Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico
La contaminación atmosférica por material particulado PM2.5 es una de las mayores preocupaciones a nivel mundial debido a sus impactos negativos en el medio ambiente y en la salud de los seres vivos, como el aumento de la mortalidad. Estas partículas contienen contaminantes co-emitidos entre los que...
- Autores:
-
Ojeda Cepeda, Andrés Felipe
- Tipo de recurso:
- Trabajo de grado de pregrado
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2023
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10690
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10690
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos
PM2.5
Efectos toxicológicos
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PM2.5
Toxicologic effects
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)
| id |
RCUC2_10a64f816614e9f89ca4bde10eb09083 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10690 |
| network_acronym_str |
RCUC2 |
| network_name_str |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| title |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| spellingShingle |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos PM2.5 Efectos toxicológicos Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PM2.5 Toxicologic effects |
| title_short |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| title_full |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| title_fullStr |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| title_sort |
Determinación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ojeda Cepeda, Andrés Felipe |
| dc.contributor.advisor.none.fl_str_mv |
Moreno Ríos, Andrea Liliana Blanco Donado, Erika Patricia |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ojeda Cepeda, Andrés Felipe |
| dc.contributor.jury.none.fl_str_mv |
Gindri Ramos, Claudete Nuñez Blanco, Yuleisy Paola Antonio Carmona, Zenen |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos PM2.5 Efectos toxicológicos |
| topic |
Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos PM2.5 Efectos toxicológicos Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PM2.5 Toxicologic effects |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PM2.5 Toxicologic effects |
| description |
La contaminación atmosférica por material particulado PM2.5 es una de las mayores preocupaciones a nivel mundial debido a sus impactos negativos en el medio ambiente y en la salud de los seres vivos, como el aumento de la mortalidad. Estas partículas contienen contaminantes co-emitidos entre los que se incluyen los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs), que tienen propiedades toxicológicas como toxicidad, cáncer, neurotoxicidad, citotoxicidad y disrupción endocrina. En la ciudad de Barranquilla se han investigado los contaminantes atmosféricos entre ellos el PM2.5, el cual es un tema que se ha desarrollado con distintos estudios, aún no se reportan estudios relacionados sobre los HAPs en el material particulado de la ciudad, donde se presume la presencia de estos porque la ciudad es una zona densamente poblada, industrializada y que tiene antecedentes con la contaminación atmosférica. Mediante esta investigación fue posible cimentar una línea base sobre los HAPs en el aire de la zona de estudio, muestreando en 2 puntos de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, el primero (Universidad de la Costa) en zona residencial y el segundo (Escuela de Policía Antonio Nariño) cerca de una carretera regional principal que está influenciada por fuentes como tráfico vehicular y emisiones industriales de la ciudad. Se utilizó un muestreador de medio volumen para recolección de PM2.5 con un intervalo de medición de 48h durante febrero y marzo de 2020, así como agosto, octubre, y noviembre de 2021. Entonces las concentraciones de PM2.5 oscilaron entre 7,94 y 33,90μg.m-3 mientas que el promedio HAPs totales fue de 0,0171ng.m-3 , entre los cuales el Benzo[a]pireno (BaP) presentó la mayor concentración con 0,1162ng.m-3 , algunos estudios concuerdan que el control y prevención de los efectos es posible mediante el diagnostico de contaminantes atmosféricos. Por su presencia existen riesgos a la población de la ciudad especialmente para las más vulnerables. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2023 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-02-08T17:16:23Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-02-08T17:16:23Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Trabajo de grado - Pregrado |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesis |
| dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TP |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1f |
| status_str |
acceptedVersion |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10690 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10690 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
spa |
| language |
spa |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abbas, I., Badran, G., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Roumié, M., Courcot, D., & Garçon, G. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in airborne particulate matter: sources, analysis and toxicity. In Environmental Chemistry Letters (Vol. 16, Issue 2). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0697-0 Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. M. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011 Achilleos, S., Kioumourtzoglou, M. A., Wu, C. Da, Schwartz, J. D., Koutrakis, P., & Papatheodorou, S. I. (2017). Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Environment International, 109(December 2016), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.010 Adhikari, A. (2020). Introduction to spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and related public health impacts. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Air Pollution and Its Application in Public Health, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815822-7.00001-7 Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., & Teixeira, E. C. (2014). Seasonal changes, identification and source apportionment of PAH in PM1.0. Atmospheric Environment, 96, 186–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2014.07.030 Agudelo-Castañeda, D., Teixeira, E., Schneider, I., Lara, S. R., & Silva, L. F. O. (2017). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups. Environmental Pollution, 224, 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075 Agudo, A. (2009). Los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos ( HAP ): Acercamiento a su problemática como riesgo laboral. Secretaria de Salud y Medio Ambiente MCA-UGT, 130. www.ugt.es/saludlaboral/Hidrocarburos.pdf? Alcaldía de Barranquilla. (2018). Calidad del aire en Barranquilla, en permanente vigilancia por organismos ambientales. https://www.barranquilla.gov.co/mi-barranquilla/calidad-del-aire-enbarranquilla-en-permanente-vigilancia-por-organismos-ambientales Alcaldía de Barranquilla. (2019). Presentación. Conoce a Barranquilla. https://www.barranquilla.gov.co/descubre/conoce-a-barranquilla/presentacion Alessandrini, F., Schulz, H., Takenaka, S., Lentner, B., Karg, E., Behrendt, H., & Jakob, T. (2006). Effects of ultrafine carbon particle inhalation on allergic inflammation of the lung. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117(4), 824–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.046 Allamandola, L. J. (1990). Benzenoid Hydrocarbons in Space: The Evidence and Implications. Advances in the Theory of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons, 153, 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112587447-004 Alves, C. A., Vicente, A., Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Lucarelli, F., Calzolai, G., Nava, S., Diapouli, E., Eleftheriadis, K., Querol, X., & Musa Bandowe, B. A. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes) in PM2.5 from Southern European cities. Environmental Research Letters, 595, 494–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.256 Arfsten, D. P., Schaeffer, D. J., & Mulveny, D. C. (1996). The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 33(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0001 Armstrong, B., Hutchinson, E., Unwin, J., & Fletcher, T. (2004). Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 970–978. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6895 Astudillo Alemán, A. L., Ramírez Orellana, M. I., García Alvear, N. B., González Arévalo, G. J., Gutiérrez Valle, I. A., & Bailón Moscoso, N. C. (2015). Caracterización química del material particulado PM10 de la zona urbana de Cuenca- Ecuador e investigación de su genotoxicidad e inducción de estrés oxidativo en células epiteliales alveolares A549. Revista de Toxicologia, 32(2), 121–126. Bae, S., & Hong, Y. C. (2018). Health effects of particulate matter. J Korean Med Assoc, 61(12), 749– 755. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2018.61.12.749 Bandowe, B. A. M., & Meusel, H. (2017). Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. The Science of the Total Environment, 581–582, 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115 Barrado Olmedo, A. I. (2013). Estudio sobre la determinación de compuestos aromáticos policíclicos en aire ambiente mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y caracterización anual en el área de Madrid [UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID]. https://doi.org/ISBN: 978- 84-693-1123-3 Barranquilla Verde. (2020). Barranquilla En Estado De Alerta Por Quemas Del Vía Parque Isla Salamanca. http://barranquillaverde.gov.co/noticias-detalle/barranquilla-en-estado-de-alerta-porquemas-del-parque-isla-salamanca Bautista, L. F. V. (2010). Evaluación de las caracteristicas fìsicas y quìmicas del material particulado en Bogotà. 53. http://hdl.handle.net/1992/11290 Billet, S., Landkocz, Y., Martin, P. J., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Lepers, C., André, V., Cazier, F., Sichel, F., Shirali, P., Gosset, P., & Courcot, D. (2018). Chemical characterization of fine and ultrafine PM, direct and indirect genotoxicity of PM and their organic extracts on pulmonary cells. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 71, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.022 Bjorseth, A., & Becher, G. (2018). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Work Atmospheres: Occurrence and Determination (A. Bjorseth & G. Becher (eds.)). CRC Press. Blanco Donado, E. (2019). Evaluación de la variabilidad espacial de Black Carbon en un área urbana del Caribe colombiano. [Universidad de la Costa (CUC)]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/6012 Boström, C.-E., Gerde, P., Handberg, A., Jernström, B., Johansson, C., Kyrklund, T., Agneta, R., Törnqvist, M., Victorin, K., & Westerholm, R. (2002). Cancer Risk Assessment , Indicators , and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 451–488. Bourdrel, T., Bind, M. A., Béjot, Y., Morel, O., & Argacha, J. F. (2017). Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, 110(11), 634–642.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003 Brito, K. C. T. de, Lemos, C. T. De, Rocha, J. A. V., Mielli, A. C., Matzenbacher, C., & Vargas, V. M. F. (2013). Comparative genotoxicity of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using Salmonella, plants and mammalian cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 94(2), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.014 Brunström, B., Broman, D., & Näf, C. (1991). Toxicity and EROD-inducing potency of 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chick embryos. Archives of Toxicology, 65(6), 485–489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01977361 Caballero Lopez, S. N., & Alvarado Díaz, D. (2006). Análisis y Determinación de la concentración de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAP´s) contenidos en el Material Particulado respirable (PM10) en la localidad de Puente Aranda de Bogotá en la zona de alta actividad Industrial y alto flujo vehicular [Universidad de la Salle]. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1809-98232013000400007 Chang, R., & Overby, J. (2020). Química (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Interamericana. https://wwwebooks7-24-com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/?il=10863 Chen, B., & Kan, H. (2008). Air pollution and population health: A global challenge. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 13(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-007-0018-5 Chen, P., Kang, S., Li, C., Rupakheti, M., Yan, F., Li, Q., Ji, Z., Zhang, Q., Luo, W., & Sillanpää, M. (2015). Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Science of the Total Environment, 538, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.006 Chen, Y., Li, X., Zhu, T., Han, Y., & Lv, D. (2017). PM2.5-bound PAHs in three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: Concentration, source and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.214 Christian, G. D. (2009). Química Analítica (McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España S.L (ed.); 6th ed.). Chu, M., Sun, C., Chen, W., Jin, G., Gong, J., Zhu, M., Yuan, J., Dai, J., Wang, M., Pan, Y., Song, Y., Ding, X., Guo, X., Du, M., Xia, Y., Kan, H., Zhang, Z., Hu, Z., Wu, T., & Shen, H. (2015). Personal exposure to PM2.5, genetic variants and DNA damage: A multi-center population-based study in Chinese. Toxicology Letters, 235(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.007 Connell, D. W. (2005). Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/b12378 da Costa e Oliveira, J. R., Base, L. H., de Abreu, L. C., Filho, C. F., Ferreira, C., & Morawska, L. (2019). Ultrafine particles and children’s health: Literature review. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 32(xxxx), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2019.06.003 DANE. (2018). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018. https://dane.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e53e1178fb1f497cac9b241dbaf b1690 Dat, N. D., & Chang, M. B. (2017). Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204 de Kok, T. M. C. M., Driece, H. A. L., Hogervorst, J. G. F., & Briedé, J. J. (2006). Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: A review of recent studies. Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 613(2–3), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.07.001 Duarte, A. L., Schneider, I. L., Artaxo, P., & Oliveira, M. L. S. (2021). Geoscience Frontiers Spatiotemporal assessment of particulate matter ( PM 10 and PM 2 . 5 ) and ozone in a Caribbean urban coastal city. Geoscience Frontiers, xxxx, 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101168 Duarte González, A. L. (2020). Evaluación espaciotemporal de contaminantes atmosféricos en la ciudad de Barranquilla [Corporación Universidad de la Costa]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/7079 Duarte González, A. L., Schneider, I. L., Artaxo, P., & Oliveira, M. L. S. (2022). Spatiotemporal assessment of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and ozone in a Caribbean urban coastal city. Geoscience Frontiers, 13(1), 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GSF.2021.101168 Eisler, R. (1987). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. In Contaminant Hazard Reviews. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5200072 El-Mubarak, A. H., Rushdi, A. I., Al-Mutlaq, K. F., Bazeyad, A. Y., Simonich, S. L. M., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2014). Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(1), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9 El Tiempo. (2020, February 6). Declaran alerta amarilla en zonas de Bogotá por calidad del aire. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/declaran-alerta-ambiental-en-bogota-por-calidad-delaire-459680 Environmental Protection Agency. (1987). Health and environmental effects profile for Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (p. 48) EPA. (2018). Efectos del material particulado (PM) sobre la salud y el medioambiente. https://espanol.epa.gov/espanol/efectos-del-material-particulado-pm-sobre-la-salud-y-elmedioambiente EPA Barranquilla Verde. (2021). Reporte Octubre 2021 Índice de calidad del aire (ICA) - Barranquilla. http://barranquillaverde.gov.co/storage/app/media/calidad-aire/01-31_1021_reporte_ica.pdf Ettre, L. S. (1981). The Nomenclature of Chromatography. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=ov4EHQAACAAJ Fernández Bremauntz, A., Ramírez Yarto, M., & Castro Díaz, J. (2004). Las Sustancias tóxicas persistentes en México. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=ACHxIiaWTiwC Furton, K., & Pentzke, G. (1998). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In T. Shibamoto (Ed.), Chromatographic analysis of environmental and food toxicants. (1st ed., pp. 1–30). CRC Press. Garavito Mahecha, J. D. (2006). Determinación de la concentración de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos presentes en el Material Particulado emitido por las fuentes móviles en la localidad de Puente Aranda en la ciudad de Bogotá. [Universidad de la Salle]. In Chest. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1809-98232013000400007 García-Alonso, S., Pérez-Pastor, R. M., Archilla-Prat, V., Sanz-Rivera, D., Rojas-García, E., AragónUrrengoetxea, G., & Rodríguez-Maroto, J. J. (2017). Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Particulate Matter Samples with Low Mass Loading: An Approach to Test Method Accuracy. Journal of Chemistry, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3517457 González-Curbelo, M., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., González-Sálamo, J., HernándezBorges, J., & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. (2015). Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.012 Gonzalez-Moragas, L., Roig, A., & Laromaine, A. (2015). C. elegans as a tool for in vivo nanoparticle assessment. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 219, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.02.001 Gotor Navarra, G. (2016). HAP’s : Estudio de métodos cromatográficos. Aplicación a muestras de aire ambiente y alimentos [Universitat Ramon Llull]. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/359654 Gouin, T., Wilkinson, D., Hummel, S., Meyer, B., & Culley, A. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and snow from Fairbanks, Alaska. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.002 Guo, R., Liang, X., Chen, J., Wu, W., Zhang, Q., Martens, D., & Kettrup, A. (2004). Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Partition Coefficients by Soil Column Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1035, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.043 Gutiérrez, M. C., & Droguet, M. (2002). La cromatografía de gases y la espectrometría de masas: Identificación de compuestos causantes de mal olor. Boletin Intexter Del Instituto de Investigacion Textil y de Cooperacion Industrial, 122, 35–41. http://hdl.handle.net/2099/2733 Hayakawa, K., Tang, N., Nagato, E. G., Toriba, A., Sakai, S., Kano, F., Goto, S., Endo, O., Arashidani, K. ichi, & Kakimoto, H. (2018). Long term trends in atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A study of Japanese cities from 1997 to 2014. Environmental Pollution, 233, 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.038 He, J., Chen, K., & Xu, J. (2017). Urban Air Pollution and Control. In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies (pp. 243–257). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10182-4 Herrera Murillo, J., & Chaves Villalobos, M. D. C. (2012). Validación de un método de análisis para la determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia en partículas PM10 Y PM2,5. Revista Tecnología En Marcha, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.18845/tm.v25i3.456 Imanishi, M., & Dudley, C. C. (2000). Energy Diagnoses of Nine Infrared Luminous Galaxies Based on 3-4 Micron Spectra. The Astrophysical Journal, 545(2), 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1086/317863 Javed, W., Iakovides, M., Stephanou, E. G., Wolfson, J. M., Koutrakis, P., & Guo, B. (2019). Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Doha, Qatar. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 69(2), 162– 177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1520754 Ke, S., Liu, Q., Yao, Y., Zhang, X., & Sui, G. (2018). An in vitro cytotoxicities comparison of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Toxicology Letters, 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.005 Kim, K. H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R. J. C. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International, 60, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019 Knaapen, A. M., Borm, P. J. A., Albrecht, C., & Schins, R. P. F. (2004). Inhaled particles and lung cancer. Part A: Mechanisms. International Journal of Cancer, 109(6), 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11708 Kumar, P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Quincey, P., & Hallquist, M. (2016). Ultrafine Particles Pollution and Measurements. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 73). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.004 Laboratorio Ambiental de EPA Barranquilla Verde. (2020). Reporte primer trimestre de calidad de aire. https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://barranquillaverde.gov.co//storage/app/media /calidad-aire/Reporte+Calidad+Aire+I+Trimestre+2020.pdf Lamichhane, S., Bal Krishna, K. C., & Sarukkalige, R. (2016). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal by sorption: A review. Chemosphere, 148, 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.036 Lazaridis, M. (2011). First Principles of Meteorology and Air Pollution (Vol. 19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0162-5 Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., & Pozzer, A. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature, 525(7569), 367–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371 Li, Q., Jiang, N., Yu, X., Dong, Z., Duan, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, R. (2019). Sources and spatial distribution of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Zhengzhou in 2016. Atmospheric Research, 216(March 2018), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.09.011 Li, Q., Song, C., & Mao, H. (2019). Particulate Matter and Public Health. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10988-1 Li, Y., Cao, J., Li, J., Zhou, J., Xu, H., Zhang, R., & Ouyang, Z. (2013). Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006. Particuology, 11(1), 78– 85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2012.09.002 Liang, C. S., Duan, F. K., He, K. Bin, & Ma, Y. L. (2016). Review on recent progress in observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2.5. Environment International, 86, 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.016 Liao, C.-M., Chio, C.-P., Chen, W.-Y., Ju, Y.-R., Li, W.-H., Cheng, Y.-H., Liao, V. H.-C., Chen, S.-C., & Ling, M.-P. (2011). Lung cancer risk in relation to traffic-related nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs exposure: A preliminary probabilistic assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1), 150–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.017 Limu, Y. L. M. A. B. Da, LiFu, D. L. N. T., Miti, A. B. L. Y., Wang, X., & Ding, X. (2013). Autumn and Wintertime Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 from Urumqi, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(1), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0130 Liu, C. N., Lin, S. F., Tsai, C. J., Wu, Y. C., & Chen, C. F. (2015). Theoretical model for the evaporation loss of PM2.5 during filter sampling. Atmospheric Environment, 109, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.012 Liu, Z., Gan, Z., Gu, J., Su, H., & Yu, H. (2018). Volatilization Loss of 6 PAHs with 2–4 Rings Related to Coal Extracts. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 38(5), 457–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1244088 Luque de Castro, M. D., Valcárcel, M., & Valcárcel Cases, M. T. (1993). Extracción fluidos supercríticos proceso analítico. Reverté. https://books.google.com.cu/books?id=7l4d5wSXjY0C Martínez Arroyo, M. del C. (2006). Evolución Del Contenido En Partículas Totales En Suspensión Y En Los Metales, Plomo, Cinc, Cadmio, Cobre, Hierro Y Manganeso, En El Aerosol Atmosférico De Cartagena, Durante El Periodo 1995- 2000 [UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA]. http://www.upa.edu.mx/index.php/index Massolo, L., Müller, A., Tueros, M., Rehwagen, M., Franck, U., Ronco, A., & Herbarth, O. (2002). Assessment of mutagenicity and toxicity of different-size fractions of air particulates from La Plata, Argentina, and Leipzig, Germany. Environmental Toxicology, 17(3), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.10054 Mastandrea, C., Chichizola, C., Ludueña, B., Sánchez, H., Álvarez, H., & Gutiérrez, A. (2005). Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos. Riesgos para la salud y marcadores biológicos. Acta Bioquím Clín Latinoam, 39(1), 27–36. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325- 29572005000100006&lng=es. Mastrangelo, G., Fadda, E., & Marzia, V. (1996). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(11), 1166–1170. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.961041166 McBride, M. B. (1994). Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=jgZhQgAACAAJ Mejía Monterroza, G. E. (2015). HIDROCARBUROS AROMÁTICOS POLICICLICOS EN LA COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA Y POSIBLES FUENTES DE CONTAMINACIÓN [Universidad de Cartagena]. https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11227/2163/Trabajo de Grado Gamaliel Mejìa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Resolución 2254 de 2017, Pub. L. No. 2254, 11 (2017). http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/51310/527391/2.+Resolución+2254+de+2017+- +Niveles+Calidad+del+Aire..pdf/c22a285e-058e-42b6-aa88-2745fafad39f Moreno-Ríos, A. L., Tejeda-Benítez, L., & Bustillo Lecompte, C. (2021). Sources, characteristics, toxicity, and control of ultrafine particles: An overview. Science of the Total Environment, 136126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101147 Mukherjee, P. K. (2019). Quality control and evaluation of herbal drugs: Evaluating natural products and traditional medicine. In Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs (pp. 515–537). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04232-8 Nielsen, T., Jørgensen, H. E., Larsen, J. C., & Poulsen, M. (1996). City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects. Science of The Total Environment, 189–190, 41–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0048- 9697(96)05189-3 Nriagu, J. (2019). Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (2nd ed.). Elsevier. Núñez Blanco, Y. P. (2019). Estimación de fuentes de material particulado atmosférico (PM10 y PM2.5) en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. [Universidad de la Costa (CUC)]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11323/6017/Estimación de fuentes de material particulado atmosférico %28PM10 y PM2.5%29 en la ciudad de Barranquilla%2C Colombia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Odabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Tasdemir, Y., & Holsen, T. M. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chicago air. Science of The Total Environment, 227(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00004-2 Oficina asesora de Comunicaciones. (2020). Se declara estado de alerta por Calidad del Aire en el Valle de Aburrá. Centro de Prensa. https://www.metropol.gov.co/Paginas/Noticias/se-declara-estadode-alerta-por-calidad-del-aire-en-el-valle-de-aburra.aspx Okuda, T., Okamoto, K., Tanaka, S., Shen, Z., Han, Y., & Huo, Z. (2010). Measurement and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Xi’an, China, by using automated column chromatography and applying positive matrix factorization (PMF). Science of the Total Environment, 408(8), 1909–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.040 Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2021). Contaminación del aire ambiente (exterior). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health Osorio-Martinez, J., Silva, L. F. O., Flores, E. M. M., Nascimento, M. S., Picoloto, R. S., & OliveroVerbel, J. (2021). Environmental and human health risks associated with exposure to hazardous elements present in urban dust from Barranquilla, Colombian Caribbean. Journal of Environmental Quality, 50(2), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20200 Peng, F., Tsuji, G., Zhang, J. zhong, Chen, Z., & Furue, M. (2019). Potential role of PM2.5 in melanogenesis. Environment International, 132(May), 105063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105063 Perestrelo, R., Silva, P., Porto-Figueira, P., Pereira, J. A. M., Silva, C., Medina, S., & Câmara, J. S. (2019). QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1070, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036 Phillips, J. S., Strozak, V. S., & Wistrom, C. (2004). Quimica conceptos y aplicaciones/Chemistry concepts and applications (M.-H. Interamericana (ed.); 2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Interamericana. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=JqvPAAAACAAJ Proctor, J. E. (2021). The Liquid and Supercritical Fluid States of Matter (CRC Press (ed.); 1st ed.). Taylor & Francis. Pszczolińska, K., Shakeel, N., & Barchanska, H. (2022). A simple approach for pesticide residues determination in green vegetables based on QuEChERS and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104783 Quijano Parra, A., & Meléndez Gélvez, I. (2014). Identificación de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) en el aire de Cúcuta: Efecto Gen Tóxico. Revista EIA (Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia), 11(21), 79–87. Quijano Parra, A., Parra Hernandez, M., & Hernandez Hernandez, M. (2015). Composición del material particulado-PM 2.5 del aire de Cucuta-Colombia:Cuantificación de Hidrocarburos Aromaticos Policiclicos. Bistua Revista De La Facultad De Ciencias Basicas, 13(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.24054/01204211.v2.n2.2015.1799 Quijano Vargas, M. J., Quijano Parra, A., & Melendez Gelvez, I. (2017). Evaluación Genotoxica Del Aire De Pamplona-Colombia Por El Ensayo Cometa Genotoxic Air Evaluation of PamplonaColombia By the Comet Test. Revista Colombiana de Tecnologías de Avanzada, 2(30), 152–161. Ramírez, O., da Boit, K., Blanco, E., & Silva, L. F. O. (2020). Hazardous thoracic and ultrafine particles from road dust in a Caribbean industrial city. Urban Climate, 33, 100655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100655 Rengarajan, T., Rajendran, P., Nandakumar, N., Lokeshkumar, B., Rajendran, P., & Nishigaki, I. (2015). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30003- 4 Revista Semana. (2018, March). La alerta roja por contaminación del aire que regresó a Medellín. Revista Semana. https://www.semana.com/impacto/articulo/calidad-del-aire-en-medellindeclaran-alerta-roja-por-contaminacion/39644/ Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Kozielska, B., & Klejnowski, K. (2013). Concentration, origin and health hazard from fine particle-bound PAH at three characteristic sites in Southern Poland. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 91(3), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128- 013-1060-1 Roper, C., Delgado, L. S., Barrett, D., Massey Simonich, S. L., & Tanguay, R. L. (2018). PM 2.5 Filter Extraction Methods: Implications for Chemical and Toxicological Analyses. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(1), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04308 Santos, A. G., Regis, A. C. D., da Rocha, G. O., Bezerra, M. de A., de Jesus, R. M., & de Andrade, J. B. (2016). A simple, comprehensive, and miniaturized solvent extraction method for determination of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds in air. Journal of Chromatography A, 1435, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.018 Sarti, E., Pasti, L., Scaroni, I., Casali, P., Cavazzini, A., & Rossi, M. (2017). Determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and PM1 sampled in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator. Atmospheric Environment, 149, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.016 Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., & Neas, L. M. (1996). Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 46(10), 927–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467528 Secretaria de Transito y Seguridad Vial. (2021). Parque Automotor Activo Anual de Barranquilla Vigencias Anteriores. In Datos Abiertos. https://www.datos.gov.co/Transporte/ParqueAutomotor-Activo-Anual-de-Barranquilla-Vige/4ibb-jm7y/data Sharma, B. M., Melymuk, L., Bharat, G. K., Přibylová, P., Sáňka, O., Klánová, J., & Nizzetto, L. (2018). Spatial gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, atmospheric deposition, and surface water of the Ganges River basin. Science of the Total Environment, 627, 1495–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.262 Silva da Silva, C., Rossato, J. M., Vaz Rocha, J. A., & Vargas, V. M. F. (2015). Characterization of an area of reference for inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with genetic biomonitoring in children. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 778, 44– 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.006 Silva, R., West, J., Zhang, Y., Anenberg, S., Lamarque, J.-F., Shindell, D., Collins, W., Dalsøren, S., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Horowitz, L., Nagashima, T., Naik, V., Rumbold, S., Skeie, R., Sudo, K., Takemura, T., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., & Zeng, G. (2013). Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 34005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005 Singh, D. P., Gadi, R., Mandal, T. K., Saud, T., Saxena, M., & Sharma, S. K. (2013). Emissions estimates of PAH from biomass fuels used in rural sector of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Atmospheric Environment, 68, 120–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.042 Stanek, L. W., Sacks, J. D., Dutton, S. J., & Dubois, J.-J. B. (2011). Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results. Atmospheric Environment, 45(32), 5655–5663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.023 Stegeman, J. J., & Lecht, J. J. (1991). Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase Systems in Aquatic Species : Carcinogen Metabolism and Biomarkers for Carcinogen and Pollutant Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 90, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.90-1519513 Tang, N., Suzuki, G., Morisaki, H., Tokuda, T., Yang, X., Zhao, L., Lin, J., Kameda, T., Toriba, A., & Hayakawa, K. (2017). Atmospheric behaviors of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Beijing, China from 2004 to 2010. Atmospheric Environment, 152, 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.056 Tavera Busso, I., Tames, F., Silva, J. A., Ramos, S., Homem, V., Ratola, N., & Carreras, H. (2018). Biomonitoring levels and trends of PAHs and synthetic musks associated with land use in urban environments. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295 Thurston, G. D. (2017). Outdoor Air Pollution: Sources, Atmospheric Transport, and Human Health Effects. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 12-803678-5.00320-9 Tian, Y., Yao, X., & Chen, L. (2019). Analysis of spatial and seasonal distributions of air pollutants by incorporating urban morphological characteristics. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 75, 35–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.01.003 Torres Barrera, E. M., & De Los Ríos Pedraza, A. C. (2022). Evaluación de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (pb y hg) presentes en PM2.5 del aire de la ciudad de Barranquilla empleando el modelo biológico C. Elegans. (pp. 1–94). Corporación Universidad de la Costa. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/9074 Traversi, D. (2019). Mutagenicity of PM2.5. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, October 2017, 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10938-8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Indeno[1,2,3-cd)pyrene. USEPA. (1999). Method TO-13A: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrom. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Second Edition (EPA/625/R96/010b), January, 78. Vargas, M., Romero, G., Palencia, A., Rivero, E., & Piñero, S. (2013). Equivalentes tóxicos de hidrocarburos aromáticos políciclicos en particulado atmosférico en Valencia, Venezuela. Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 21(2), 69–77. Vasconcellos, P. de C., Artaxo, P. E., Ciccioli, P., Cecinato, A., & Brancaleoni, E. (1998). DETERMINAÇÃO DOS HIDROCARBONETOS SATURADOS E POLICÍCLICOS AROMÁTICOS PRESENTES NO MATERIAL PARTICULADO DA ATMOSFERA AMAZÔNICA. Química Nova, 21(4), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 40421998000400002 Viana, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Nickovic, S., & Baldasano, J. M. (2005). Spatial and temporal variability of PM levels and composition in a complex summer atmospheric scenario in Barcelona (NE Spain). Atmospheric Environment, 39(29), 5343–5361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2005.05.039 Wang, W., Qu, X., Lin, D., & Yang, K. (2021). Octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow) dependent movement and time lagging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from emission sources to lake sediments: A case study of Taihu Lake, China. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117709. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2021.117709 Wang, X., Zong, Z., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Luo, C., Tang, J., Li, J., & Zhang, G. (2018). Assessing on toxic potency of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a national atmospheric background site in North China. Science of the Total Environment, 612(August), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.208 Xing, X., Chen, Z., Tian, Q., Mao, Y., Liu, W., Shi, M., Cheng, C., Hu, T., Zhu, G., Li, Y., Zheng, H., Zhang, J., Kong, S., & Qi, S. (2020). Characterization and source identification of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, suburban, and rural ambient air, central China during summer harvest. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 191(October 2019), 110219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110219 Xu, H., Ho, S. S. H., Gao, M., Cao, J., Guinot, B., Ho, K. F., Long, X., Wang, J., Shen, Z., Liu, S., Zheng, C., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Microscale spatial distribution and health assessment of PM2.5- bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nine communities in Xi’an, China. Environmental Pollution, 218, 1065–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.058 Yin, H., & Xu, L. (2018). Comparative study of PM10/PM2.5-bound PAHs in downtown Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and health risks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177(December 2017), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.263 Yu, H. (2002). Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: photochemistry and phototoxicity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews, 20(2), 149–183. https://doi.org/10.1081/GNC120016203 Yuan, X. X., Jiang, Y., Yang, C. X., Xie, B. J., Yong, L., Hu, B., & Liu, T. (2017). Determination of 16 Kinds of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Fine Particles by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 45(11), 1641–1647. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2040(17)61047-8 Zapata, C. (2020). Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos en el Aire Ambiente de Manizales. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Zhang, B.-N., & Kim Oanh, N. T. (2002). Photochemical smog pollution in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region of Thailand in relation to O3 precursor concentrations and meteorological conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 36(26), 4211–4222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352- 2310(02)00348-5 Zhang, C., Ni, Z., & Ni, L. (2015). Multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis between PM2.5 and meteorological factors. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 438, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.06.039 Zhang, P., & Chen, Y. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soil of China: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 605–606, 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.247 Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Wang, H., Tao, S., & Kiyama, R. (2016). Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors. Environmental Pollution, 213, 809–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.050 Zhang, Y., & Tao, S. (2009). Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmospheric Environment, 43(4), 812–819. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.050 Zhao, H., Che, H., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, Y. (2013). Characteristics of visibility and particulate matter (PM) in an urban area of Northeast China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.049 Zhou, R., Dong, Z., Bian, C., Wang, L., Wu, T., Zhou, W., Li, Y., & Li, B. (2022). Residue analysis, dissipation behavior, storage stability and dietary risk assessment of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in natural paddy field environment using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104781 Zona Cero. (2023, March 29). Incendio consumió parte de un apartamento en conjunto residencial de Soledad. Zona Cero. https://zonacero.com/judiciales/incendio-consumio-parte-de-unapartamento-en-conjunto-residencial-de-soledad |
| dc.rights.license.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) |
| dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
156 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.coverage.city.none.fl_str_mv |
Barranquilla |
| dc.coverage.region.none.fl_str_mv |
Atlántico |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.publisher.department.spa.fl_str_mv |
Civil y Ambiental |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Barranquilla, Colombia |
| dc.publisher.program.spa.fl_str_mv |
Ingeniería Civil |
| institution |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e36165d4-05f0-4474-ba1b-b74c5286513d/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c759f19b-200e-4e43-948a-8a4b50653a1d/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c5c546af-c07d-4c17-a2af-c755c9cabfc0/download https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/17ad565a-b48c-4d76-9473-da8e2a9645e2/download |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
085e6ef76a2daedf09d58a3595918823 2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7a 1537959e824e977dbe797924b7f19438 ba84711c97b6baba5ef4ad9dd2a8371c |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repdigital@cuc.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1811760733419995136 |
| spelling |
Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Moreno Ríos, Andrea LilianaBlanco Donado, Erika PatriciaOjeda Cepeda, Andrés FelipeGindri Ramos, ClaudeteNuñez Blanco, Yuleisy PaolaAntonio Carmona, Zenen2024-02-08T17:16:23Z2024-02-08T17:16:23Z2023https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10690Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/La contaminación atmosférica por material particulado PM2.5 es una de las mayores preocupaciones a nivel mundial debido a sus impactos negativos en el medio ambiente y en la salud de los seres vivos, como el aumento de la mortalidad. Estas partículas contienen contaminantes co-emitidos entre los que se incluyen los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs), que tienen propiedades toxicológicas como toxicidad, cáncer, neurotoxicidad, citotoxicidad y disrupción endocrina. En la ciudad de Barranquilla se han investigado los contaminantes atmosféricos entre ellos el PM2.5, el cual es un tema que se ha desarrollado con distintos estudios, aún no se reportan estudios relacionados sobre los HAPs en el material particulado de la ciudad, donde se presume la presencia de estos porque la ciudad es una zona densamente poblada, industrializada y que tiene antecedentes con la contaminación atmosférica. Mediante esta investigación fue posible cimentar una línea base sobre los HAPs en el aire de la zona de estudio, muestreando en 2 puntos de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, el primero (Universidad de la Costa) en zona residencial y el segundo (Escuela de Policía Antonio Nariño) cerca de una carretera regional principal que está influenciada por fuentes como tráfico vehicular y emisiones industriales de la ciudad. Se utilizó un muestreador de medio volumen para recolección de PM2.5 con un intervalo de medición de 48h durante febrero y marzo de 2020, así como agosto, octubre, y noviembre de 2021. Entonces las concentraciones de PM2.5 oscilaron entre 7,94 y 33,90μg.m-3 mientas que el promedio HAPs totales fue de 0,0171ng.m-3 , entre los cuales el Benzo[a]pireno (BaP) presentó la mayor concentración con 0,1162ng.m-3 , algunos estudios concuerdan que el control y prevención de los efectos es posible mediante el diagnostico de contaminantes atmosféricos. Por su presencia existen riesgos a la población de la ciudad especialmente para las más vulnerables.Atmospheric pollution by particle matter PM2.5 is one of the majors worldwide concerns due its negative impacts on the environment and in living beings’ health, such as mortality increase. These particles contain co-emitted pollutants such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), which has toxicologic properties such as toxicity, cancerogenic, neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. In Barranquilla city atmospheric pollutants have been studied within them PM2.5, which is a topic that has developed with different studies, regardless related studies about PAHs in particular matter of the city have not yet been reported, where the is supposed the presence of them due is a densely populated, industrialized area and that had dealing with issues such as atmospheric pollution. Through this investigation was possible to concrete a base about the state of the PAHs in the air of the study area, sampling in 2 points in Barranquilla’s urban zone, the first (Universidad de la Costa) in a residential area and the second (Escuela de Policia Antonio Nariño) near a main regional highway that is influenced by sources such as vehicular traffic and industrial emissions of the city. A medium volume sampler was used for the collection of PM2.5 with a measure range of 48h during February and May 2020, such as August, October, and November 2021. Then PM2.5 ranged among 7,94 and 33,90μg.m-3 while the total PAHs mean was de 0, 0171ng.m3 , which Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) presented the highest concentration with 0,1162ng.m-3 , some studies agree that control and prevention of the effects is possible by the diagnosis of atmospheric pollutants. Due to its presence, there are health risks to the population of the city especially the most vulnerable ones.Lista de Tablas y Figuras 9 -- Introducción 13 -- Planteamiento del Problema 16 -- Justificación 20 -- Objetivos 23 -- General 23 – Específicos 23 -- Marco Teórico 24 -- Material Particulado 24 -- Variación espaciotemporal del material particulado 26 -- Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) 26 -- Fuentes de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos 30 -- Volatilización de los HAPs 32 -- Solubilidad (coeficiente carbono orgánico / Coeficiente octanol-agua) 34 -- Reactividad de los HAPs 35 -- Dinámica Ambiental de los HAPs 36 -- Toxicidad de los HAPs 38 -- Colección del Material Particulado 40 -- Metodologías de Extracción de HAPs 41 -- Extracción Soxhlet 41 -- Extracción por Microondas (MAE) 42 -- Extracción acelerada con disolventes (ASE) 43 -- Extracción QuEChERS 43 -- Micro-extracción de fase solida (SPME 44 -- Extracción asistida por ultrasonido (USE) 45 -- Extracción con fluidos supercríticos (SFE) 45 -- Fluido Super crítico y Cromatografía (SFE-GC) 46 -- Extracción con disolventes acelerada (ASE) y Cromatografía de líquidos de alta eficiencia (HPLC) 46 -- Metodologías de identificación y cuantificación de HAPs en Material Particulado 47 -- Cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GS-MS) 47 -- Cromatografía de líquidos de alta eficiencia (HPLC) con detección por Fluorescencia (HPLC-FD) 50 -- Cromatografía de líquidos de alta eficiencia con Espectrofotometría Ultravioleta (HPLC-UV)......51 -- Estado del Arte 53 -- Estudios a nivel Internacional 53 -- Estudios a nivel Nacional 62 -- Estudios a nivel Regional y Local 63 -- Metodología 66 -- Área de Estudio 66 -- Estaciones de Muestreo 67 -- Muestreo de Material Particulado 68 -- Metodología de Extracción 72 -- Cuantificación de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos 72 -- Cromatografía de gases acoplado a masas 72 -- Análisis y discusión de resultados 74 -- Identificación de efectos toxicológicos 76 – Resultados 78 -- Concentraciones de Material Particulado PM2.5 78 -- Concentraciones de HAPs 79 -- Variables Meteorológicas y su relación en las concentraciones de PM2.5 y HAPs 86 -- Rosa de los Vientos 86 -- Correlación estadística HAPs-PM2.5 96 -- Prueba de Normalidad 97 -- Correlación Rho-Spearman 99 -- Parámetros de Toxicidad de HAPs 101 -- Comparación con otros estudios 111 -- Comparación estudios Nacionales 115 – Conclusiones 118 -- Recomendaciones 119 – Referencias 121 --Ingeniero(a) CivilPregrado156 páginasapplication/pdfspaCorporación Universidad de la CostaCivil y AmbientalBarranquilla, ColombiaIngeniería CivilDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, AtlánticoTrabajo de grado - Pregradohttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesishttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionBarranquillaAtlánticoAbbas, I., Badran, G., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Roumié, M., Courcot, D., & Garçon, G. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in airborne particulate matter: sources, analysis and toxicity. In Environmental Chemistry Letters (Vol. 16, Issue 2). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-017-0697-0Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. M. (2016). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011Achilleos, S., Kioumourtzoglou, M. A., Wu, C. Da, Schwartz, J. D., Koutrakis, P., & Papatheodorou, S. I. (2017). Acute effects of fine particulate matter constituents on mortality: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Environment International, 109(December 2016), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.09.010Adhikari, A. (2020). Introduction to spatiotemporal variations of ambient air pollutants and related public health impacts. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Air Pollution and Its Application in Public Health, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815822-7.00001-7Agudelo-Castañeda, D. M., & Teixeira, E. C. (2014). Seasonal changes, identification and source apportionment of PAH in PM1.0. Atmospheric Environment, 96, 186–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2014.07.030Agudelo-Castañeda, D., Teixeira, E., Schneider, I., Lara, S. R., & Silva, L. F. O. (2017). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric PM1.0 of urban environments: Carcinogenic and mutagenic respiratory health risk by age groups. Environmental Pollution, 224, 158–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.075Agudo, A. (2009). Los Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos ( HAP ): Acercamiento a su problemática como riesgo laboral. Secretaria de Salud y Medio Ambiente MCA-UGT, 130. www.ugt.es/saludlaboral/Hidrocarburos.pdf?Alcaldía de Barranquilla. (2018). Calidad del aire en Barranquilla, en permanente vigilancia por organismos ambientales. https://www.barranquilla.gov.co/mi-barranquilla/calidad-del-aire-enbarranquilla-en-permanente-vigilancia-por-organismos-ambientalesAlcaldía de Barranquilla. (2019). Presentación. Conoce a Barranquilla. https://www.barranquilla.gov.co/descubre/conoce-a-barranquilla/presentacionAlessandrini, F., Schulz, H., Takenaka, S., Lentner, B., Karg, E., Behrendt, H., & Jakob, T. (2006). Effects of ultrafine carbon particle inhalation on allergic inflammation of the lung. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117(4), 824–830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2005.11.046Allamandola, L. J. (1990). Benzenoid Hydrocarbons in Space: The Evidence and Implications. Advances in the Theory of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons, 153, 1–26.https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112587447-004Alves, C. A., Vicente, A., Custódio, D., Cerqueira, M., Nunes, T., Pio, C., Lucarelli, F., Calzolai, G., Nava, S., Diapouli, E., Eleftheriadis, K., Querol, X., & Musa Bandowe, B. A. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives (nitro-PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, and azaarenes) in PM2.5 from Southern European cities. Environmental Research Letters, 595, 494–504. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.256Arfsten, D. P., Schaeffer, D. J., & Mulveny, D. C. (1996). The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 33(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1996.0001Armstrong, B., Hutchinson, E., Unwin, J., & Fletcher, T. (2004). Lung cancer risk after exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review and meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 970–978. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6895Astudillo Alemán, A. L., Ramírez Orellana, M. I., García Alvear, N. B., González Arévalo, G. J., Gutiérrez Valle, I. A., & Bailón Moscoso, N. C. (2015). Caracterización química del material particulado PM10 de la zona urbana de Cuenca- Ecuador e investigación de su genotoxicidad e inducción de estrés oxidativo en células epiteliales alveolares A549. Revista de Toxicologia, 32(2), 121–126.Bae, S., & Hong, Y. C. (2018). Health effects of particulate matter. J Korean Med Assoc, 61(12), 749– 755. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2018.61.12.749Bandowe, B. A. M., & Meusel, H. (2017). Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) in the environment - A review. The Science of the Total Environment, 581–582, 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.115Barrado Olmedo, A. I. (2013). Estudio sobre la determinación de compuestos aromáticos policíclicos en aire ambiente mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y caracterización anual en el área de Madrid [UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID]. https://doi.org/ISBN: 978- 84-693-1123-3Barranquilla Verde. (2020). Barranquilla En Estado De Alerta Por Quemas Del Vía Parque Isla Salamanca. http://barranquillaverde.gov.co/noticias-detalle/barranquilla-en-estado-de-alerta-porquemas-del-parque-isla-salamancaBautista, L. F. V. (2010). Evaluación de las caracteristicas fìsicas y quìmicas del material particulado en Bogotà. 53. http://hdl.handle.net/1992/11290Billet, S., Landkocz, Y., Martin, P. J., Verdin, A., Ledoux, F., Lepers, C., André, V., Cazier, F., Sichel, F., Shirali, P., Gosset, P., & Courcot, D. (2018). Chemical characterization of fine and ultrafine PM, direct and indirect genotoxicity of PM and their organic extracts on pulmonary cells. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 71, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.04.022Bjorseth, A., & Becher, G. (2018). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Work Atmospheres: Occurrence and Determination (A. Bjorseth & G. Becher (eds.)). CRC Press.Blanco Donado, E. (2019). Evaluación de la variabilidad espacial de Black Carbon en un área urbana del Caribe colombiano. [Universidad de la Costa (CUC)]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/6012Boström, C.-E., Gerde, P., Handberg, A., Jernström, B., Johansson, C., Kyrklund, T., Agneta, R., Törnqvist, M., Victorin, K., & Westerholm, R. (2002). Cancer Risk Assessment , Indicators , and Guidelines for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Ambient Air. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 451–488.Bourdrel, T., Bind, M. A., Béjot, Y., Morel, O., & Argacha, J. F. (2017). Cardiovascular effects of air pollution. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, 110(11), 634–642.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2017.05.003Brito, K. C. T. de, Lemos, C. T. De, Rocha, J. A. V., Mielli, A. C., Matzenbacher, C., & Vargas, V. M. F. (2013). Comparative genotoxicity of airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using Salmonella, plants and mammalian cells. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 94(2), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.014Brunström, B., Broman, D., & Näf, C. (1991). Toxicity and EROD-inducing potency of 24 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in chick embryos. Archives of Toxicology, 65(6), 485–489. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01977361Caballero Lopez, S. N., & Alvarado Díaz, D. (2006). Análisis y Determinación de la concentración de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAP´s) contenidos en el Material Particulado respirable (PM10) en la localidad de Puente Aranda de Bogotá en la zona de alta actividad Industrial y alto flujo vehicular [Universidad de la Salle]. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1809-98232013000400007Chang, R., & Overby, J. (2020). Química (13th ed.). McGraw-Hill Interamericana. https://wwwebooks7-24-com.ezproxy.cuc.edu.co/?il=10863Chen, B., & Kan, H. (2008). Air pollution and population health: A global challenge. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 13(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-007-0018-5Chen, P., Kang, S., Li, C., Rupakheti, M., Yan, F., Li, Q., Ji, Z., Zhang, Q., Luo, W., & Sillanpää, M. (2015). Characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric aerosols in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Science of the Total Environment, 538, 86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.006Chen, Y., Li, X., Zhu, T., Han, Y., & Lv, D. (2017). PM2.5-bound PAHs in three indoor and one outdoor air in Beijing: Concentration, source and health risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment, 586, 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.214Christian, G. D. (2009). Química Analítica (McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España S.L (ed.); 6th ed.).Chu, M., Sun, C., Chen, W., Jin, G., Gong, J., Zhu, M., Yuan, J., Dai, J., Wang, M., Pan, Y., Song, Y., Ding, X., Guo, X., Du, M., Xia, Y., Kan, H., Zhang, Z., Hu, Z., Wu, T., & Shen, H. (2015). Personal exposure to PM2.5, genetic variants and DNA damage: A multi-center population-based study in Chinese. Toxicology Letters, 235(3), 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.04.007Connell, D. W. (2005). Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry (2nd ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1201/b12378da Costa e Oliveira, J. R., Base, L. H., de Abreu, L. C., Filho, C. F., Ferreira, C., & Morawska, L. (2019). Ultrafine particles and children’s health: Literature review. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews, 32(xxxx), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2019.06.003DANE. (2018). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2018. https://dane.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e53e1178fb1f497cac9b241dbaf b1690Dat, N. D., & Chang, M. B. (2017). Review on characteristics of PAHs in atmosphere, anthropogenic sources and control technologies. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.204de Kok, T. M. C. M., Driece, H. A. L., Hogervorst, J. G. F., & Briedé, J. J. (2006). Toxicological assessment of ambient and traffic-related particulate matter: A review of recent studies. Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research, 613(2–3), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.07.001Duarte, A. L., Schneider, I. L., Artaxo, P., & Oliveira, M. L. S. (2021). Geoscience Frontiers Spatiotemporal assessment of particulate matter ( PM 10 and PM 2 . 5 ) and ozone in a Caribbean urban coastal city. Geoscience Frontiers, xxxx, 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101168Duarte González, A. L. (2020). Evaluación espaciotemporal de contaminantes atmosféricos en la ciudad de Barranquilla [Corporación Universidad de la Costa]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/7079Duarte González, A. L., Schneider, I. L., Artaxo, P., & Oliveira, M. L. S. (2022). Spatiotemporal assessment of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and ozone in a Caribbean urban coastal city. Geoscience Frontiers, 13(1), 101168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GSF.2021.101168Eisler, R. (1987). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review. In Contaminant Hazard Reviews. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5200072El-Mubarak, A. H., Rushdi, A. I., Al-Mutlaq, K. F., Bazeyad, A. Y., Simonich, S. L. M., & Simoneit, B. R. T. (2014). Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(1), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9El Tiempo. (2020, February 6). Declaran alerta amarilla en zonas de Bogotá por calidad del aire. El Tiempo. https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/declaran-alerta-ambiental-en-bogota-por-calidad-delaire-459680Environmental Protection Agency. (1987). Health and environmental effects profile for Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (p. 48)EPA. (2018). Efectos del material particulado (PM) sobre la salud y el medioambiente. https://espanol.epa.gov/espanol/efectos-del-material-particulado-pm-sobre-la-salud-y-elmedioambienteEPA Barranquilla Verde. (2021). Reporte Octubre 2021 Índice de calidad del aire (ICA) - Barranquilla. http://barranquillaverde.gov.co/storage/app/media/calidad-aire/01-31_1021_reporte_ica.pdfEttre, L. S. (1981). The Nomenclature of Chromatography. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=ov4EHQAACAAJFernández Bremauntz, A., Ramírez Yarto, M., & Castro Díaz, J. (2004). Las Sustancias tóxicas persistentes en México. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=ACHxIiaWTiwCFurton, K., & Pentzke, G. (1998). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In T. Shibamoto (Ed.), Chromatographic analysis of environmental and food toxicants. (1st ed., pp. 1–30). CRC Press.Garavito Mahecha, J. D. (2006). Determinación de la concentración de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos presentes en el Material Particulado emitido por las fuentes móviles en la localidad de Puente Aranda en la ciudad de Bogotá. [Universidad de la Salle]. In Chest. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1809-98232013000400007García-Alonso, S., Pérez-Pastor, R. M., Archilla-Prat, V., Sanz-Rivera, D., Rojas-García, E., AragónUrrengoetxea, G., & Rodríguez-Maroto, J. J. (2017). Determination of Selected Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds in Particulate Matter Samples with Low Mass Loading: An Approach to Test Method Accuracy. Journal of Chemistry, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3517457González-Curbelo, M., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A. V., González-Sálamo, J., HernándezBorges, J., & Rodríguez-Delgado, M. (2015). Evolution and applications of the QuEChERS method. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 71, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.04.012Gonzalez-Moragas, L., Roig, A., & Laromaine, A. (2015). C. elegans as a tool for in vivo nanoparticle assessment. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 219, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2015.02.001Gotor Navarra, G. (2016). HAP’s : Estudio de métodos cromatográficos. Aplicación a muestras de aire ambiente y alimentos [Universitat Ramon Llull]. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/359654Gouin, T., Wilkinson, D., Hummel, S., Meyer, B., & Culley, A. (2010). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air and snow from Fairbanks, Alaska. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 1(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2010.002Guo, R., Liang, X., Chen, J., Wu, W., Zhang, Q., Martens, D., & Kettrup, A. (2004). Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon Partition Coefficients by Soil Column Liquid Chromatography. Journal of Chromatography. A, 1035, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.02.043Gutiérrez, M. C., & Droguet, M. (2002). La cromatografía de gases y la espectrometría de masas: Identificación de compuestos causantes de mal olor. Boletin Intexter Del Instituto de Investigacion Textil y de Cooperacion Industrial, 122, 35–41. http://hdl.handle.net/2099/2733Hayakawa, K., Tang, N., Nagato, E. G., Toriba, A., Sakai, S., Kano, F., Goto, S., Endo, O., Arashidani, K. ichi, & Kakimoto, H. (2018). Long term trends in atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A study of Japanese cities from 1997 to 2014. Environmental Pollution, 233, 474–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.038He, J., Chen, K., & Xu, J. (2017). Urban Air Pollution and Control. In Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies (pp. 243–257). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10182-4Herrera Murillo, J., & Chaves Villalobos, M. D. C. (2012). Validación de un método de análisis para la determinación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos por cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia en partículas PM10 Y PM2,5. Revista Tecnología En Marcha, 25(3). https://doi.org/10.18845/tm.v25i3.456Imanishi, M., & Dudley, C. C. (2000). Energy Diagnoses of Nine Infrared Luminous Galaxies Based on 3-4 Micron Spectra. The Astrophysical Journal, 545(2), 701–711. https://doi.org/10.1086/317863Javed, W., Iakovides, M., Stephanou, E. G., Wolfson, J. M., Koutrakis, P., & Guo, B. (2019). Concentrations of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Doha, Qatar. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 69(2), 162– 177. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1520754Ke, S., Liu, Q., Yao, Y., Zhang, X., & Sui, G. (2018). An in vitro cytotoxicities comparison of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells HPAEpiC. Toxicology Letters, 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.03.005Kim, K. H., Jahan, S. A., Kabir, E., & Brown, R. J. C. (2013). A review of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their human health effects. Environment International, 60, 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.07.019Knaapen, A. M., Borm, P. J. A., Albrecht, C., & Schins, R. P. F. (2004). Inhaled particles and lung cancer. Part A: Mechanisms. International Journal of Cancer, 109(6), 799–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11708Kumar, P., Wiedensohler, A., Birmili, W., Quincey, P., & Hallquist, M. (2016). Ultrafine Particles Pollution and Measurements. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry (Vol. 73). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2016.04.004Laboratorio Ambiental de EPA Barranquilla Verde. (2020). Reporte primer trimestre de calidad de aire. https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=http://barranquillaverde.gov.co//storage/app/media /calidad-aire/Reporte+Calidad+Aire+I+Trimestre+2020.pdfLamichhane, S., Bal Krishna, K. C., & Sarukkalige, R. (2016). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal by sorption: A review. Chemosphere, 148, 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.036Lazaridis, M. (2011). First Principles of Meteorology and Air Pollution (Vol. 19). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0162-5Lelieveld, J., Evans, J. S., Fnais, M., Giannadaki, D., & Pozzer, A. (2015). The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature, 525(7569), 367–371. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15371Li, Q., Jiang, N., Yu, X., Dong, Z., Duan, S., Zhang, L., & Zhang, R. (2019). Sources and spatial distribution of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Zhengzhou in 2016. Atmospheric Research, 216(March 2018), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.09.011Li, Q., Song, C., & Mao, H. (2019). Particulate Matter and Public Health. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10988-1Li, Y., Cao, J., Li, J., Zhou, J., Xu, H., Zhang, R., & Ouyang, Z. (2013). Molecular distribution and seasonal variation of hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from Beijing during 2006. Particuology, 11(1), 78– 85. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2012.09.002Liang, C. S., Duan, F. K., He, K. Bin, & Ma, Y. L. (2016). Review on recent progress in observations, source identifications and countermeasures of PM2.5. Environment International, 86, 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.016Liao, C.-M., Chio, C.-P., Chen, W.-Y., Ju, Y.-R., Li, W.-H., Cheng, Y.-H., Liao, V. H.-C., Chen, S.-C., & Ling, M.-P. (2011). Lung cancer risk in relation to traffic-related nano/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs exposure: A preliminary probabilistic assessment. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1), 150–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.017Limu, Y. L. M. A. B. Da, LiFu, D. L. N. T., Miti, A. B. L. Y., Wang, X., & Ding, X. (2013). Autumn and Wintertime Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in PM2.5 and PM2.5–10 from Urumqi, China. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 13(1), 407–414. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2012.05.0130Liu, C. N., Lin, S. F., Tsai, C. J., Wu, Y. C., & Chen, C. F. (2015). Theoretical model for the evaporation loss of PM2.5 during filter sampling. Atmospheric Environment, 109, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.03.012Liu, Z., Gan, Z., Gu, J., Su, H., & Yu, H. (2018). Volatilization Loss of 6 PAHs with 2–4 Rings Related to Coal Extracts. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 38(5), 457–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2016.1244088Luque de Castro, M. D., Valcárcel, M., & Valcárcel Cases, M. T. (1993). Extracción fluidos supercríticos proceso analítico. Reverté. https://books.google.com.cu/books?id=7l4d5wSXjY0CMartínez Arroyo, M. del C. (2006). Evolución Del Contenido En Partículas Totales En Suspensión Y En Los Metales, Plomo, Cinc, Cadmio, Cobre, Hierro Y Manganeso, En El Aerosol Atmosférico De Cartagena, Durante El Periodo 1995- 2000 [UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE CARTAGENA]. http://www.upa.edu.mx/index.php/indexMassolo, L., Müller, A., Tueros, M., Rehwagen, M., Franck, U., Ronco, A., & Herbarth, O. (2002). Assessment of mutagenicity and toxicity of different-size fractions of air particulates from La Plata, Argentina, and Leipzig, Germany. Environmental Toxicology, 17(3), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.10054Mastandrea, C., Chichizola, C., Ludueña, B., Sánchez, H., Álvarez, H., & Gutiérrez, A. (2005). Hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos. Riesgos para la salud y marcadores biológicos. Acta Bioquím Clín Latinoam, 39(1), 27–36. http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0325- 29572005000100006&lng=es.Mastrangelo, G., Fadda, E., & Marzia, V. (1996). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer in man. Environmental Health Perspectives, 104(11), 1166–1170. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.961041166McBride, M. B. (1994). Environmental Chemistry of Soils. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=jgZhQgAACAAJMejía Monterroza, G. E. (2015). HIDROCARBUROS AROMÁTICOS POLICICLICOS EN LA COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA Y POSIBLES FUENTES DE CONTAMINACIÓN [Universidad de Cartagena]. https://repositorio.unicartagena.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11227/2163/Trabajo de Grado Gamaliel Mejìa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yResolución 2254 de 2017, Pub. L. No. 2254, 11 (2017). http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/51310/527391/2.+Resolución+2254+de+2017+- +Niveles+Calidad+del+Aire..pdf/c22a285e-058e-42b6-aa88-2745fafad39fMoreno-Ríos, A. L., Tejeda-Benítez, L., & Bustillo Lecompte, C. (2021). Sources, characteristics, toxicity, and control of ultrafine particles: An overview. Science of the Total Environment, 136126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2021.101147Mukherjee, P. K. (2019). Quality control and evaluation of herbal drugs: Evaluating natural products and traditional medicine. In Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs (pp. 515–537). Elsevier. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-04232-8Nielsen, T., Jørgensen, H. E., Larsen, J. C., & Poulsen, M. (1996). City air pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other mutagens: occurrence, sources and health effects. Science of The Total Environment, 189–190, 41–49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0048- 9697(96)05189-3Nriagu, J. (2019). Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (2nd ed.). Elsevier.Núñez Blanco, Y. P. (2019). Estimación de fuentes de material particulado atmosférico (PM10 y PM2.5) en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. [Universidad de la Costa (CUC)]. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11323/6017/Estimación de fuentes de material particulado atmosférico %28PM10 y PM2.5%29 en la ciudad de Barranquilla%2C Colombia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yOdabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Tasdemir, Y., & Holsen, T. M. (1999). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chicago air. Science of The Total Environment, 227(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00004-2Oficina asesora de Comunicaciones. (2020). Se declara estado de alerta por Calidad del Aire en el Valle de Aburrá. Centro de Prensa. https://www.metropol.gov.co/Paginas/Noticias/se-declara-estadode-alerta-por-calidad-del-aire-en-el-valle-de-aburra.aspxOkuda, T., Okamoto, K., Tanaka, S., Shen, Z., Han, Y., & Huo, Z. (2010). Measurement and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aerosol in Xi’an, China, by using automated column chromatography and applying positive matrix factorization (PMF). Science of the Total Environment, 408(8), 1909–1914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.01.040Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2021). Contaminación del aire ambiente (exterior). https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-healthOsorio-Martinez, J., Silva, L. F. O., Flores, E. M. M., Nascimento, M. S., Picoloto, R. S., & OliveroVerbel, J. (2021). Environmental and human health risks associated with exposure to hazardous elements present in urban dust from Barranquilla, Colombian Caribbean. Journal of Environmental Quality, 50(2), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20200Peng, F., Tsuji, G., Zhang, J. zhong, Chen, Z., & Furue, M. (2019). Potential role of PM2.5 in melanogenesis. Environment International, 132(May), 105063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105063Perestrelo, R., Silva, P., Porto-Figueira, P., Pereira, J. A. M., Silva, C., Medina, S., & Câmara, J. S. (2019). QuEChERS - Fundamentals, relevant improvements, applications and future trends. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1070, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.036Phillips, J. S., Strozak, V. S., & Wistrom, C. (2004). Quimica conceptos y aplicaciones/Chemistry concepts and applications (M.-H. Interamericana (ed.); 2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Interamericana. https://books.google.com.co/books?id=JqvPAAAACAAJProctor, J. E. (2021). The Liquid and Supercritical Fluid States of Matter (CRC Press (ed.); 1st ed.). Taylor & Francis.Pszczolińska, K., Shakeel, N., & Barchanska, H. (2022). A simple approach for pesticide residues determination in green vegetables based on QuEChERS and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104783Quijano Parra, A., & Meléndez Gélvez, I. (2014). Identificación de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) en el aire de Cúcuta: Efecto Gen Tóxico. Revista EIA (Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia), 11(21), 79–87.Quijano Parra, A., Parra Hernandez, M., & Hernandez Hernandez, M. (2015). Composición del material particulado-PM 2.5 del aire de Cucuta-Colombia:Cuantificación de Hidrocarburos Aromaticos Policiclicos. Bistua Revista De La Facultad De Ciencias Basicas, 13(2), 47. https://doi.org/10.24054/01204211.v2.n2.2015.1799Quijano Vargas, M. J., Quijano Parra, A., & Melendez Gelvez, I. (2017). Evaluación Genotoxica Del Aire De Pamplona-Colombia Por El Ensayo Cometa Genotoxic Air Evaluation of PamplonaColombia By the Comet Test. Revista Colombiana de Tecnologías de Avanzada, 2(30), 152–161.Ramírez, O., da Boit, K., Blanco, E., & Silva, L. F. O. (2020). Hazardous thoracic and ultrafine particles from road dust in a Caribbean industrial city. Urban Climate, 33, 100655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2020.100655Rengarajan, T., Rajendran, P., Nandakumar, N., Lokeshkumar, B., Rajendran, P., & Nishigaki, I. (2015). Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with special focus on cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(3), 182–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30003- 4Revista Semana. (2018, March). La alerta roja por contaminación del aire que regresó a Medellín. Revista Semana. https://www.semana.com/impacto/articulo/calidad-del-aire-en-medellindeclaran-alerta-roja-por-contaminacion/39644/Rogula-Kozłowska, W., Kozielska, B., & Klejnowski, K. (2013). Concentration, origin and health hazard from fine particle-bound PAH at three characteristic sites in Southern Poland. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 91(3), 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128- 013-1060-1Roper, C., Delgado, L. S., Barrett, D., Massey Simonich, S. L., & Tanguay, R. L. (2018). PM 2.5 Filter Extraction Methods: Implications for Chemical and Toxicological Analyses. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(1), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04308Santos, A. G., Regis, A. C. D., da Rocha, G. O., Bezerra, M. de A., de Jesus, R. M., & de Andrade, J. B. (2016). A simple, comprehensive, and miniaturized solvent extraction method for determination of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds in air. Journal of Chromatography A, 1435, 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.018Sarti, E., Pasti, L., Scaroni, I., Casali, P., Cavazzini, A., & Rossi, M. (2017). Determination of n-alkanes, PAHs and nitro-PAHs in PM2.5 and PM1 sampled in the surroundings of a municipal waste incinerator. Atmospheric Environment, 149, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.016Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., & Neas, L. M. (1996). Is Daily Mortality Associated Specifically with Fine Particles? Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 46(10), 927–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1996.10467528Secretaria de Transito y Seguridad Vial. (2021). Parque Automotor Activo Anual de Barranquilla Vigencias Anteriores. In Datos Abiertos. https://www.datos.gov.co/Transporte/ParqueAutomotor-Activo-Anual-de-Barranquilla-Vige/4ibb-jm7y/dataSharma, B. M., Melymuk, L., Bharat, G. K., Přibylová, P., Sáňka, O., Klánová, J., & Nizzetto, L. (2018). Spatial gradients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, atmospheric deposition, and surface water of the Ganges River basin. Science of the Total Environment, 627, 1495–1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.262Silva da Silva, C., Rossato, J. M., Vaz Rocha, J. A., & Vargas, V. M. F. (2015). Characterization of an area of reference for inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with genetic biomonitoring in children. Mutation Research - Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 778, 44– 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.11.006Silva, R., West, J., Zhang, Y., Anenberg, S., Lamarque, J.-F., Shindell, D., Collins, W., Dalsøren, S., Faluvegi, G., Folberth, G., Horowitz, L., Nagashima, T., Naik, V., Rumbold, S., Skeie, R., Sudo, K., Takemura, T., Bergmann, D., Cameron-Smith, P., & Zeng, G. (2013). Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change. Environmental Research Letters, 8(3), 34005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034005Singh, D. P., Gadi, R., Mandal, T. K., Saud, T., Saxena, M., & Sharma, S. K. (2013). Emissions estimates of PAH from biomass fuels used in rural sector of Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Atmospheric Environment, 68, 120–126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.042Stanek, L. W., Sacks, J. D., Dutton, S. J., & Dubois, J.-J. B. (2011). Attributing health effects to apportioned components and sources of particulate matter: An evaluation of collective results. Atmospheric Environment, 45(32), 5655–5663. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.023Stegeman, J. J., & Lecht, J. J. (1991). Cytochrome P-450 Monooxygenase Systems in Aquatic Species : Carcinogen Metabolism and Biomarkers for Carcinogen and Pollutant Exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 90, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.90-1519513Tang, N., Suzuki, G., Morisaki, H., Tokuda, T., Yang, X., Zhao, L., Lin, J., Kameda, T., Toriba, A., & Hayakawa, K. (2017). Atmospheric behaviors of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Beijing, China from 2004 to 2010. Atmospheric Environment, 152, 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.056Tavera Busso, I., Tames, F., Silva, J. A., Ramos, S., Homem, V., Ratola, N., & Carreras, H. (2018). Biomonitoring levels and trends of PAHs and synthetic musks associated with land use in urban environments. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.295Thurston, G. D. (2017). Outdoor Air Pollution: Sources, Atmospheric Transport, and Human Health Effects. International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0- 12-803678-5.00320-9Tian, Y., Yao, X., & Chen, L. (2019). Analysis of spatial and seasonal distributions of air pollutants by incorporating urban morphological characteristics. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 75, 35–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2019.01.003Torres Barrera, E. M., & De Los Ríos Pedraza, A. C. (2022). Evaluación de elementos potencialmente tóxicos (pb y hg) presentes en PM2.5 del aire de la ciudad de Barranquilla empleando el modelo biológico C. Elegans. (pp. 1–94). Corporación Universidad de la Costa. https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/handle/11323/9074Traversi, D. (2019). Mutagenicity of PM2.5. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, October 2017, 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10938-8U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values for Indeno[1,2,3-cd)pyrene.USEPA. (1999). Method TO-13A: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography / Mass Spectrom. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Second Edition (EPA/625/R96/010b), January, 78.Vargas, M., Romero, G., Palencia, A., Rivero, E., & Piñero, S. (2013). Equivalentes tóxicos de hidrocarburos aromáticos políciclicos en particulado atmosférico en Valencia, Venezuela. Acta Toxicológica Argentina, 21(2), 69–77.Vasconcellos, P. de C., Artaxo, P. E., Ciccioli, P., Cecinato, A., & Brancaleoni, E. (1998). DETERMINAÇÃO DOS HIDROCARBONETOS SATURADOS E POLICÍCLICOS AROMÁTICOS PRESENTES NO MATERIAL PARTICULADO DA ATMOSFERA AMAZÔNICA. Química Nova, 21(4), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100- 40421998000400002Viana, M., Pérez García-Pando, C., Querol, X., Alastuey, A., Nickovic, S., & Baldasano, J. M. (2005). Spatial and temporal variability of PM levels and composition in a complex summer atmospheric scenario in Barcelona (NE Spain). Atmospheric Environment, 39(29), 5343–5361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSENV.2005.05.039Wang, W., Qu, X., Lin, D., & Yang, K. (2021). Octanol-water partition coefficient (logKow) dependent movement and time lagging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from emission sources to lake sediments: A case study of Taihu Lake, China. Environmental Pollution, 288, 117709. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2021.117709Wang, X., Zong, Z., Tian, C., Chen, Y., Luo, C., Tang, J., Li, J., & Zhang, G. (2018). Assessing on toxic potency of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a national atmospheric background site in North China. Science of the Total Environment, 612(August), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.208Xing, X., Chen, Z., Tian, Q., Mao, Y., Liu, W., Shi, M., Cheng, C., Hu, T., Zhu, G., Li, Y., Zheng, H., Zhang, J., Kong, S., & Qi, S. (2020). Characterization and source identification of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, suburban, and rural ambient air, central China during summer harvest. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 191(October 2019), 110219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110219Xu, H., Ho, S. S. H., Gao, M., Cao, J., Guinot, B., Ho, K. F., Long, X., Wang, J., Shen, Z., Liu, S., Zheng, C., & Zhang, Q. (2016). Microscale spatial distribution and health assessment of PM2.5- bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nine communities in Xi’an, China. Environmental Pollution, 218, 1065–1073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.058Yin, H., & Xu, L. (2018). Comparative study of PM10/PM2.5-bound PAHs in downtown Beijing, China: Concentrations, sources, and health risks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 177(December 2017), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.263Yu, H. (2002). Environmental carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: photochemistry and phototoxicity. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part C, Environmental Carcinogenesis & Ecotoxicology Reviews, 20(2), 149–183. https://doi.org/10.1081/GNC120016203Yuan, X. X., Jiang, Y., Yang, C. X., Xie, B. J., Yong, L., Hu, B., & Liu, T. (2017). Determination of 16 Kinds of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Atmospheric Fine Particles by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 45(11), 1641–1647. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2040(17)61047-8Zapata, C. (2020). Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos en el Aire Ambiente de Manizales. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Zhang, B.-N., & Kim Oanh, N. T. (2002). Photochemical smog pollution in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region of Thailand in relation to O3 precursor concentrations and meteorological conditions. Atmospheric Environment, 36(26), 4211–4222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352- 2310(02)00348-5Zhang, C., Ni, Z., & Ni, L. (2015). Multifractal detrended cross-correlation analysis between PM2.5 and meteorological factors. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 438, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.06.039Zhang, P., & Chen, Y. (2017). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in surface soil of China: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 605–606, 1011–1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.247Zhang, Y., Dong, S., Wang, H., Tao, S., & Kiyama, R. (2016). Biological impact of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ePAHs) as endocrine disruptors. Environmental Pollution, 213, 809–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.050Zhang, Y., & Tao, S. (2009). Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmospheric Environment, 43(4), 812–819. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.050Zhao, H., Che, H., Zhang, X., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, Y. (2013). Characteristics of visibility and particulate matter (PM) in an urban area of Northeast China. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4(4), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.049Zhou, R., Dong, Z., Bian, C., Wang, L., Wu, T., Zhou, W., Li, Y., & Li, B. (2022). Residue analysis, dissipation behavior, storage stability and dietary risk assessment of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in natural paddy field environment using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104781Zona Cero. (2023, March 29). Incendio consumió parte de un apartamento en conjunto residencial de Soledad. Zona Cero. https://zonacero.com/judiciales/incendio-consumio-parte-de-unapartamento-en-conjunto-residencial-de-soledadHidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicosPM2.5Efectos toxicológicosPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPM2.5Toxicologic effectsPublicationORIGINALDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdfDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdfTesisapplication/pdf3828562https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e36165d4-05f0-4474-ba1b-b74c5286513d/download085e6ef76a2daedf09d58a3595918823MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c759f19b-200e-4e43-948a-8a4b50653a1d/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdf.txtDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain247759https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/c5c546af-c07d-4c17-a2af-c755c9cabfc0/download1537959e824e977dbe797924b7f19438MD53THUMBNAILDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdf.jpgDeterminación de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos en pm2.5 de la zona urbana de Barranquilla, Atlántico.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg8129https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/17ad565a-b48c-4d76-9473-da8e2a9645e2/downloadba84711c97b6baba5ef4ad9dd2a8371cMD5411323/10690oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/106902024-09-17 10:52:31.778https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/open.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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 |