Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation

Obesity is a metabolic disorder associated with adverse health consequences that has increased worldwide at an epidemic rate. This has encouraged many people to utilize nonprescription herbal supplements for weight loss without knowledge of their safety or efficacy. However, mounting evidence has sh...

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Autores:
Calixto Bortolin, Rafael
Rodrigues Vargas, Amanda
de Miranda Ramos, Vitor
Gasparotto, Juciano
Rodrigues Chaves, Paloma
Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo
da Boit Martinello, Katia
Kleber Silveira, Alexandre
Mautone Gomes, Henrique
Kelly Rabelo, Thallita
Sartori Grunwald, Marcelo
Ligabue‐Braun, Rodrigo
Pens Gelain, Daniel
Fonseca Moreira, José Claudio
Tipo de recurso:
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
Fecha de publicación:
2019
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2992
Acceso en línea:
http://hdl.handle.net/11323/2992
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
diet‐induced obesity
guarana
microbiota
molecular docking
weight loss
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Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
id RCUC2_1488f16c20a6938bd81f00df2f149a2f
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/2992
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
title Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
spellingShingle Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
diet‐induced obesity
guarana
microbiota
molecular docking
weight loss
title_short Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
title_full Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
title_fullStr Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
title_full_unstemmed Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
title_sort Guarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Calixto Bortolin, Rafael
Rodrigues Vargas, Amanda
de Miranda Ramos, Vitor
Gasparotto, Juciano
Rodrigues Chaves, Paloma
Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo
da Boit Martinello, Katia
Kleber Silveira, Alexandre
Mautone Gomes, Henrique
Kelly Rabelo, Thallita
Sartori Grunwald, Marcelo
Ligabue‐Braun, Rodrigo
Pens Gelain, Daniel
Fonseca Moreira, José Claudio
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Calixto Bortolin, Rafael
Rodrigues Vargas, Amanda
de Miranda Ramos, Vitor
Gasparotto, Juciano
Rodrigues Chaves, Paloma
Schnorr, Carlos Eduardo
da Boit Martinello, Katia
Kleber Silveira, Alexandre
Mautone Gomes, Henrique
Kelly Rabelo, Thallita
Sartori Grunwald, Marcelo
Ligabue‐Braun, Rodrigo
Pens Gelain, Daniel
Fonseca Moreira, José Claudio
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv diet‐induced obesity
guarana
microbiota
molecular docking
weight loss
topic diet‐induced obesity
guarana
microbiota
molecular docking
weight loss
description Obesity is a metabolic disorder associated with adverse health consequences that has increased worldwide at an epidemic rate. This has encouraged many people to utilize nonprescription herbal supplements for weight loss without knowledge of their safety or efficacy. However, mounting evidence has shown that some herbal supplements used for weight loss are associated with adverse effects. Guarana seed powder is a popular nonprescription dietary herb supplement marketed for weight loss, but no study has demonstrated its efficacy or safety when administered alone. Wistar rats were fed four different diets (low‐fat diet and Western diet with or without guarana supplementation) for 18 weeks. Metabolic parameters, gut microbiota changes, and toxicity were then characterized. Guarana seed powder supplementation prevented weight gain, insulin resistance, and adipokine dysregulation induced by Western diet compared with the control diet. Guarana induced brown adipose tissue expansion, mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein‐1 overexpression, AMPK activation, and minor changes in gut microbiota. Molecular docking suggested a direct activation of AMPK by four guarana compounds tested here. We propose that brown adipose tissue activation is one of the action mechanisms involved in guarana supplementation‐ induced weight loss and that direct AMPK activation may underlie this mechanism. In summary, guarana is an attractive potential therapeutic agent to treat obesity.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2019-04-03T22:01:45Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2019-04-03T22:01:45Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2019-02-09
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Pre-Publicación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTR
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/11323/2992
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
url http://hdl.handle.net/11323/2992
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Andersen, T., & Fogh, J. (2001). Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 14(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365‐277X.2001.00290.x Ângelo, P. C. S., Nunes‐Silva, C. G., Brígido, M. M., Azevedo, J. S. N., Assunção, E. N., Sousa, A. R. B., … Astolfi‐Filho, S. (2008). Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: The seeded‐fruit transcriptome. Plant Cell Reports, 27(1), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299‐007‐0456‐y Arslanian, S., Kim, J. Y., Nasr, A., Bacha, F., Tfayli, H., Lee, S., & Toledo, F. G. S. (2017). Insulin sensitivity across the lifespan from obese adolescents to obese adults with impaired glucose tolerance: Who is worse off? Pediatric Diabetes, 19(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12562 Bittencourt, L. d. S., Zeidán‐Chuliá, F., Yatsu, F. K. J., Schnorr, C. E., Moresco, K. S., Kolling, E. A., … Moreira, J. C. F. (2014). Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) prevents β‐amyloid aggregation, generation of advanced glycation‐end products (AGEs), and acrolein‐induced cytotoxicity on human neuronal‐like cells. Phytotherapy Research, 28(11), 1615–1624. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5173 Blanck, H. M., Serdula, M. K., Gillespie, C., Galuska, D. A., Sharpe, P. A., Conway, J. M., … Ainsworth, B. E. (2007). Use of nonprescription dietary supplements for weight loss is common among Americans. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(3), 441–447. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.12.009 Boozer, C. N., Nasser, J. a., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, V., Chen, G., & Solomon, J. L. (2001). An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang‐ Guarana for weight loss: A randomized, double‐blind trial. International Journal of Obesity, 25(3), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801539 Bortolin, R. C., Vargas, A. R., Gasparotto, J., Chaves, P. R., Schnorr, C. E., Martinello, K. B., … Moreira, J. C. F. (2018). A new animal diet based on human Western diet is a robust diet‐induced obesity model: Comparison to high‐fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption. International Journal of Obesity, 42(3), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.225 Boulangé, C. L., Neves, A. L., Chilloux, J., Nicholson, J. K., & Dumas, M.‐E. (2016). Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, And Metabolic Disease. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 42. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13073‐016‐0303‐2 Cantó, C., & Auwerx, J. (2011). Calorie restriction: Is AMPK a key sensor and effector? Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 26(4), 214–224. Chiu, C. M., Huang, W. C., Weng, S. L., Tseng, H. C., Liang, C., Wang, W. C., … Huang, H. D. (2014). Systematic analysis of the association between gut flora and obesity through high‐throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–11. Cool, B., Zinker, B., Chiou, W., Kifle, L., Cao, N., Perham, M., … Frevert, E. (2006). Identification and characterization of a small molecule AMPK activator that treats key components of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabolism, 3(6), 403–416. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.005 Costa Krewer, C., Ribeiro, E. E., Ribeiro, E. A. M., Moresco, R. N., Ugalde Marques da Rocha, M. I., Santos Montagner, G. F. F., … da Cruz, I. B. (2011). Habitual intake of guaraná and metabolic morbidities: An epidemiological study of an elderly Amazonian population. Phytotherapy Research, 25(9), 1367–1374. Grahame Hardie, D. (2016). Regulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 6(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.06.002 Henning, S. M., Yang, J., Hsu, M., Lee, R.‐P., Grojean, E. M., Ly, A., … Li, Z. (2017). Decaffeinated green and black tea polyphenols decrease weight gain and alter microbiome populations and function in diet‐induced obese mice. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(8), 1–11. Kotzampassi, K., Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., & Stavrou, G. (2014). Obesity as a consequence of gut bacteria and diet interactions. ISRN Obesity, 2014, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/651895 Lidell, M. E., Betz, M. J., & Enerbäck, S. (2014). Brown adipose tissue and its therapeutic potential. Journal of Internal Medicine, 276(4), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12255 Maffetone, P. B., Rivera‐Dominguez, I., & Laursen, P. B. (2017). Overfat adults and children in developed countries: The public health importance of identifying excess body fat. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(July), 1–11. Martel, J., Ojcius, D. M., Chang, C.‐J., Lin, C.‐S., Lu, C.‐C., Ko, Y.‐F., …Young, J. D. (2016). Anti‐obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 13(3), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.142 Martyn, J. A. J., Kaneki, M., & Yasuhara, S. (2008). Obesity‐induced insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Anesthesiology, 109(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181799d45 National Research Council (2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Institutes of Health (8th ed., Vol. 46). US: The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21595115 Pittler, M. H., Schmidt, K., & Ernst, E. (2005). Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: Systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 6(2), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐ 789X.2005.00169.x Poekes, L., Lanthier, N., & Leclercq, I. A. (2015). Brown adipose tissue: A potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clinical Science, 129, 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1042/ CS20150339 Restani, P., Di Lorenzo, C., Garcia‐Alvarez, A., Badea, M., Ceschi, A., Egan, B., … Serra‐Majem, L. (2016). Adverse effects of plant food supplements self‐reported by consumers in the PlantLIBRA survey involving six european countries. PLoS ONE, 11(2), 1–20. Saito, M., & Yoneshiro, T. (2013). Capsinoids and related food ingredients activating brown fat thermogenesis and reducing body fat in humans. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 24(1), 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MOL.0b013e32835a4f40 Sanchez‐Delgado, G., Martinez‐Tellez, B., Olza, J., Aguilera, C. M., Gil, Á., & Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Role of exercise in the activation of brown adipose tissue. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 67(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000437173 Sharma, V., & McNeill, J. H. (2009). To scale or not to scale: The principles of dose extrapolation. British Journal of Pharmacology, 157(6), 907–921. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00267.x Sonnenburg, J. L., & Bäckhed, F. (2016). Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism. Nature, 535(7610), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18846 Wang, J.‐H., Bose, S., Kim, H.‐G., Han, K.‐S., & Kim, H. (2015). Fermented RHIZOMA ATRACTYLODIS Macrocephalae alleviates high fat diet‐induced obesity in association with regulation of intestinal permeability and microbiota in rats. Scientific Reports, 5, 8391. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep08391 Yoneshiro, T., Matsushita, M., Hibi, M., Tone, H., Takeshita, M., Yasunaga, K., … Saito, M. (2017). Tea catechin and caffeine activate brown adipose tissue and increase cold‐induced thermogenic capacity in humans. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 105(4), 873–881. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.144972 Yuan, X., Wei, G., You, Y., Huang, Y., Lee, H. J., Dong, M., … Jin, W. (2017). Rutin ameliorates obesity through brown fat activation. The FASEB Journal, 31(1), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600459RR
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv Atribución – No comercial – Compartir igual
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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spelling Calixto Bortolin, Rafael6118401bd6335b4c7dbe59d8aee72c61Rodrigues Vargas, Amanda9fe67a6360017bb8256cc5caf9396993de Miranda Ramos, Vitor382583e3865a90937a2367839eccacaaGasparotto, Jucianoe516b1d6b3d6b85ef4941a6ac7ad8fa0Rodrigues Chaves, Palomaf948ab7de67adbd715c4f37a76f90f2dSchnorr, Carlos Eduardo2b8ae605be739d729c766b18710a9e6dda Boit Martinello, Katia00c16162ee29bf93cca9c9a04d1d3b03Kleber Silveira, Alexandre325b33bca50d917efdf1682dde3d8bcbMautone Gomes, Henriqueccfbe679811308a8854c92347cca3d49Kelly Rabelo, Thallita9b6a64b1925349d3c759434b87d9b617Sartori Grunwald, Marcelo5f5a69c9d4e0995b72f301755d58b377Ligabue‐Braun, Rodrigoce9c82b91f9678eb8cc9c763c488f56ePens Gelain, Daniel82f7ab6ff3df2e4a94a98ddd8894e894Fonseca Moreira, José Claudio4f65fe77cca1f4474e18825a9c2130ea2019-04-03T22:01:45Z2019-04-03T22:01:45Z2019-02-09http://hdl.handle.net/11323/2992Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Obesity is a metabolic disorder associated with adverse health consequences that has increased worldwide at an epidemic rate. This has encouraged many people to utilize nonprescription herbal supplements for weight loss without knowledge of their safety or efficacy. However, mounting evidence has shown that some herbal supplements used for weight loss are associated with adverse effects. Guarana seed powder is a popular nonprescription dietary herb supplement marketed for weight loss, but no study has demonstrated its efficacy or safety when administered alone. Wistar rats were fed four different diets (low‐fat diet and Western diet with or without guarana supplementation) for 18 weeks. Metabolic parameters, gut microbiota changes, and toxicity were then characterized. Guarana seed powder supplementation prevented weight gain, insulin resistance, and adipokine dysregulation induced by Western diet compared with the control diet. Guarana induced brown adipose tissue expansion, mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein‐1 overexpression, AMPK activation, and minor changes in gut microbiota. Molecular docking suggested a direct activation of AMPK by four guarana compounds tested here. We propose that brown adipose tissue activation is one of the action mechanisms involved in guarana supplementation‐ induced weight loss and that direct AMPK activation may underlie this mechanism. In summary, guarana is an attractive potential therapeutic agent to treat obesity.engUniversidad de la CostaAtribución – No comercial – Compartir igualinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2diet‐induced obesityguaranamicrobiotamolecular dockingweight lossGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activationPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionAndersen, T., & Fogh, J. (2001). Weight loss and delayed gastric emptying following a South American herbal preparation in overweight patients. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 14(3), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365‐277X.2001.00290.x Ângelo, P. C. S., Nunes‐Silva, C. G., Brígido, M. M., Azevedo, J. S. N., Assunção, E. N., Sousa, A. R. B., … Astolfi‐Filho, S. (2008). Guarana (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis), an anciently consumed stimulant from the Amazon rain forest: The seeded‐fruit transcriptome. Plant Cell Reports, 27(1), 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299‐007‐0456‐y Arslanian, S., Kim, J. Y., Nasr, A., Bacha, F., Tfayli, H., Lee, S., & Toledo, F. G. S. (2017). Insulin sensitivity across the lifespan from obese adolescents to obese adults with impaired glucose tolerance: Who is worse off? Pediatric Diabetes, 19(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12562 Bittencourt, L. d. S., Zeidán‐Chuliá, F., Yatsu, F. K. J., Schnorr, C. E., Moresco, K. S., Kolling, E. A., … Moreira, J. C. F. (2014). Guarana (Paullinia cupana Mart.) prevents β‐amyloid aggregation, generation of advanced glycation‐end products (AGEs), and acrolein‐induced cytotoxicity on human neuronal‐like cells. Phytotherapy Research, 28(11), 1615–1624. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5173 Blanck, H. M., Serdula, M. K., Gillespie, C., Galuska, D. A., Sharpe, P. A., Conway, J. M., … Ainsworth, B. E. (2007). Use of nonprescription dietary supplements for weight loss is common among Americans. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107(3), 441–447. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.12.009 Boozer, C. N., Nasser, J. a., Heymsfield, S. B., Wang, V., Chen, G., & Solomon, J. L. (2001). An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang‐ Guarana for weight loss: A randomized, double‐blind trial. International Journal of Obesity, 25(3), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801539 Bortolin, R. C., Vargas, A. R., Gasparotto, J., Chaves, P. R., Schnorr, C. E., Martinello, K. B., … Moreira, J. C. F. (2018). A new animal diet based on human Western diet is a robust diet‐induced obesity model: Comparison to high‐fat and cafeteria diets in term of metabolic and gut microbiota disruption. International Journal of Obesity, 42(3), 525–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.225 Boulangé, C. L., Neves, A. L., Chilloux, J., Nicholson, J. K., & Dumas, M.‐E. (2016). Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, And Metabolic Disease. Genome Medicine, 8(1), 42. https://doi.org/ 10.1186/s13073‐016‐0303‐2 Cantó, C., & Auwerx, J. (2011). Calorie restriction: Is AMPK a key sensor and effector? Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 26(4), 214–224. Chiu, C. M., Huang, W. C., Weng, S. L., Tseng, H. C., Liang, C., Wang, W. C., … Huang, H. D. (2014). Systematic analysis of the association between gut flora and obesity through high‐throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–11. Cool, B., Zinker, B., Chiou, W., Kifle, L., Cao, N., Perham, M., … Frevert, E. (2006). Identification and characterization of a small molecule AMPK activator that treats key components of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Cell Metabolism, 3(6), 403–416. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.005 Costa Krewer, C., Ribeiro, E. E., Ribeiro, E. A. M., Moresco, R. N., Ugalde Marques da Rocha, M. I., Santos Montagner, G. F. F., … da Cruz, I. B. (2011). Habitual intake of guaraná and metabolic morbidities: An epidemiological study of an elderly Amazonian population. Phytotherapy Research, 25(9), 1367–1374. Grahame Hardie, D. (2016). Regulation of AMP‐activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 6(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2015.06.002 Henning, S. M., Yang, J., Hsu, M., Lee, R.‐P., Grojean, E. M., Ly, A., … Li, Z. (2017). Decaffeinated green and black tea polyphenols decrease weight gain and alter microbiome populations and function in diet‐induced obese mice. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(8), 1–11. Kotzampassi, K., Giamarellos‐Bourboulis, E. J., & Stavrou, G. (2014). Obesity as a consequence of gut bacteria and diet interactions. ISRN Obesity, 2014, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/651895 Lidell, M. E., Betz, M. J., & Enerbäck, S. (2014). Brown adipose tissue and its therapeutic potential. Journal of Internal Medicine, 276(4), 364–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12255 Maffetone, P. B., Rivera‐Dominguez, I., & Laursen, P. B. (2017). Overfat adults and children in developed countries: The public health importance of identifying excess body fat. Frontiers in Public Health, 5(July), 1–11. Martel, J., Ojcius, D. M., Chang, C.‐J., Lin, C.‐S., Lu, C.‐C., Ko, Y.‐F., …Young, J. D. (2016). Anti‐obesogenic and antidiabetic effects of plants and mushrooms. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 13(3), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2016.142 Martyn, J. A. J., Kaneki, M., & Yasuhara, S. (2008). Obesity‐induced insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Anesthesiology, 109(1), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181799d45 National Research Council (2011). Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. National Institutes of Health (8th ed., Vol. 46). US: The National Academies Press. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21595115 Pittler, M. H., Schmidt, K., & Ernst, E. (2005). Adverse events of herbal food supplements for body weight reduction: Systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 6(2), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467‐ 789X.2005.00169.x Poekes, L., Lanthier, N., & Leclercq, I. A. (2015). Brown adipose tissue: A potential target in the fight against obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clinical Science, 129, 933–949. https://doi.org/10.1042/ CS20150339 Restani, P., Di Lorenzo, C., Garcia‐Alvarez, A., Badea, M., Ceschi, A., Egan, B., … Serra‐Majem, L. (2016). Adverse effects of plant food supplements self‐reported by consumers in the PlantLIBRA survey involving six european countries. PLoS ONE, 11(2), 1–20. 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The FASEB Journal, 31(1), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201600459RRORIGINALGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdfGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdfapplication/pdf183527https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/2992/1/Guarana%20supplementation%20attenuated%20obesity%2c%20insulin%20resistance%2c%20and%20adipokines%20dysregulation%20induced%20by%20a%20standardized%20human%20Western%20diet%20via%20brown%20adipose%20tissue%20activation.pdfad283c56a4caa8fa351861991b429822MD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/2992/2/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52open accessTHUMBNAILGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdf.jpgGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg54039https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/2992/4/Guarana%20supplementation%20attenuated%20obesity%2c%20insulin%20resistance%2c%20and%20adipokines%20dysregulation%20induced%20by%20a%20standardized%20human%20Western%20diet%20via%20brown%20adipose%20tissue%20activation.pdf.jpg2c32795f7d7c9eefe331a4a487347209MD54open accessTEXTGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdf.txtGuarana supplementation attenuated obesity, insulin resistance, and adipokines dysregulation induced by a standardized human Western diet via brown adipose tissue activation.pdf.txttext/plain2132https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/11323/2992/5/Guarana%20supplementation%20attenuated%20obesity%2c%20insulin%20resistance%2c%20and%20adipokines%20dysregulation%20induced%20by%20a%20standardized%20human%20Western%20diet%20via%20brown%20adipose%20tissue%20activation.pdf.txtda5af5f8c5cfa43ba33ef33e9d9cc5ecMD55open access11323/2992oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/29922023-12-14 11:28:39.501open accessRepositorio Universidad de La Costabdigital@metabiblioteca.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