Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation
With growing gas and oil prices, electricity generation based on these fossil fuels is becoming increasingly expensive. Furthermore, the vision of natural gas as a transition fuel is subject to many constraints and uncertainties of economic, environmental, and geopolitical nature. Consequently, rene...
- Autores:
-
Jurasz, Jakub
Guezgouz, Mohammed
Campana, Pietro E.
Kaźmierczak, Bartosz
Kuriqi, Alban
Bloomfield, Hannah
Hingray, Benoit
Canales, Fausto
Hunt, Julian D.
Sterl, Sebastian
Elkadeem, Mohamed R.
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2024
- Institución:
- Corporación Universidad de la Costa
- Repositorio:
- REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
- Idioma:
- spa
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13079
- Acceso en línea:
- https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13079
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
- Palabra clave:
- Climate resilience
Energy transition
Hurrel NAO index
Hybrid energy system
Renewable energy
- Rights
- embargoedAccess
- License
- Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| title |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| spellingShingle |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation Climate resilience Energy transition Hurrel NAO index Hybrid energy system Renewable energy |
| title_short |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| title_full |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| title_fullStr |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| title_sort |
Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Jurasz, Jakub Guezgouz, Mohammed Campana, Pietro E. Kaźmierczak, Bartosz Kuriqi, Alban Bloomfield, Hannah Hingray, Benoit Canales, Fausto Hunt, Julian D. Sterl, Sebastian Elkadeem, Mohamed R. |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Jurasz, Jakub Guezgouz, Mohammed Campana, Pietro E. Kaźmierczak, Bartosz Kuriqi, Alban Bloomfield, Hannah Hingray, Benoit Canales, Fausto Hunt, Julian D. Sterl, Sebastian Elkadeem, Mohamed R. |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Climate resilience Energy transition Hurrel NAO index Hybrid energy system Renewable energy |
| topic |
Climate resilience Energy transition Hurrel NAO index Hybrid energy system Renewable energy |
| description |
With growing gas and oil prices, electricity generation based on these fossil fuels is becoming increasingly expensive. Furthermore, the vision of natural gas as a transition fuel is subject to many constraints and uncertainties of economic, environmental, and geopolitical nature. Consequently, renewable energies such as solar and wind power are expected to reach new records of installed capacity over the upcoming years. Considering the above, North Africa is one of the regions with the largest renewable resource potential globally. While extensively studied in the literature, these resources remain underutilized. Thus, to contribute to their future successful deployment and integration with the power system, this study presents a spatial and temporal analysis of the nature of solar and wind resources over North Africa from the perspective of energy droughts. Both the frequency and maximal duration of energy droughts are addressed. Both aspects of renewables’ variable nature have been evaluated in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) context. The analysis considers the period between 1960 and 2020 based on hourly reanalysis data (i.e., near-surface shortwave irradiation, wind speed, and air temperature) and the Hurrel NAO index. The findings show an in-phase relationship between solar power and winter NAO index, particularly over the coastal regions in western North Africa and opposite patterns in its eastern part. For wind energy, the connection with NAO has a more zonal pattern, with negative correlations in the north and positive correlations in the south. Solar energy droughts dominate northern Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, while wind energy droughts mainly occur in the Atlas Mountains range. On average, solar energy droughts tend not to exceed 2–3 consecutive days, with the longest extending for five days. Wind energy droughts can be as prolonged as 80 days (Atlas Mountains). Hybridizing solar and wind energy reduces the potential for energy droughts significantly. At the same time, the correlation between their occurrence and the NAO index remains low. These findings show the potential for substantial resilience to inter-annual climate variability, which could benefit the future stability of renewables-dominated power systems. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-06-26T13:10:27Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-06-26T13:10:27Z 2026-03 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2024 |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
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http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
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Text |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/updatedVersion |
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http://purl.org/coar/version/c_dc82b40f9837b551 |
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Jakub Jurasz, Mohammed Guezgouz, Pietro E. Campana, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Alban Kuriqi, Hannah Bloomfield, Benoit Hingray, Fausto A. Canales, Julian D. Hunt, Sebastian Sterl, Mohamed R. Elkadeem, Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: Potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 191, 2024, 114181, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114181 |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1364-0321 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13079 |
| dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.rser.2023.114181 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
1879-0690 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
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https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Jakub Jurasz, Mohammed Guezgouz, Pietro E. Campana, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Alban Kuriqi, Hannah Bloomfield, Benoit Hingray, Fausto A. Canales, Julian D. Hunt, Sebastian Sterl, Mohamed R. Elkadeem, Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: Potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 191, 2024, 114181, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.114181 1364-0321 10.1016/j.rser.2023.114181 1879-0690 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13079 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
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spa |
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spa |
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfJurasz, JakubGuezgouz, MohammedCampana, Pietro E.Kaźmierczak, BartoszKuriqi, AlbanBloomfield, HannahHingray, BenoitCanales, FaustoHunt, Julian D.Sterl, SebastianElkadeem, Mohamed R.2024-06-26T13:10:27Z2026-032024-06-26T13:10:27Z2024Jakub Jurasz, Mohammed Guezgouz, Pietro E. Campana, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Alban Kuriqi, Hannah Bloomfield, Benoit Hingray, Fausto A. Canales, Julian D. Hunt, Sebastian Sterl, Mohamed R. Elkadeem, Complementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: Potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 191, 2024, 114181, ISSN 1364-0321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.1141811364-0321https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1307910.1016/j.rser.2023.1141811879-0690Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/With growing gas and oil prices, electricity generation based on these fossil fuels is becoming increasingly expensive. Furthermore, the vision of natural gas as a transition fuel is subject to many constraints and uncertainties of economic, environmental, and geopolitical nature. Consequently, renewable energies such as solar and wind power are expected to reach new records of installed capacity over the upcoming years. Considering the above, North Africa is one of the regions with the largest renewable resource potential globally. While extensively studied in the literature, these resources remain underutilized. Thus, to contribute to their future successful deployment and integration with the power system, this study presents a spatial and temporal analysis of the nature of solar and wind resources over North Africa from the perspective of energy droughts. Both the frequency and maximal duration of energy droughts are addressed. Both aspects of renewables’ variable nature have been evaluated in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) context. The analysis considers the period between 1960 and 2020 based on hourly reanalysis data (i.e., near-surface shortwave irradiation, wind speed, and air temperature) and the Hurrel NAO index. The findings show an in-phase relationship between solar power and winter NAO index, particularly over the coastal regions in western North Africa and opposite patterns in its eastern part. For wind energy, the connection with NAO has a more zonal pattern, with negative correlations in the north and positive correlations in the south. Solar energy droughts dominate northern Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, while wind energy droughts mainly occur in the Atlas Mountains range. On average, solar energy droughts tend not to exceed 2–3 consecutive days, with the longest extending for five days. Wind energy droughts can be as prolonged as 80 days (Atlas Mountains). Hybridizing solar and wind energy reduces the potential for energy droughts significantly. At the same time, the correlation between their occurrence and the NAO index remains low. These findings show the potential for substantial resilience to inter-annual climate variability, which could benefit the future stability of renewables-dominated power systems.12 páginasapplication/pdfspaElsevier LtdUnited Kingdomhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032123010390?via%3DihubComplementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa: potential for alleviating energy droughts and impacts of the North Atlantic OscillationArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/updatedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_dc82b40f9837b551Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews[1] S. Timmerberg, M. 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Kaabeche Evaluation of wind energy potential and estimation of cost using wind energy turbines for electricity generation in north of Algeria Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 51 (Nov. 2015), pp. 1245-1255, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.043[33] A. Rovzar. "North Africa's pathways to clean energy transitions." International Energy Agency. [Online.] Available: https://www.iea.org/commentaries/north-africa-s-pathways-to-clean-energy-transitions (accessed Nov. 16, 2022).. Google Scholar[34] H. Hersbach et al. "ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present." Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS). [Online.] Available: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels (accessed Sep. 9, 2022)..[35] D.I.V. Domeisen, C.I. Garfinkel, A.H. Butler The teleconnection of El Niño southern oscillation to the stratosphere Rev Geophys, 57 (1) (Aug. 2019), pp. 5-47, 10.1029/2018RG000596[36] A.G. Barnston, R.E. 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Moe Status, plans and technologies for offshore wind turbines in Europe and North America Renew Energy, 34 (3) (Mar. 2009), pp. 646-654, 10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.040 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar[42] A. Pek. "Wind turbine sizes keep growing as industry consolidation continues." Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). [Online.] Available: https://gwec.net/wind-turbine-sizes-keep-growing-as-industry-consolidation-continues/(accessed Nov. 10, 2022) ..[43] K. Gruber, P. Regner, S. Wehrle, M. Zeyringer, J. Schmidt Towards global validation of wind power simulations: a multi-country assessment of wind power simulation from MERRA-2 and ERA-5 reanalyses bias-corrected with the global wind atlas Energy, 238 (Jan. 2022), 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121520 Art no. 121520[44] A. Ulazia, J. Sáenz, G. Ibarra-Berastegi, S.J. González-Rojí, S. 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[Online.] Available: https://www.thewindpower.net/turbine_en_33_vestas_v90-3000.php accessed Aug. 18, 202212119Climate resilienceEnergy transitionHurrel NAO indexHybrid energy systemRenewable energyPublicationORIGINALComplementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa.pdfComplementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf9681167https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/d68c6914-a8d1-4498-bef4-38719ea65925/downloade93e68402985eb24732eac1230018cf3MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-814828https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/774cdc04-2a89-4e19-8bee-16de69cb98ab/download2f9959eaf5b71fae44bbf9ec84150c7aMD52TEXTComplementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa.pdf.txtComplementarity of wind and solar power in North Africa.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain66672https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9147b2c4-5fa1-487b-9231-00fc863c6bfd/downloadd1c1b7f6c8c8c4e92fef7d6cdda51144MD53THUMBNAILComplementarity of wind and solar power 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ada en las Obras Colectivas.

b.	Distribuir copias o fonogramas de las Obras, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública, incluyéndolas como incorporadas en Obras Colectivas, según corresponda.

c.	Distribuir copias de las Obras Derivadas que se generen, exhibirlas públicamente, ejecutarlas públicamente y/o ponerlas a disposición pública.
Los derechos mencionados anteriormente pueden ser ejercidos en todos los medios y formatos, actualmente conocidos o que se inventen en el futuro. Los derechos antes mencionados incluyen el derecho a realizar dichas modificaciones en la medida que sean técnicamente necesarias para ejercer los derechos en otro medio o formatos, pero de otra manera usted no está autorizado para realizar obras derivadas. Todos los derechos no otorgados expresamente por el Licenciante quedan por este medio reservados, incluyendo pero sin limitarse a aquellos que se mencionan en las secciones 4(d) y 4(e).

4. Restricciones.
La licencia otorgada en la anterior Sección 3 está expresamente sujeta y limitada por las siguientes restricciones:

a.	Usted puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra sólo bajo las condiciones de esta Licencia, y Usted debe incluir una copia de esta licencia o del Identificador Universal de Recursos de la misma con cada copia de la Obra que distribuya, exhiba públicamente, ejecute públicamente o ponga a disposición pública. No es posible ofrecer o imponer ninguna condición sobre la Obra que altere o limite las condiciones de esta Licencia o el ejercicio de los derechos de los destinatarios otorgados en este documento. No es posible sublicenciar la Obra. Usted debe mantener intactos todos los avisos que hagan referencia a esta Licencia y a la cláusula de limitación de garantías. Usted no puede distribuir, exhibir públicamente, ejecutar públicamente, o poner a disposición pública la Obra con alguna medida tecnológica que controle el acceso o la utilización de ella de una forma que sea inconsistente con las condiciones de esta Licencia. Lo anterior se aplica a la Obra incorporada a una Obra Colectiva, pero esto no exige que la Obra Colectiva aparte de la obra misma quede sujeta a las condiciones de esta Licencia. Si Usted crea una Obra Colectiva, previo aviso de cualquier Licenciante debe, en la medida de lo posible, eliminar de la Obra Colectiva cualquier referencia a dicho Licenciante o al Autor Original, según lo solicitado por el Licenciante y conforme lo exige la cláusula 4(c).

b.	Usted no puede ejercer ninguno de los derechos que le han sido otorgados en la Sección 3 precedente de modo que estén principalmente destinados o directamente dirigidos a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada. El intercambio de la Obra por otras obras protegidas por derechos de autor, ya sea a través de un sistema para compartir archivos digitales (digital file-sharing) o de cualquier otra manera no será considerado como estar destinado principalmente o dirigido directamente a conseguir un provecho comercial o una compensación monetaria privada, siempre que no se realice un pago mediante una compensación monetaria en relación con el intercambio de obras protegidas por el derecho de autor.

c.	Si usted distribuye, exhibe públicamente, ejecuta públicamente o ejecuta públicamente en forma digital la Obra o cualquier Obra Derivada u Obra Colectiva, Usted debe mantener intacta toda la información de derecho de autor de la Obra y proporcionar, de forma razonable según el medio o manera que Usted esté utilizando: (i) el nombre del Autor Original si está provisto (o seudónimo, si fuere aplicable), y/o (ii) el nombre de la parte o las partes que el Autor Original y/o el Licenciante hubieren designado para la atribución (v.g., un instituto patrocinador, editorial, publicación) en la información de los derechos de autor del Licenciante, términos de servicios o de otras formas razonables; el título de la Obra si está provisto; en la medida de lo razonablemente factible y, si está provisto, el Identificador Uniforme de Recursos (Uniform Resource Identifier) que el Licenciante especifica para ser asociado con la Obra, salvo que tal URI no se refiera a la nota sobre los derechos de autor o a la información sobre el licenciamiento de la Obra; y en el caso de una Obra Derivada, atribuir el crédito identificando el uso de la Obra en la Obra Derivada (v.g., "Traducción Francesa de la Obra del Autor Original," o "Guión Cinematográfico basado en la Obra original del Autor Original"). Tal crédito puede ser implementado de cualquier forma razonable; en el caso, sin embargo, de Obras Derivadas u Obras Colectivas, tal crédito aparecerá, como mínimo, donde aparece el crédito de cualquier otro autor comparable y de una manera, al menos, tan destacada como el crédito de otro autor comparable.

d.	Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra es una composición musical:

i.	Regalías por interpretación y ejecución bajo licencias generales. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública o la ejecución pública digital de la obra y de recolectar, sea individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, SAYCO), las regalías por la ejecución pública o por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo Webcast) licenciada bajo licencias generales, si la interpretación o ejecución de la obra está primordialmente orientada por o dirigida a la obtención de una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

ii.	Regalías por Fonogramas. El Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, los consagrados por la SAYCO), una agencia de derechos musicales o algún agente designado, las regalías por cualquier fonograma que Usted cree a partir de la obra (“versión cover”) y distribuya, en los términos del régimen de derechos de autor, si la creación o distribución de esa versión cover está primordialmente destinada o dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

e.	Gestión de Derechos de Autor sobre Interpretaciones y Ejecuciones Digitales (WebCasting). Para evitar toda confusión, el Licenciante aclara que, cuando la obra sea un fonograma, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho exclusivo de autorizar la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast) y de recolectar, individualmente o a través de una sociedad de gestión colectiva de derechos de autor y derechos conexos (por ejemplo, ACINPRO), las regalías por la ejecución pública digital de la obra (por ejemplo, webcast), sujeta a las disposiciones aplicables del régimen de Derecho de Autor, si esta ejecución pública digital está primordialmente dirigida a obtener una ventaja comercial o una compensación monetaria privada.

5. Representaciones, Garantías y Limitaciones de Responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LAS PARTES LO ACORDARAN DE OTRA FORMA POR ESCRITO, EL LICENCIANTE OFRECE LA OBRA (EN EL ESTADO EN EL QUE SE ENCUENTRA) “TAL CUAL”, SIN BRINDAR GARANTÍAS DE CLASE ALGUNA RESPECTO DE LA OBRA, YA SEA EXPRESA, IMPLÍCITA, LEGAL O CUALQUIERA OTRA, INCLUYENDO, SIN LIMITARSE A ELLAS, GARANTÍAS DE TITULARIDAD, COMERCIABILIDAD, ADAPTABILIDAD O ADECUACIÓN A PROPÓSITO DETERMINADO, AUSENCIA DE INFRACCIÓN, DE AUSENCIA DE DEFECTOS LATENTES O DE OTRO TIPO, O LA PRESENCIA O AUSENCIA DE ERRORES, SEAN O NO DESCUBRIBLES (PUEDAN O NO SER ESTOS DESCUBIERTOS). ALGUNAS JURISDICCIONES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE GARANTÍAS IMPLÍCITAS, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

6. Limitación de responsabilidad.
A MENOS QUE LO EXIJA EXPRESAMENTE LA LEY APLICABLE, EL LICENCIANTE NO SERÁ RESPONSABLE ANTE USTED POR DAÑO ALGUNO, SEA POR RESPONSABILIDAD EXTRACONTRACTUAL, PRECONTRACTUAL O CONTRACTUAL, OBJETIVA O SUBJETIVA, SE TRATE DE DAÑOS MORALES O PATRIMONIALES, DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS, PREVISTOS O IMPREVISTOS PRODUCIDOS POR EL USO DE ESTA LICENCIA O DE LA OBRA, AUN CUANDO EL LICENCIANTE HAYA SIDO ADVERTIDO DE LA POSIBILIDAD DE DICHOS DAÑOS. ALGUNAS LEYES NO PERMITEN LA EXCLUSIÓN DE CIERTA RESPONSABILIDAD, EN CUYO CASO ESTA EXCLUSIÓN PUEDE NO APLICARSE A USTED.

7. Término.

a.	Esta Licencia y los derechos otorgados en virtud de ella terminarán automáticamente si Usted infringe alguna condición establecida en ella. Sin embargo, los individuos o entidades que han recibido Obras Derivadas o Colectivas de Usted de conformidad con esta Licencia, no verán terminadas sus licencias, siempre que estos individuos o entidades sigan cumpliendo íntegramente las condiciones de estas licencias. Las Secciones 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, y 8 subsistirán a cualquier terminación de esta Licencia.

b.	Sujeta a las condiciones y términos anteriores, la licencia otorgada aquí es perpetua (durante el período de vigencia de los derechos de autor de la obra). No obstante lo anterior, el Licenciante se reserva el derecho a publicar y/o estrenar la Obra bajo condiciones de licencia diferentes o a dejar de distribuirla en los términos de esta Licencia en cualquier momento; en el entendido, sin embargo, que esa elección no servirá para revocar esta licencia o que deba ser otorgada , bajo los términos de esta licencia), y esta licencia continuará en pleno vigor y efecto a menos que sea terminada como se expresa atrás. La Licencia revocada continuará siendo plenamente vigente y efectiva si no se le da término en las condiciones indicadas anteriormente.

8. Varios.

a.	Cada vez que Usted distribuya o ponga a disposición pública la Obra o una Obra Colectiva, el Licenciante ofrecerá al destinatario una licencia en los mismos términos y condiciones que la licencia otorgada a Usted bajo esta Licencia.

b.	Si alguna disposición de esta Licencia resulta invalidada o no exigible, según la legislación vigente, esto no afectará ni la validez ni la aplicabilidad del resto de condiciones de esta Licencia y, sin acción adicional por parte de los sujetos de este acuerdo, aquélla se entenderá reformada lo mínimo necesario para hacer que dicha disposición sea válida y exigible.

c.	Ningún término o disposición de esta Licencia se estimará renunciada y ninguna violación de ella será consentida a menos que esa renuncia o consentimiento sea otorgado por escrito y firmado por la parte que renuncie o consienta.

d.	Esta Licencia refleja el acuerdo pleno entre las partes respecto a la Obra aquí licenciada. No hay arreglos, acuerdos o declaraciones respecto a la Obra que no estén especificados en este documento. El Licenciante no se verá limitado por ninguna disposición adicional que pueda surgir en alguna comunicación emanada de Usted. Esta Licencia no puede ser modificada sin el consentimiento mutuo por escrito del Licenciante y Usted.
 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