Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach

Species of Bufonidae and Leptodactylidae are common in the Colombian tropical dry forest. Although some of them are associated with active foraging and consumption of termites and ants, their trophic ecology is mostly unknown. The diet of five anuran species of Bufonidae (Rhinella horribilis, R. hum...

Full description

Autores:
Blanco-Torres, Argelina
Duré, Marta
Bonilla-Gómez, María Argenis
Tipo de recurso:
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
Fecha de publicación:
2021
Institución:
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8285
Acceso en línea:
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8285
https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Amphibia
Diet
Niche overlap
Resource partitioning
Spatiotemporal variation
Rights
openAccess
License
CC0 1.0 Universal
id RCUC2_0aec8301e0744a5f07db93c752deeec8
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/8285
network_acronym_str RCUC2
network_name_str REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
title Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
spellingShingle Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
Amphibia
Diet
Niche overlap
Resource partitioning
Spatiotemporal variation
title_short Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
title_full Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
title_fullStr Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
title_full_unstemmed Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
title_sort Trophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal Approach
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Blanco-Torres, Argelina
Duré, Marta
Bonilla-Gómez, María Argenis
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Blanco-Torres, Argelina
Duré, Marta
Bonilla-Gómez, María Argenis
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Amphibia
Diet
Niche overlap
Resource partitioning
Spatiotemporal variation
topic Amphibia
Diet
Niche overlap
Resource partitioning
Spatiotemporal variation
description Species of Bufonidae and Leptodactylidae are common in the Colombian tropical dry forest. Although some of them are associated with active foraging and consumption of termites and ants, their trophic ecology is mostly unknown. The diet of five anuran species of Bufonidae (Rhinella horribilis, R. humboldti) and the leptodactylid subfamily Leiuperinae (Engystomops pustulosus, Pleurodema brachyops, and Pseudopaludicola pusilla) was examined at six sites of the Colombian Caribbean in fragments of dry forest and different land uses. A total of 310 food items were identified. The greatest contribution was represented by Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Isoptera, and Diptera. The species differed in number and volume of prey. Except for Pseudopaludicola pusilla, which behaves as a generalist predator, species had high intake of termites and ants. Engystomops pustulosus preferred termites, Pleurodema brachyops had high consumption of ants and termites, and the two bufonid species were myrmecophagous. Except for Pseudopaludicola pusilla, predator and prey size was related. Most species have overlapping diets (spatially and temporally) when analyzing food items identified at the order level. However, the richness of different prey within these orders allows the coexistence of species. The diet of these species presents similar trends in different habitats throughout their distribution area.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-26T19:27:54Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2021-05-26T19:27:54Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2021
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Pre-Publicación
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTR
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816b
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv 1808-9798
1982-355X
dc.identifier.uri.spa.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8285
dc.identifier.doi.spa.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1
dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv 1808-9798
1982-355X
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/8285
https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv 1. Alfaro A.G., Álvarez T.A., Sarabia M.S. 2001. Hábitos Alimenticios de Bufo valliceps bajo distintas condiciones con aportación al conocimiento de la ecología alimenticia de Bufo marinus y Bufo marmoreus . Revista de Zoología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12:28–32.
2. Alves J.W., Pacheco R., Bernardo P.L. 2003. Feeding habits of the frogs Pleurodema diplirostris (Anura. Leptodactylidae) in Quaternary sand dunes of the Middle Rio Sao Francisco. Bahia. Brazil. Phyllomedusa 2:83–92. DOI
3. Angulo A., Rueda-Almonacid J.V., Rodríguez-Mahecha J.V., La Marca E. (Eds). 2006. Técnicas de Inventario y Monitoreo para los Anfibios de la Región Tropical Andina. Conservación Internacional. Serie manuales de campo No 2. Panamericana Formas e Impresos S.A., Bogotá D.C.
4. Arroyo S.B., Serrano-Cardozo V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla M.P. 2008. Diet, microhabitat and time of activity in a Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) assemblage. Phyllomedusa 7:109–119. DOI
5. Attademo A.M., Peltzer P.M., Lajmanovich R.C. 2007. Feeding habits of (Anura. Leptodactylidae) Physalaemus biligonigerus from soybean field of Córdoba Province. Argentina. Russian Journal of Herpetology 14:1–6.
6. Biavati G.M., Wiederhecker H.C., Colli G.R. 2004. Diet of Epipedobates flavopictus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in a Neotropical Savanna. Journal of Herpetology 38:510–518. DOI
7. Blanco-Torres A., Bonilla-Gómez M.A. 2010. Partición de microhábitats entre especies de Bufonidae y Leiuperidae (Amphibia: Anura) en áreas con bosque seco tropical de la región Caribe–Colombia. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15:47–60.
8. Caldwell J.P., Vitt L.J. 1999. Dietary asymmetry in leaf litter frogs and lizards in a transitional northern Amazonian rain forest. Oikos 84:383–397. DOI
9. Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies. 2007. Catálogo Nacional de Estaciones. Accessible at: http://www.ideam.gov.co/solicitud-de-informacion.
10. Colwell R.K., Futuyma D.J. 1971. On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology 52:567–576. DOI
11. Cope E.D. 1864. Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 16:166–181.
12. Cope E. D. 1869. Sixth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20:305–312.
13. da Rosa I., Canavero A., Maneyro R., Naya D.E., Camargo A. 2002. Diet of four sympatric anuran species in a temperate environment. Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay 13:12–20.
14. Das I. 1996. Folivory and seasonal changes in diet in Rana hexadactyla (Anura: Ranidae). Journal of Zoology 238:785–794. DOI
15. Díaz-Páez H., Ortiz J.C. 2003. Hábitos alimentarios de Pleurodema thaul (Anura, Leptodactylidae) en Concepción, Chile. Gayana 67:25–32. DOI
16. Dodd C.K. Jr. (Ed.). 2010. Amphibian Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press, New York.
17. Duellman W., Trueb L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill, New York.
18. Dunhan A.E. 1983. Realized niche overlap, resource abundance and intensity of interspecific competition. Pp. 261–280, in Huey R.B., Pianka E.R., Schoener T.W. (Eds), Lizard Ecology: Studies of a Model Organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
19. Duré M.I. 2002. Pseudopaludicola falcipes (NCN). Diet. Herpetological Review 33:12.
20. Duré M.I., Schaefer E.F., Hammann M.I., Kehr A.I. 2009. Consideraciones ecológicas sobre la dieta, la reproducción y el parasitismo de Pseudopaludicola boliviana (Anura, Leptodactylidae) de Corrientes Argentina. Phyllomedusa 3:121–131.
21. Emerson S.B. 1985. Skull shape in frogs - correlations with diet. Herpetologica 41:177–188.
22. Entsminger G.L. 2012. EcoSim Professional: Null modelling software for ecologists, Version 1. Available from: www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim/index.htm.
23. Escobar F. 1997. Estudio de la comunidad de coleópteros coprófagos (Scarabaeidae) en un remanente de bosque seco tropical al norte del Tolima, Colombia. Caldasia 19:419–430.
24. Feinsinger P., Spears E.E., Poole R.W. 1981. A simple measure of niche breadth. Ecology 62:27–32. DOI
25. Fitzinger L.J. 1826. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschaftstafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K.K. Zoologischen Museums zu Wien. J.G. Heubner, Wien. DOI
26. Gallardo J.M. 1965. The species Bufo granulosus Spix (Salientia: Bufonidae) and its geographic variation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 134:107–138.
27. González-Duran G., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas P.D.A., Escobar-Lasso S. 2012. Physalaemus pustulosus (Tungara Frog). Diet. Herpetological Review 43:124–125.
28. Gotelli N.J., Entsminger G.L. 2005. EcoSim: Null models software for ecology, Version 7. Available from: http://garyentsminger.com/ecosim.htm.
29. Gray J.E. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy Series 2 10:193–217.
30. Guzmán P.A., Salazar J.C. 2012. Una aproximación estadística para explorar la relación entre la morfometría de unas ranas colombianas y sus hábitos alimenticios. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín 1:23–39.
31. Hammer O., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. 2007. PAST - Paleontological Statistics, Version 1.73. Available from: http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past.
32. Hensel R. 1867. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Wirbelthiere Südbrasilens. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 33:120–162. DOI
33. Heyer W.R., Bellin M.S. 1973. Ecological notes on five sympatric Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) from Ecuador. Herpetologica 29:66–72.
34. Hyslop E.J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis—a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17:411–429. DOI
35. Isaacs P., Hoyos J.M. 2010. Diet of the cane toad in different vegetation covers in the productive systems of the Colombian coffee region. South American Journal of Herpetology 5:45–50. DOI
36. Jacsik F.M. 2001. Ecología de Comunidades. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile.
37. Jiménez de la Espada M. 1872. Nuevos batrácios americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid 1:84–88.
38. Levins R. 1968. Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explorations. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. DOI
39. Lima A.P. 1998. The effect of size on the diets of six sympatric species of postmetaorphic litter anurans in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology 32:392–399.
40. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differential, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentiis Salvii, Holmiae. DOI
41. López J., Scarabotti P., Medrano M., Ghirardi R. 2009. Is the red spotted green frog Hypsiboas punctatus (Anura: Hylidae) selecting its preys? The importance of prey availability. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:847–857.
42. Macale D., Vignoli L., Carpaneto G.M. 2008. Food selection strategy during the reproductive period in three syntopic hylid species from a subtropical wetland of north-east Argentina. Herpetological Journal 18:49–58.
43. MacArthur R., Levins R. 1964. Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 51:1207–1210. DOI
44. Medianero E., Valderrama A., Barrios H. 2003. Diversidad de insectos minadores de hojas y formadores de agallas en el dosel y sotobosque del bosque tropical. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (Nueva Serie) 89:153–168.
45. Medina C.A., González F.A. 2014. Escarabajos coprófagos de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae. Pp. 194–213, in Pizano C., García H. (Eds.), El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.
46. Meisel A., Perez G.J. 2007. La Guajira y el Mito de las Regalías Redentoras. Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economía Regional No. 86. Banco de la Republica, Cartagena de Indias.
47. Palacios-Vargas J.G., Castaño-Meneses G., Gómez-Anaya J.A., Martínez-Yrizar A., Mejía-Recamier B.E., Martínez-Sánchez J. 2007. Litter and soil arthropods diversity and density in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Western México. Biodiversity and Conservation 16:3703–3717. DOI
48. Parker H.W. 1927. A revision of the frogs of the genera Pseudopaludicola, Physalaemus, and Pleurodema . Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9 20:450–478. DOI
49. Parmelee J.R. 1999. Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas 11:1–59. DOI
50. Pfeiffer W. 1996. Litter invertebrates. Pp. 137–181, in Reagan D.P., Waide R.B. (Eds.), The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
51. Pianka E.R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:53–74. DOI
52. Pianka E.R. 1974. Niche relations of desert lizards. Pp. 292–314, in Cody M., Diamond J. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press, Boston.
53. Pianka E.R., Parker W.S. 1975. Ecology of horned lizard: a review with special reference to Phrynosoma platyrhinos . Copeia 1975:141–162. DOI
54. Piatti L., Souza F.L. 2011. Diet and resource partitioning among anurans in irrigated rice fields in Pantanal, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 71:653–661. DOI
55. Pincheira-Donoso D. 2002. Nota sobre la alimentación de Pleurodema bufonina Bell, 1843 (Anura - Leptodactylidae). Gayana 66:77–80. DOI
56. Ruthven A.G. 1916. A new species of Paludicola from Colombia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 30:1–3.
57. Sanabria E., Quiroga L., Acosta J.C. 2007. Hábitos alimentarios de infantiles de Pleurodema nebulosum (Anura: Leptodactylidae) en Matagusanos, San Juan, Argentina. Revista Peruana de Biología 14:295–296. DOI
58. Santana A.S., Juncá F.A. 2007. Diet of Physalaemus cf. cicada (Leptodactylidae) and Bufo granulosus (Bufonidae) in a semideciduous forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology 67:125–131. DOI
59. Santos J.W.A., Damasceno R.P., Rocha P.L.B. 2003. Feeding habits of the frogs Pleurodema diplirostris (Anura. Leptodactylidae) in Quaternary sand dunes of the Middle Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. Phyllomedusa 2:83–92. DOI
60. Shannon C.E., Weaver W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois.
61. Toft C.A. 1980. Feeding ecology of thirteen syntopic species of anurans in a seasonal tropical environment. Oecologia 45:131–141. DOI
62. Toft C.A. 1981. Feeding ecology of Panamanian litter anurans: patterns in diet and foraging mode. Journal of Herpetology 15:139–144. DOI
63. Toft C.A. 1985. Resource partitioning in amphibians and reptiles. Copeia 1985:1–21. DOI
64. Toft C.A., Duellman W.E. 1979. Anurans of the lower Río Llullapichis, Amazonian Perú: a preliminary analysis of community structure. Herpetologica 35:71–77.
65. Tokeshi M. 1999. Species Coexistence – Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford.
66. Triplehorn C., Johnson N. 2005. Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont.
67. Vignoli L., Luiselli L. 2012. Dietary relationships among coexisting anuran amphibians: a worldwide quantitative review. Oecologia 169:499–509. DOI
68. Vitt L., Caldwell J. 2014. Herpetology, an Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.
69. Wells K.D. 2007. The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University Chicago Press, Chicago. DOI
70. Werner F. 1896. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Reptilien und Batrachier von Centralamerika und Chile, sowie einiger seltenerer Schlangenarten. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 46:344–365.
71. Whitfield S.M., Donnelly M.A. 2006. Ontogenetic and seasonal variation in the diets of a Costa Rican leaf-litter herpetofauna. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22:409–417. DOI
72. Wiegmann A.F.A. 1833. Herpetologischen Beyträge. I. Ueber die mexicanischen Kröten nebst bemerkungen über ihren verwandte Arten anderer Weltgegenden. Isis von Oken 26:651–662.
dc.rights.spa.fl_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.coar.spa.fl_str_mv http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
rights_invalid_str_mv CC0 1.0 Universal
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv South American Journal of Herpetology
institution Corporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.source.url.spa.fl_str_mv https://bioone.org/journals/south-american-journal-of-herpetology/volume-19/issue-1/SAJH-D-17-00057.1/Trophic-Relationships-among-Five-Species-of-Anura-in-the-Colombian/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1.short?tab=ArticleLink
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9af7c952-f63a-4100-a010-188c9285d297/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/01d1a033-bb28-4dd8-8fef-0c86bcc7b5bf/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b195d4f-cdf8-411a-8db5-3e5fcaa1b642/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e46f9a3b-4ec5-4c2d-b796-de6eb90924cb/download
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/389f91b9-cdb6-410d-b6de-599248e49df0/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 27bbd86f587d3ec9d9dd1c607d196fdb
42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708c
e30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9bad
9ac42e492494c373c288bc21db0c49d8
af301e46d76450f0340aba2c021bcea5
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUC
repository.mail.fl_str_mv repdigital@cuc.edu.co
_version_ 1811760836927029248
spelling Blanco-Torres, ArgelinaDuré, MartaBonilla-Gómez, María Argenis2021-05-26T19:27:54Z2021-05-26T19:27:54Z20211808-97981982-355Xhttps://hdl.handle.net/11323/8285https://doi.org/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/Species of Bufonidae and Leptodactylidae are common in the Colombian tropical dry forest. Although some of them are associated with active foraging and consumption of termites and ants, their trophic ecology is mostly unknown. The diet of five anuran species of Bufonidae (Rhinella horribilis, R. humboldti) and the leptodactylid subfamily Leiuperinae (Engystomops pustulosus, Pleurodema brachyops, and Pseudopaludicola pusilla) was examined at six sites of the Colombian Caribbean in fragments of dry forest and different land uses. A total of 310 food items were identified. The greatest contribution was represented by Coleoptera, Hymenoptera (Formicidae), Isoptera, and Diptera. The species differed in number and volume of prey. Except for Pseudopaludicola pusilla, which behaves as a generalist predator, species had high intake of termites and ants. Engystomops pustulosus preferred termites, Pleurodema brachyops had high consumption of ants and termites, and the two bufonid species were myrmecophagous. Except for Pseudopaludicola pusilla, predator and prey size was related. Most species have overlapping diets (spatially and temporally) when analyzing food items identified at the order level. However, the richness of different prey within these orders allows the coexistence of species. The diet of these species presents similar trends in different habitats throughout their distribution area.Blanco-Torres, Argelina-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-6961-6845-600Duré, Marta-will be generated-orcid-0000-0002-7037-162X-600Bonilla-Gómez, María Argenisapplication/pdfengCorporación Universidad de la CostaCC0 1.0 Universalhttp://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2South American Journal of Herpetologyhttps://bioone.org/journals/south-american-journal-of-herpetology/volume-19/issue-1/SAJH-D-17-00057.1/Trophic-Relationships-among-Five-Species-of-Anura-in-the-Colombian/10.2994/SAJH-D-17-00057.1.short?tab=ArticleLinkAmphibiaDietNiche overlapResource partitioningSpatiotemporal variationTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest: A Spatial and Temporal ApproachPre-Publicaciónhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_816bTextinfo:eu-repo/semantics/preprinthttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTOTRinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion1. Alfaro A.G., Álvarez T.A., Sarabia M.S. 2001. Hábitos Alimenticios de Bufo valliceps bajo distintas condiciones con aportación al conocimiento de la ecología alimenticia de Bufo marinus y Bufo marmoreus . Revista de Zoología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 12:28–32.2. Alves J.W., Pacheco R., Bernardo P.L. 2003. Feeding habits of the frogs Pleurodema diplirostris (Anura. Leptodactylidae) in Quaternary sand dunes of the Middle Rio Sao Francisco. Bahia. Brazil. Phyllomedusa 2:83–92. DOI3. Angulo A., Rueda-Almonacid J.V., Rodríguez-Mahecha J.V., La Marca E. (Eds). 2006. Técnicas de Inventario y Monitoreo para los Anfibios de la Región Tropical Andina. Conservación Internacional. Serie manuales de campo No 2. Panamericana Formas e Impresos S.A., Bogotá D.C.4. Arroyo S.B., Serrano-Cardozo V.H., Ramírez-Pinilla M.P. 2008. Diet, microhabitat and time of activity in a Pristimantis (Anura, Strabomantidae) assemblage. Phyllomedusa 7:109–119. DOI5. Attademo A.M., Peltzer P.M., Lajmanovich R.C. 2007. Feeding habits of (Anura. Leptodactylidae) Physalaemus biligonigerus from soybean field of Córdoba Province. Argentina. Russian Journal of Herpetology 14:1–6.6. Biavati G.M., Wiederhecker H.C., Colli G.R. 2004. Diet of Epipedobates flavopictus (Anura: Dendrobatidae) in a Neotropical Savanna. Journal of Herpetology 38:510–518. DOI7. Blanco-Torres A., Bonilla-Gómez M.A. 2010. Partición de microhábitats entre especies de Bufonidae y Leiuperidae (Amphibia: Anura) en áreas con bosque seco tropical de la región Caribe–Colombia. Acta Biológica Colombiana 15:47–60.8. Caldwell J.P., Vitt L.J. 1999. Dietary asymmetry in leaf litter frogs and lizards in a transitional northern Amazonian rain forest. Oikos 84:383–397. DOI9. Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies. 2007. Catálogo Nacional de Estaciones. Accessible at: http://www.ideam.gov.co/solicitud-de-informacion.10. Colwell R.K., Futuyma D.J. 1971. On the measurement of niche breadth and overlap. Ecology 52:567–576. DOI11. Cope E.D. 1864. Contributions to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 16:166–181.12. Cope E. D. 1869. Sixth contribution to the herpetology of tropical America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 20:305–312.13. da Rosa I., Canavero A., Maneyro R., Naya D.E., Camargo A. 2002. Diet of four sympatric anuran species in a temperate environment. Boletín de la Sociedad Zoológica del Uruguay 13:12–20.14. Das I. 1996. Folivory and seasonal changes in diet in Rana hexadactyla (Anura: Ranidae). Journal of Zoology 238:785–794. DOI15. Díaz-Páez H., Ortiz J.C. 2003. Hábitos alimentarios de Pleurodema thaul (Anura, Leptodactylidae) en Concepción, Chile. Gayana 67:25–32. DOI16. Dodd C.K. Jr. (Ed.). 2010. Amphibian Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press, New York.17. Duellman W., Trueb L. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill, New York.18. Dunhan A.E. 1983. Realized niche overlap, resource abundance and intensity of interspecific competition. Pp. 261–280, in Huey R.B., Pianka E.R., Schoener T.W. (Eds), Lizard Ecology: Studies of a Model Organism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.19. Duré M.I. 2002. Pseudopaludicola falcipes (NCN). Diet. Herpetological Review 33:12.20. Duré M.I., Schaefer E.F., Hammann M.I., Kehr A.I. 2009. Consideraciones ecológicas sobre la dieta, la reproducción y el parasitismo de Pseudopaludicola boliviana (Anura, Leptodactylidae) de Corrientes Argentina. Phyllomedusa 3:121–131.21. Emerson S.B. 1985. Skull shape in frogs - correlations with diet. Herpetologica 41:177–188.22. Entsminger G.L. 2012. EcoSim Professional: Null modelling software for ecologists, Version 1. Available from: www.garyentsminger.com/ecosim/index.htm.23. Escobar F. 1997. Estudio de la comunidad de coleópteros coprófagos (Scarabaeidae) en un remanente de bosque seco tropical al norte del Tolima, Colombia. Caldasia 19:419–430.24. Feinsinger P., Spears E.E., Poole R.W. 1981. A simple measure of niche breadth. Ecology 62:27–32. DOI25. Fitzinger L.J. 1826. Neue Classification der Reptilien nach ihren natürlichen Verwandtschaften. Nebst einer Verwandtschaftstafel und einem Verzeichnisse der Reptilien-Sammlung des K.K. Zoologischen Museums zu Wien. J.G. Heubner, Wien. DOI26. Gallardo J.M. 1965. The species Bufo granulosus Spix (Salientia: Bufonidae) and its geographic variation. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 134:107–138.27. González-Duran G., Gutiérrez-Cárdenas P.D.A., Escobar-Lasso S. 2012. Physalaemus pustulosus (Tungara Frog). Diet. Herpetological Review 43:124–125.28. Gotelli N.J., Entsminger G.L. 2005. EcoSim: Null models software for ecology, Version 7. Available from: http://garyentsminger.com/ecosim.htm.29. Gray J.E. 1825. A synopsis of the genera of reptiles and Amphibia, with a description of some new species. Annals of Philosophy Series 2 10:193–217.30. Guzmán P.A., Salazar J.C. 2012. Una aproximación estadística para explorar la relación entre la morfometría de unas ranas colombianas y sus hábitos alimenticios. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín 1:23–39.31. Hammer O., Harper D.A.T., Ryan P.D. 2007. PAST - Paleontological Statistics, Version 1.73. Available from: http://folk.uio.no/ohammer/past.32. Hensel R. 1867. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Wirbelthiere Südbrasilens. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 33:120–162. DOI33. Heyer W.R., Bellin M.S. 1973. Ecological notes on five sympatric Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) from Ecuador. Herpetologica 29:66–72.34. Hyslop E.J. 1980. Stomach contents analysis—a review of methods and their application. Journal of Fish Biology 17:411–429. DOI35. Isaacs P., Hoyos J.M. 2010. Diet of the cane toad in different vegetation covers in the productive systems of the Colombian coffee region. South American Journal of Herpetology 5:45–50. DOI36. Jacsik F.M. 2001. Ecología de Comunidades. Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile.37. Jiménez de la Espada M. 1872. Nuevos batrácios americanos. Anales de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural. Madrid 1:84–88.38. Levins R. 1968. Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explorations. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. DOI39. Lima A.P. 1998. The effect of size on the diets of six sympatric species of postmetaorphic litter anurans in Central Amazonia. Journal of Herpetology 32:392–399.40. Linnaeus C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differential, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentiis Salvii, Holmiae. DOI41. López J., Scarabotti P., Medrano M., Ghirardi R. 2009. Is the red spotted green frog Hypsiboas punctatus (Anura: Hylidae) selecting its preys? The importance of prey availability. Revista de Biologia Tropical 57:847–857.42. Macale D., Vignoli L., Carpaneto G.M. 2008. Food selection strategy during the reproductive period in three syntopic hylid species from a subtropical wetland of north-east Argentina. Herpetological Journal 18:49–58.43. MacArthur R., Levins R. 1964. Competition, habitat selection, and character displacement in a patchy environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 51:1207–1210. DOI44. Medianero E., Valderrama A., Barrios H. 2003. Diversidad de insectos minadores de hojas y formadores de agallas en el dosel y sotobosque del bosque tropical. Acta Zoológica Mexicana (Nueva Serie) 89:153–168.45. Medina C.A., González F.A. 2014. Escarabajos coprófagos de la subfamilia Scarabaeinae. Pp. 194–213, in Pizano C., García H. (Eds.), El Bosque Seco Tropical en Colombia. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá.46. Meisel A., Perez G.J. 2007. La Guajira y el Mito de las Regalías Redentoras. Documentos de Trabajo sobre Economía Regional No. 86. Banco de la Republica, Cartagena de Indias.47. Palacios-Vargas J.G., Castaño-Meneses G., Gómez-Anaya J.A., Martínez-Yrizar A., Mejía-Recamier B.E., Martínez-Sánchez J. 2007. Litter and soil arthropods diversity and density in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in Western México. Biodiversity and Conservation 16:3703–3717. DOI48. Parker H.W. 1927. A revision of the frogs of the genera Pseudopaludicola, Physalaemus, and Pleurodema . Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 9 20:450–478. DOI49. Parmelee J.R. 1999. Trophic ecology of a tropical anuran assemblage. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas 11:1–59. DOI50. Pfeiffer W. 1996. Litter invertebrates. Pp. 137–181, in Reagan D.P., Waide R.B. (Eds.), The Food Web of a Tropical Rain Forest. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.51. Pianka E.R. 1973. The structure of lizard communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4:53–74. DOI52. Pianka E.R. 1974. Niche relations of desert lizards. Pp. 292–314, in Cody M., Diamond J. (Eds.), Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Harvard University Press, Boston.53. Pianka E.R., Parker W.S. 1975. Ecology of horned lizard: a review with special reference to Phrynosoma platyrhinos . Copeia 1975:141–162. DOI54. Piatti L., Souza F.L. 2011. Diet and resource partitioning among anurans in irrigated rice fields in Pantanal, Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 71:653–661. DOI55. Pincheira-Donoso D. 2002. Nota sobre la alimentación de Pleurodema bufonina Bell, 1843 (Anura - Leptodactylidae). Gayana 66:77–80. DOI56. Ruthven A.G. 1916. A new species of Paludicola from Colombia. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 30:1–3.57. Sanabria E., Quiroga L., Acosta J.C. 2007. Hábitos alimentarios de infantiles de Pleurodema nebulosum (Anura: Leptodactylidae) en Matagusanos, San Juan, Argentina. Revista Peruana de Biología 14:295–296. DOI58. Santana A.S., Juncá F.A. 2007. Diet of Physalaemus cf. cicada (Leptodactylidae) and Bufo granulosus (Bufonidae) in a semideciduous forest. Brazilian Journal of Biology 67:125–131. DOI59. Santos J.W.A., Damasceno R.P., Rocha P.L.B. 2003. Feeding habits of the frogs Pleurodema diplirostris (Anura. Leptodactylidae) in Quaternary sand dunes of the Middle Rio São Francisco, Bahia, Brazil. Phyllomedusa 2:83–92. DOI60. Shannon C.E., Weaver W. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, Illinois.61. Toft C.A. 1980. Feeding ecology of thirteen syntopic species of anurans in a seasonal tropical environment. Oecologia 45:131–141. DOI62. Toft C.A. 1981. Feeding ecology of Panamanian litter anurans: patterns in diet and foraging mode. Journal of Herpetology 15:139–144. DOI63. Toft C.A. 1985. Resource partitioning in amphibians and reptiles. Copeia 1985:1–21. DOI64. Toft C.A., Duellman W.E. 1979. Anurans of the lower Río Llullapichis, Amazonian Perú: a preliminary analysis of community structure. Herpetologica 35:71–77.65. Tokeshi M. 1999. Species Coexistence – Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford.66. Triplehorn C., Johnson N. 2005. Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects. Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont.67. Vignoli L., Luiselli L. 2012. Dietary relationships among coexisting anuran amphibians: a worldwide quantitative review. Oecologia 169:499–509. DOI68. Vitt L., Caldwell J. 2014. Herpetology, an Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. Fourth Edition. Academic Press, San Diego.69. Wells K.D. 2007. The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians. University Chicago Press, Chicago. DOI70. Werner F. 1896. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Reptilien und Batrachier von Centralamerika und Chile, sowie einiger seltenerer Schlangenarten. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 46:344–365.71. Whitfield S.M., Donnelly M.A. 2006. Ontogenetic and seasonal variation in the diets of a Costa Rican leaf-litter herpetofauna. Journal of Tropical Ecology 22:409–417. DOI72. Wiegmann A.F.A. 1833. Herpetologischen Beyträge. I. Ueber die mexicanischen Kröten nebst bemerkungen über ihren verwandte Arten anderer Weltgegenden. Isis von Oken 26:651–662.PublicationORIGINALTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdfTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdfapplication/pdf90783https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/9af7c952-f63a-4100-a010-188c9285d297/download27bbd86f587d3ec9d9dd1c607d196fdbMD51CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8701https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/01d1a033-bb28-4dd8-8fef-0c86bcc7b5bf/download42fd4ad1e89814f5e4a476b409eb708cMD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83196https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/0b195d4f-cdf8-411a-8db5-3e5fcaa1b642/downloade30e9215131d99561d40d6b0abbe9badMD53THUMBNAILTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdf.jpgTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg64948https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/e46f9a3b-4ec5-4c2d-b796-de6eb90924cb/download9ac42e492494c373c288bc21db0c49d8MD54TEXTTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdf.txtTrophic Relationships among Five Species of Anura in the Colombian Caribbean Tropical Dry Forest.pdf.txttext/plain15519https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/bitstreams/389f91b9-cdb6-410d-b6de-599248e49df0/downloadaf301e46d76450f0340aba2c021bcea5MD5511323/8285oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/82852024-09-17 14:08:14.544http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/CC0 1.0 Universalopen.accesshttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.coRepositorio de la Universidad de la Costa CUCrepdigital@cuc.edu.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

Publicaciones similares