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 20 (10) (2008), pp. 640-649, 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:10(640) Revilla-Cuesta et al., 2020 V. Revilla-Cuesta, M. Skaf, F. Faleschini, J.M. Manso, V. Ortega-López Self-compacting concrete manufactured with recycled concrete aggregate: an overview J. Clean. Prod., 262 (2020), p. 121362, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121362 Rosado et al., 2017 L.P. Rosado, P. Vitale, C.S.G. Penteado, U. Arena Life cycle assessment of natural and mixed recycled aggregate production in Brazil J. Clean. Prod., 151 (2017), pp. 634-642, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.068 Sabău and Remolina Duran, 2021 M. Sabău, J. Remolina Duran Prediction of Compressive Strength of General-Use Concrete Mixes with Recycled Concrete Aggregate Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2021), 10.1007/s42947-021-00012-6 Silva et al., 2018 F.B. Silva, F.R. Cleto, E.D. Diestelkamp, O.S. Yoshida, L.A. Oliveira, M.R.M. Saade, V.G. Silva, G.L. Moraga, A.C.B. Passuello, M.G. Silva, N. Myers, S. Gmünder Life Cycle Inventories of Cement, Concrete and Related Industries—Brazil Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2018), p. 46 Silva et al., 2016a R.V. Silva, J. de Brito, R.K. Dhir Establishing a relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete J. Clean. Prod., 112 (2016), pp. 2171-2186, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.064 Silva et al., 2016b Y.F. Silva, R.A. Robayo, P.E. Mattey, S. Delvasto Properties of self-compacting concrete on fresh and hardened with residue of masonry and recycled concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 124 (2016), pp. 639-644, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.057 Spielmann et al., 2007 Spielmann, M., Dones, R., Bauer, C., Tuchschmid, M., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Transport Services. Ecoinvent report No. 14, v2.0, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 237 pp. Suppen et al., 2018 N. Suppen, P. Arena, H.R.A. Souza Junior, E. Cherubini, B. Civit, S. Gmünder, M. Gonzalez, C. Naranjo, A. Pro, P. Roncancio, G. Santa-Maria, G.M. Zanghelini, S.R. Soares Life Cycle Inventories of Electricity Production—Latin America Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2018), p. 38 The Concrete Centre, 2016 The Concrete Centre, Concrete and the Carbon Challenge. https://www.concretecentre.com/News/2016/Concrete-sustainability-carbon-challenge.aspx, 2016 (accessed 18 February 2021). Tošić et al., 2015 N. Tošić, S. Marinković, T. Dašić, M. Stanić Multicriteria optimization of natural and recycled aggregate concrete for structural use J. Clean. Prod., 87 (2015), pp. 766-776, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.070 Turk et al., 2015 J. Turk, Z. Cotič, A. Mladenovič, A. Šajna Environmental evaluation of green concretes versus conventional concrete by means of LCA Waste Manag., 45 (2015), pp. 194-205, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.035 USEPA, 2015 USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2013 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA (2015), p. 186 Van den Heede and De Belie, 2012 P. Van den Heede, N. De Belie Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and ‘green’ concretes: literature review and theoretical calculations Cem. Concr. Compos., 34 (4) (2012), pp. 431-442, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.004 Xu et al., 2020 B. Xu, D.V. Bompa, A.Y. Elghazouli Cyclic stress–strain rate-dependent response of rubberised concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 254 (2020), p. 119253, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119253 |
| dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv |
CC0 1.0 Universal |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
CC0 1.0 Universal http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
Geoscience Frontiers |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987121000992?via%3Dihub |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6cfae1ba-5c73-41c0-85f2-4b1286df3457/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/374281d4-7f88-46d6-a5e2-f73ea743f3d5/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a097068-9c57-4fa1-953f-02085229bbdd/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4eb5e9d6-d87b-46b5-b666-74ba43161526/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/12137bb7-93e2-4b0a-9a76-daac75e05a4a/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
3c50ac1064b5659ccfa89fd2225bc68f 42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad 8d64a5703c04d111a024e6f1b1b888dc 343f645bd4da89ba753514b436a0c466 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1811760752540778496 |
| spelling |
Sabau, MarianBompa, Dan V.Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipe2021-06-03T18:40:16Z2021-06-03T18:40:16Z20211674-9871https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8352https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101235Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/This work examines the environmental and geochemical impact of recycled aggregate concrete production with properties representative for structural applications. The environmental influence of cement content, aggregate production, transportation, and waste landfilling is analysed by undertaking a life cycle assessment and considering a life cycle inventory largely specific for the region. To obtain a detailed insight into the optimum life cycle parameters, a sensitivity study is carried out in which supplementary cementitious materials, different values of natural-to-recycled aggregate content ratio and case-specific transportation distances were considered. The results show that carbon emissions were between 323 and 332 kgCO2e per cubic metre of cement only natural aggregate concrete. These values can be reduced by up to 17% by replacing 25% of the cement with fly ash. By contrast, carbon emissions can increase when natural coarse aggregates are replaced by recycled aggregates in proportions of 50% and 100%, and transportation is not included in analysis. However, the concrete with 50% recycled aggregate presented lower increase, only 0.3% and 3.4% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively. In some cases, the relative contribution of transportation to the total carbon emissions increased when cement was replaced by fly ash in proportions of 25%, and case-specific transportation distances were considered. In absolute values, the concrete mixes with 100% recycled aggregates and 25% fly ash had lower carbon emissions than concrete with cement and natural aggregates only. Higher environmental benefits can be obtained when the transportation distances of fly ash are relatively short (15–25 km) and the cement replacement by fly ash is equal or higher than 25%, considering that the mechanical properties are adequate for practical application. The observations from this paper show that recycled aggregate concrete with strength characteristics representative for structural members can have lower carbon emissions than conventional concrete, recommending them as an alternative to achieving global sustainability standards in construction.Sabau, Marian-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-6595-2323-600Bompa, Dan V.Silva Oliveira, Luis Felipeapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Geoscience Frontiershttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987121000992?via%3DihubLife cycle assessmentRecycled aggregateNatural aggregateTransportation distanceOpenLCAComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural aggregate concrete: Environmental influence of cement contentArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionABRELPE, 2015 ABRELPE (Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Limpeza Pública e Resíduos Especiais), 2015. Panorama of Solid Waste in Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil, 120 pp.Aiello and Leuzzi, 2010 M.A. Aiello, F. Leuzzi Waste tyre rubberized concrete: properties at fresh and hardened state Waste Manag., 30 (8-9) (2010), pp. 1696-1704, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.005ASTM C1157, 2011 ASTM C1157/C1157M-20 Standard performance specification for hydraulic cement ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA (2011), p. 5Boesch and Hellweg, 2010 M.E. Boesch, S. Hellweg Identifying improvement potentials in cement production with life cycle assessment Environ. Sci. Technol., 44 (23) (2010), pp. 9143-9149, 10.1021/es100771kBostanci et al., 2018 S.C. Bostanci, M. Limbachiya, H. Kew Use of recycled aggregates for low carbon and cost effective concrete construction J. Clean. Prod., 189 (2018), pp. 176-196, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.090Braga et al., 2017 A.M. Braga, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito Compared environmental and economic impact from cradle to gate of concrete with natural and recycled coarse aggregates J. Clean. Prod., 162 (2017), pp. 529-543, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.057BSI, 2004 BSI (British Standards Institution), 2004. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004+A1:2014: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings, BSI London, UK, 230 pp.Classen et al., 2009 Classen, M., Althaus, H.J., Blaser, S., Tuchschmid, M., Jungbluth, N., Doka, G., Faist Emmenegger, M., Scharnhorst, W., 2009. Life Cycle Inventories of Metals. Final Report ecoinvent data v2.1, No 10, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 926 pp.Collins, 2010 F. Collins Inclusion of carbonation during the life cycle of built and recycled concrete: influence on their carbon footprint Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 15 (6) (2010), pp. 549-556, 10.1007/s11367-010-0191-4Dauriat et al., 2018 Dauriat, A., Porté, C., Delerce-Mauris, C., Pike, A., 2018. WBCSD-CSI tool for EPDs of concrete and cement (v.1.5), Quantis Suisse, Lausanne, Switzerland, 66 pp.de Brito and Saikia, 2012 de Brito, J., Saikia, N., 2012. Recycled Aggregate in Concrete: Use of Industrial, Construction and Demolition Waste. Springer-Verlag London, London, UK. 448 pp. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4540-0.Dimitriou et al., 2018 G. Dimitriou, P. Savva, M.F. Petrou Enhancing mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 158 (2018), pp. 228-235, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.137Ding et al., 2016 T. Ding, J. Xiao, V.W.Y. Tam A closed-loop life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete utilization in China Waste Manag., 56 (2016), pp. 367-375, 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.05.031Doka, 2009 Doka, G., 2009. Life Cycle Inventories of Waste Treatment Services. ecoinvent report No. 13, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 59 pp.EC, 2011 EC (European Commission), 2011. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe, COM(2011) 571 final, Brussels, Belgium, 25 pp.Etxeberria et al., 2007 M. Etxeberria, E. Vázquez, A. Marí, M. Barra Influence of amount of recycled coarse aggregates and production process on properties of recycled aggregate concrete Cem. Concr. Res., 37 (5) (2007), pp. 735-742, 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.02.002Evangelista and de Brito, 2007 L. Evangelista, J. de Brito Mechanical behaviour of concrete made with fine recycled concrete aggregates Cem. Concr. Compos., 29 (5) (2007), pp. 397-401, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004Faleschini et al., 2014 F. Faleschini, P. De Marzi, C. Pellegrino Recycled concrete containing EAF slag: environmental assessment through LCA Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 18 (9) (2014), pp. 1009-1024, 10.1080/19648189.2014.922505Fan et al., 2014 Y. Fan, J. Xiao, V.W.Y. Tam Effect of old attached mortar on the creep of recycled aggregate concrete Struct. Concr., 15 (2) (2014), pp. 169-178, 10.1002/suco.201300055Flower and Sanjayan, 2007 D.J.M. Flower, J.G. Sanjayan Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 12 (5) (2007), pp. 282-288, 10.1065/lca2007.05.327Fonseca et al., 2011 N. Fonseca, J. de Brito, L. Evangelista The influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete made with recycled concrete waste Cem. Concr. Compos., 33 (6) (2011), pp. 637-643, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.04.002Ghanbari et al., 2018 M. Ghanbari, A.M. Abbasi, M. Ravanshadnia Production of natural and recycled aggregates: the environmental impacts of energy consumption and CO2 emissions J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 20 (2) (2018), pp. 810-822, 10.1007/s10163-017-0640-2Gmünder et al., 2018 Gmünder, S., Myers, N., Laffely, J., Silva, F., 2018. Life Cycle Inventories of Cement, Concrete and Related Industries – Colombia and Peru. Ecoinvent association, Zürich, Switzerland, 53 pp.Gmünder et al., 2019 S. Gmünder, L. Rubio, A. Kounina, J. Bunge, A. Conza, H. Soni, P. Notten Life Cycle Inventories of Water Supply and Distribution Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2019), p. 20González-Fonteboa and Martínez-Abella, 2008 B. González-Fonteboa, F. Martínez-Abella Concretes with aggregates from demolition waste and silica fume. Materials and mechanical properties Build. Environ., 43 (4) (2008), pp. 429-437, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.008Gursel et al., 2016 A.P. Gursel, H. Maryman, C. Ostertag A life-cycle approach to environmental, mechanical, and durability properties of “green” concrete mixes with rice husk ash J. Clean. Prod., 112 (2016), pp. 823-836, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.029Hammond and Jones, 2011 Hammond, G., Jones, C., 2011. The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). Sustainable Energy Research Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK, 136 pp.Hischier, 2007 Hischier, R., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Packaging and Graphical Paper. Ecoinvent report No. 11, v2.0, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 17 pp.Horvath, 2005 Horvath, A., 2005. Decision-making in Electricity Generation Based on Global Warming Potential and Life-cycle Assessment for Climate Change. Final report, (UCEI) Energy Policy and Economics Working Paper Series, UC Berkeley: University of California Energy Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA, 15 pp.ICONTEC, 2011 ICONTEC (Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación), 2011. NTC 121: Civil engineering and architecture. Portland cement. Physical and mechanic specifications, Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas y Certificación, Santafé de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 10 pp.IEPDS, 2010 IEPDS (The International EPD® System), 2010. Product category rules of UN CPC 3744 Cement, The International EPD® System, Stockholm, Sweden, 21 pp.Ignjatović et al., 2017 I.S. Ignjatović, S.B. Marinković, N. Tošić Shear behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete beams with and without shear reinforcement Eng. Struct., 141 (2017), pp. 386-401, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.026IPCC, 2014 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 2014. Climate Change 2013—The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1535 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.ISO, 2006a ISO (International Standard Organization) ISO 14040: Environmental management - Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (2006), p. 20ISO, 2006b ISO (International Standard Organization), 2006b. ISO 14044: Environmental management, Life cycle assessment, Requirements and guidelines, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 46 pp.Jau et al., 2004 W.C. Jau, C.W. Fu, C.T. Yang Study of feasibility and mechanical properties for producing high-flowing concrete with recycled coarse aggregates Proc. The International Workshop on Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology (2004), pp. 89-102Jiménez et al., 2015 C. Jiménez, M. Barra, A. Josa, S. Valls LCA of recycled and conventional concretes designed using the Equivalent Mortar Volume and classic methods Constr. Build. Mater., 84 (2015), pp. 245-252, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.051Jones et al., 2011 Jones, R., McCarthy, M., Newlands, M., 2011. Fly ash route to low embodied CO2 and implications for concrete construction, in: Proc. 2011 World of Coal Ash Conference, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1–14.Kellenberger et al., 2007 Kellenberger, D., Althaus, H.J., Jungbluth, N., Künniger, T., Lehmann, M., Thalmann, P., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Building Products. Final report ecoinvent Data v2.0 No. 7, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 914 pp.Kim et al., 2015 S.W. Kim, H.D. Yun, W.S. Park, Y.I. Jang Bond strength prediction for deformed steel rebar embedded in recycled coarse aggregate concrete Mater. Des., 83 (2015), pp. 257-269, 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.008Kim et al., 2019 Y. Kim, A. Hanif, M. Usman, W. Park Influence of bonded mortar of recycled concrete aggregates on interfacial characteristics – porosity assessment based on pore segmentation from backscattered electron image analysis Constr. Build. Mater., 212 (2019), pp. 149-163, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.265Kleijer et al., 2017 A.L. Kleijer, S. Lasvaux, S. Citherlet, M. Viviani Product-specific Life Cycle Assessment of ready mix concrete: comparison between a recycled and an ordinary concrete Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 122 (2017), pp. 210-218, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.02.004Knoeri et al., 2013 C. Knoeri, E. Sanyé-Mengual, H.-J. Althaus Comparative LCA of recycled and conventional concrete for structural applications Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 18 (5) (2013), pp. 909-918, 10.1007/s11367-012-0544-2Kurda et al., 2018 R. Kurda, J.D. Silvestre, J. de Brito Life cycle assessment of concrete made with high volume of recycled concrete aggregates and fly ash Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 139 (2018), pp. 407-417, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.07.004López Gayarre et al., 2016 F. López Gayarre, J. González Pérez, C. López-Colina Pérez, M. Serrano López, A. López Martínez Life cycle assessment for concrete kerbs manufactured with recycled aggregates J. Clean. Prod., 113 (2016), pp. 41-53, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.093Marinković et al., 2010 S. Marinković, V. Radonjanin, M. Malešev, I. Ignjatović Comparative environmental assessment of natural and recycled aggregate concrete Waste Manag., 30 (11) (2010), pp. 2255-2264, 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.04.012Martinez-Arguelles et al., 2019 G. Martinez-Arguelles, M.P. Acosta, M. Dugarte, L. Fuentes Life cycle assessment of natural and recycled concrete aggregate production for road pavements applications in the Northern Region of Colombia: case study Transp. Res. Rec., 2673 (5) (2019), pp. 397-406, 10.1177/0361198119839955MESD, 2017 MESD (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development), 2017. Resolution No. 472 by which the comprehensive management of waste generated in construction and demolition activities is regulated and other provisions are issued, Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Bogota D.C., Colombia, 18 pp.MPA, 2020 MPA (Mineral Products Association) Concrete Industry Sustainability Performance Report, 12th report: 2018 Performance Data MPA, London, UK (2020), p. 6Nakic, 2018 D. Nakic Environmental evaluation of concrete with sewage sludge ash based on LCA Sustainable Prod. Consumption, 16 (2018), pp. 193-201, 10.1016/j.spc.2018.08.003Park et al., 2018 S.-S. Park, S.-J. Kim, K. Chen, Y.-J. Lee, S.-B. Lee Crushing characteristics of a recycled aggregate from waste concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 160 (2018), pp. 100-105, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.036Pomponi and Campos, 2018 F. Pomponi, L.M. Campos Embodied and Life Cycle Carbon Assessment of Buildings in Latin America: State-of-the-Art and Future Directions F. Pomponi, C. De Wolf, A. Moncaster (Eds.), Embodied Carbon in Buildings: Measurement, Management, and Mitigation, Springer International Publishing, Cham (2018), pp. 483-503, 10.1007/978-3-319-72796-7_22Poon and Lam, 2008 C.S. Poon, C.S. Lam The effect of aggregate-to-cement ratio and types of aggregates on the properties of pre-cast concrete blocks Cem. Concr. Compos., 30 (4) (2008), pp. 283-289, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.10.005Reda Taha et al., 2008 M.M. Reda Taha, A.S. El-Dieb, M.A. Abd El-Wahab, M.E. Abdel-Hameed Mechanical, fracture, and microstructural investigations of rubber concrete J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 20 (10) (2008), pp. 640-649, 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:10(640)Revilla-Cuesta et al., 2020 V. Revilla-Cuesta, M. Skaf, F. Faleschini, J.M. Manso, V. Ortega-López Self-compacting concrete manufactured with recycled concrete aggregate: an overview J. Clean. Prod., 262 (2020), p. 121362, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121362Rosado et al., 2017 L.P. Rosado, P. Vitale, C.S.G. Penteado, U. Arena Life cycle assessment of natural and mixed recycled aggregate production in Brazil J. Clean. Prod., 151 (2017), pp. 634-642, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.068Sabău and Remolina Duran, 2021 M. Sabău, J. Remolina Duran Prediction of Compressive Strength of General-Use Concrete Mixes with Recycled Concrete Aggregate Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2021), 10.1007/s42947-021-00012-6Silva et al., 2018 F.B. Silva, F.R. Cleto, E.D. Diestelkamp, O.S. Yoshida, L.A. Oliveira, M.R.M. Saade, V.G. Silva, G.L. Moraga, A.C.B. Passuello, M.G. Silva, N. Myers, S. Gmünder Life Cycle Inventories of Cement, Concrete and Related Industries—Brazil Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2018), p. 46Silva et al., 2016a R.V. Silva, J. de Brito, R.K. Dhir Establishing a relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete J. Clean. Prod., 112 (2016), pp. 2171-2186, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.10.064Silva et al., 2016b Y.F. Silva, R.A. Robayo, P.E. Mattey, S. Delvasto Properties of self-compacting concrete on fresh and hardened with residue of masonry and recycled concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 124 (2016), pp. 639-644, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.057Spielmann et al., 2007 Spielmann, M., Dones, R., Bauer, C., Tuchschmid, M., 2007. Life Cycle Inventories of Transport Services. Ecoinvent report No. 14, v2.0, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories, Dübendorf, Switzerland, 237 pp.Suppen et al., 2018 N. Suppen, P. Arena, H.R.A. Souza Junior, E. Cherubini, B. Civit, S. Gmünder, M. Gonzalez, C. Naranjo, A. Pro, P. Roncancio, G. Santa-Maria, G.M. Zanghelini, S.R. Soares Life Cycle Inventories of Electricity Production—Latin America Ecoinvent Association, Zürich, Switzerland (2018), p. 38The Concrete Centre, 2016 The Concrete Centre, Concrete and the Carbon Challenge. https://www.concretecentre.com/News/2016/Concrete-sustainability-carbon-challenge.aspx, 2016 (accessed 18 February 2021).Tošić et al., 2015 N. Tošić, S. Marinković, T. Dašić, M. Stanić Multicriteria optimization of natural and recycled aggregate concrete for structural use J. Clean. Prod., 87 (2015), pp. 766-776, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.070Turk et al., 2015 J. Turk, Z. Cotič, A. Mladenovič, A. Šajna Environmental evaluation of green concretes versus conventional concrete by means of LCA Waste Manag., 45 (2015), pp. 194-205, 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.06.035USEPA, 2015 USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures 2013 United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, USA (2015), p. 186Van den Heede and De Belie, 2012 P. Van den Heede, N. De Belie Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and ‘green’ concretes: literature review and theoretical calculations Cem. Concr. Compos., 34 (4) (2012), pp. 431-442, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.01.004Xu et al., 2020 B. Xu, D.V. Bompa, A.Y. Elghazouli Cyclic stress–strain rate-dependent response of rubberised concrete Constr. Build. Mater., 254 (2020), p. 119253, 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119253PublicationORIGINALComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdfComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdfapplication/pdf2566845https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/6cfae1ba-5c73-41c0-85f2-4b1286df3457/download3c50ac1064b5659ccfa89fd2225bc68fMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/374281d4-7f88-46d6-a5e2-f73ea743f3d5/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0a097068-9c57-4fa1-953f-02085229bbdd/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53THUMBNAILComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdf.jpgComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg69370https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/4eb5e9d6-d87b-46b5-b666-74ba43161526/download8d64a5703c04d111a024e6f1b1b888dcMD54TEXTComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdf.txtComparative carbon emission assessments of recycled and natural.pdf.txttext/plain59339https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/12137bb7-93e2-4b0a-9a76-daac75e05a4a/download343f645bd4da89ba753514b436a0c466MD5511323/8352oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/83522024-09-17 10:58:45.394http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |