Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them

Autores:

Tipo de recurso:: article

Fecha de publicación:: 2020

Institución:: Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericana

Repositorio:: Repositorio Ibero

Idioma:: eng

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network_acronym_str	IBERO
network_name_str	Repositorio Ibero
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
title	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
spellingShingle	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them Ortega Marin, Jeniffer Hypothesis-driven assessment Sensitivity Specificity False positives False negatives Base rates Predictive values Biases Heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis Sensibilidad Especificidad Falsos positivos Falsos negativos Tasas base Valores predictivos Sesgos Heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses Sensibilidade Especificidade Falso-positivo Falsos negativos Taxas de base Valores preditivos Vieses Heurística
title_short	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
title_full	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
title_fullStr	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
title_full_unstemmed	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
title_sort	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Ortega Marin, Jeniffer
author	Ortega Marin, Jeniffer
author_facet	Ortega Marin, Jeniffer
author_role	author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Hypothesis-driven assessment Sensitivity Specificity False positives False negatives Base rates Predictive values Biases Heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis Sensibilidad Especificidad Falsos positivos Falsos negativos Tasas base Valores predictivos Sesgos Heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses Sensibilidade Especificidade Falso-positivo Falsos negativos Taxas de base Valores preditivos Vieses Heurística
topic	Hypothesis-driven assessment Sensitivity Specificity False positives False negatives Base rates Predictive values Biases Heuristics Evaluación basada en hipótesis Sensibilidad Especificidad Falsos positivos Falsos negativos Tasas base Valores predictivos Sesgos Heurísticas Avaliação orientada por hipóteses Sensibilidade Especificidade Falso-positivo Falsos negativos Taxas de base Valores preditivos Vieses Heurística
publishDate	2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2020-02-20 19:05:20 2020-02-20 19:05:20 2020-02-20 2022-06-14T21:01:48Z 2022-06-14T21:01:48Z
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Artículo de revista http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article Artículo de revista Journal article http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 2500-6517 2027-1786 https://repositorio.ibero.edu.co/handle/001/3828 https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203
identifier_str_mv	10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203 2500-6517 2027-1786
url	https://repositorio.ibero.edu.co/handle/001/3828 https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/download/rip.12203/1504 Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Neuropsicología y Neurociencia: Investigaciones en torno a las bases biológicas del comportamiento 38 2 29 12 Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author. Binder, L., Iverson, G., & Brooks, B. (2009). To err is human: “abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 31-46. doi:10.1093/arclin/acn001 Blakesley, R., Mazumdar, S., Dew, M., Houck, P., Tang, G., Reynolds III, C., & Butters, M. (2009). Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research (Vol. 23). Neuropsychology. doi:doi:10.1037/a0012850 Brooks, B., Sherman, E., Iverson, G., Slick, D. J., & Strauss, E. (2011). sychometric foundations for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results. In J. Glenn, & M. Schoenberg, The little black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach (pp. 893-992). New York: Springer. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-0-387-76978-3_16 Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Gault, C. B. (2007). Estimating the percentage of the population With abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 21(4), 419-430. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.419 Decker, S., Schneider, J., & Hale, J. (2012). Estimating base rates of impairment in neuropsychological test batteries: a comparison of quantitative models. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 69–84. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr088 Duarte, L. (2017). Lenguaje, memoria y habilidades visuoconstructivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la Batería Neuronorma Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56804/ Duff, K. (2012). Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 248-261. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr120 Espitia, A. (2017). Funciones ejecutivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la batería Neuronorma.Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56861/ Fellows, R., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2015). Between-domain cognitive dispersion and functional abilities in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1013-1023. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1050360 Frerichs, R., & Tuokko, H. (2005). A comparison of methods for measuring cognitive change in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 321-333. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.08.002 Glaros, A., & Kline, R. (1988). Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198811)44:6<1013::AID-JCLP2270440627>3.0.CO;2-Z Godefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J. M., Lamy, C., . . . Petitnicolas, G. (2011). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke, 42, 1712-1716. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606277 Hebben, N., & Milberg, W. (2009). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en- us/Essentials+of+Neuropsychological+Assessment-p-9780471215899 Hinton-Bayre, A. (2010). Deriving reliable change statistics from test–retest normative data: Comparison of models and mathematical expressions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 244-256. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq008 Huizenga, H., Agelink van Rentergem, J., Grasman, R., Muslimovic, D., & Schmand, B. (2016). Normative comparisons for large neuropsychological test batteries: User-friendly and sensitive solutions to minimize familywise false positives. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(6), 611-629. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1132299 Iverson, G., Brooks, B., Langenecker, S., & Young, A. (2011). Identifying a cognitive impairment subgroup in adults with mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 360–367. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.001 Jurado, M., & Pueyo, R. (2012). Doing and reporting a neuropsychological assessment. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12(1), 123-141. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/337/33723707009.pdf Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin Group. Retrieved from https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/563/56314/thinking--fast-and-slow/9780141033570.html Kent, P., & Hancock, M. (2016). Interpretation of dichotomous outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probability. Journal of Physiotherapy, 62(4), 231-233. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.008 Mercier, H. (2017). Confirmation bias - Myside bias. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed., pp. 99-114). New York: Routledge. Mistridis, P., Egli, S. C., Iverson, G. L., Berres, M., Willmes, K., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Monsch, A. U. (2015). Considering the base rates of low performance in cognitively healthy older adults improves the accuracy to identify neurocognitive impairment with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeuropsychological Assessment Battery. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265, 07–417. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0571-z Nickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175 Pardo, A., & Ferrer, R. (2013). Significación clínica: falsos positivos en la estimación del cambio individual. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 301-310. doi:10.6018/analesps.29.2.139031 Ruff, R. M. (2003). A friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(8), 847-864. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.002 Russell, E. W., Russell, S. L., & Hill, B. (2005). The fundamental psychometric status of neuropsychological batteries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(6), 785-794. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.05.001 Sánchez-Benavides, G., Peña-Casanova, J., Casals-Coll, M., Gramunt, N., Manero, R. M., Puig-Pijoan, A., . . . Blesa, R. (2016). One-year reference norms of cognitive change in spanish old adults: Data from the NEURONORMA sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 378-388. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw018 Slick, D. J. (2006). Psychometrics in neuropsychological assessment. In E. Strauss, E. M. Sherman, & O. Spreen (Eds.), A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (Third ed., pp. 3-32). New York: Oxford University Press. Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2001). Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychologcial approach. New York: The Guilford Press. Spores, J. M. (2013). Clinician’s guide to psychological assessment and testing: With forms and templates for effective practice. New York: Springer. Stein, J., Luppa, M., Brähler, E., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2010). The assessment of changes in cognitive functioning: Reliable change indices for neuropsychological instruments in the elderly – A systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(3), 275-286. doi:10.1159/000289779 Tanner-Eggen, C., Balzer, C., Perrig, W. J., & Gutbrod, K. (2015). The neuropsychological assessment of cognitive deficits considering measures of performance variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 217–227. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv008 Teigen, K. H. (2017). Judgments by representativeness. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed.). Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge. Thambirajah, M. S. (2005). Chapter 8: Psychological measurements: Their uses and misuses. In Psychological Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 181-201). New York: Churchill Livingstone. Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Vakil, E. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment: Principles, rationale, and challenges. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(2), 135-150. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.623121 Wanlass, R. L. (2012). The neuropsychology toolkit: Guidelines, formats, and language. New York: Springer. Watkins, M. W. (2009). Errors in diagnostic decision making and clinical judgment. In T. B. Gutkin, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of School Psychology (Fourth ed., pp. 210-229). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. Woods, S. P., Ludicello, J. E., Cobb Scott, J., & Grant, I. (2009). Neuropsychological methods in mental disorders research: illustrations from methamphetamine dependence. In S. J. Wood, N. B. Allen, & C. Pantelis (Eds.), The neuropsychology of mental illness (pp. 194- 205). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Wright, A. J. (2011). Conducting psychological assessment: A guide for practitioners. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
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spelling	Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid ThemNeuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid ThemOrtega Marin, JenifferHypothesis-driven assessmentSensitivitySpecificityFalse positivesFalse negativesBase ratesPredictive valuesBiasesHeuristicsEvaluación basada en hipótesisSensibilidadEspecificidadFalsos positivosFalsos negativosTasas baseValores predictivosSesgosHeurísticasAvaliação orientada por hipótesesSensibilidadeEspecificidadeFalso-positivoFalsos negativosTaxas de baseValores preditivosViesesHeurísticaĬbērAM2020-02-20 19:05:202022-06-14T21:01:48Z2020-02-20 19:05:202022-06-14T21:01:48Z2020-02-20Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleArtículo de revistaJournal articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREFinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdf10.33881/2027-1786.rip.122032500-65172027-1786https://repositorio.ibero.edu.co/handle/001/3828https://doi.org/10.33881/2027-1786.rip.12203https://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/view/rip.12203reponame:Repositorio Iberoinstname:Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericanainstacron:Corporación Universitaria Iberoamericanaenghttps://reviberopsicologia.ibero.edu.co/article/download/rip.12203/1504Núm. 2 , Año 2019 : Neuropsicología y Neurociencia: Investigaciones en torno a las bases biológicas del comportamiento3822912Revista Iberoamericana de PsicologíaAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author.Binder, L., Iverson, G., & Brooks, B. (2009). To err is human: “abnormal” neuropsychological scores and variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 31-46. doi:10.1093/arclin/acn001Blakesley, R., Mazumdar, S., Dew, M., Houck, P., Tang, G., Reynolds III, C., & Butters, M. (2009). Comparisons of methods for multiple hypothesis testing in neuropsychological research (Vol. 23). Neuropsychology. doi:doi:10.1037/a0012850Brooks, B., Sherman, E., Iverson, G., Slick, D. J., & Strauss, E. (2011). sychometric foundations for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results. In J. Glenn, & M. Schoenberg, The little black book of neuropsychology: A syndrome-based approach (pp. 893-992). New York: Springer. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/978-0-387-76978-3_16Crawford, J. R., Garthwaite, P. H., & Gault, C. B. (2007). Estimating the percentage of the population With abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications. Neuropsychology, 21(4), 419-430. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.4.419Decker, S., Schneider, J., & Hale, J. (2012). Estimating base rates of impairment in neuropsychological test batteries: a comparison of quantitative models. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27, 69–84. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr088Duarte, L. (2017). Lenguaje, memoria y habilidades visuoconstructivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la Batería Neuronorma Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56804/Duff, K. (2012). Evidence-based indicators of neuropsychological change in the individual patient: Relevant concepts and methods. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(3), 248-261. doi:10.1093/arclin/acr120Espitia, A. (2017). Funciones ejecutivas en el envejecimiento normal: Datos normativos con la batería Neuronorma.Colombia (Tesis de maestría). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/56861/Fellows, R., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2015). Between-domain cognitive dispersion and functional abilities in older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(10), 1013-1023. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1050360Frerichs, R., & Tuokko, H. (2005). A comparison of methods for measuring cognitive change in older adults. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 321-333. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2004.08.002Glaros, A., & Kline, R. (1988). Understanding the accuracy of tests with cutting scores: The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(6), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198811)44:6<1013::AID-JCLP2270440627>3.0.CO;2-ZGodefroy, O., Fickl, A., Roussel, M., Auribault, C., Bugnicourt, J. M., Lamy, C., . . . Petitnicolas, G. (2011). Is the Montreal Cognitive Assessment superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination to detect poststroke cognitive impairment? A study with neuropsychological evaluation. Stroke, 42, 1712-1716. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.606277Hebben, N., & Milberg, W. (2009). Essentials of neuropsychological assessment (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from https://www.wiley.com/en- us/Essentials+of+Neuropsychological+Assessment-p-9780471215899Hinton-Bayre, A. (2010). Deriving reliable change statistics from test–retest normative data: Comparison of models and mathematical expressions. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25(3), 244-256. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq008Huizenga, H., Agelink van Rentergem, J., Grasman, R., Muslimovic, D., & Schmand, B. (2016). Normative comparisons for large neuropsychological test batteries: User-friendly and sensitive solutions to minimize familywise false positives. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(6), 611-629. doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1132299Iverson, G., Brooks, B., Langenecker, S., & Young, A. (2011). Identifying a cognitive impairment subgroup in adults with mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 132, 360–367. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.03.001Jurado, M., & Pueyo, R. (2012). Doing and reporting a neuropsychological assessment. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 12(1), 123-141. Retrieved from https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/337/33723707009.pdfKahneman, D. (2011). Thinking fast and slow. London: Penguin Group. Retrieved from https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/563/56314/thinking--fast-and-slow/9780141033570.htmlKent, P., & Hancock, M. (2016). Interpretation of dichotomous outcomes: sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and pre-test and post-test probability. Journal of Physiotherapy, 62(4), 231-233. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2016.08.008Mercier, H. (2017). Confirmation bias - Myside bias. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed., pp. 99-114). New York: Routledge.Mistridis, P., Egli, S. C., Iverson, G. L., Berres, M., Willmes, K., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., & Monsch, A. U. (2015). Considering the base rates of low performance in cognitively healthy older adults improves the accuracy to identify neurocognitive impairment with the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s DiseaseNeuropsychological Assessment Battery. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 265, 07–417. doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0571-zNickerson, R. S. (1998). Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2), 175-220. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175Pardo, A., & Ferrer, R. (2013). Significación clínica: falsos positivos en la estimación del cambio individual. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 301-310. doi:10.6018/analesps.29.2.139031Ruff, R. M. (2003). A friendly critique of neuropsychology: facing the challenges of our future. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(8), 847-864. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2003.07.002Russell, E. W., Russell, S. L., & Hill, B. (2005). The fundamental psychometric status of neuropsychological batteries. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(6), 785-794. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2005.05.001Sánchez-Benavides, G., Peña-Casanova, J., Casals-Coll, M., Gramunt, N., Manero, R. M., Puig-Pijoan, A., . . . Blesa, R. (2016). One-year reference norms of cognitive change in spanish old adults: Data from the NEURONORMA sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(4), 378-388. doi:10.1093/arclin/acw018Slick, D. J. (2006). Psychometrics in neuropsychological assessment. In E. Strauss, E. M. Sherman, & O. Spreen (Eds.), A Compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (Third ed., pp. 3-32). New York: Oxford University Press.Sohlberg, M. M., & Mateer, C. A. (2001). Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychologcial approach. New York: The Guilford Press.Spores, J. M. (2013). Clinician’s guide to psychological assessment and testing: With forms and templates for effective practice. New York: Springer.Stein, J., Luppa, M., Brähler, E., König, H.-H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2010). The assessment of changes in cognitive functioning: Reliable change indices for neuropsychological instruments in the elderly – A systematic review. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 29(3), 275-286. doi:10.1159/000289779Tanner-Eggen, C., Balzer, C., Perrig, W. J., & Gutbrod, K. (2015). The neuropsychological assessment of cognitive deficits considering measures of performance variability. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30, 217–227. doi:10.1093/arclin/acv008Teigen, K. H. (2017). Judgments by representativeness. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment and memory (Second ed.). Oxon, United Kingdom: Routledge.Thambirajah, M. S. (2005). Chapter 8: Psychological measurements: Their uses and misuses. In Psychological Basis of Psychiatry (pp. 181-201). New York: Churchill Livingstone.Urbina, S. (2014). Essentials of psychological testing (Second ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.Vakil, E. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment: Principles, rationale, and challenges. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 34(2), 135-150. doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.623121Wanlass, R. L. (2012). The neuropsychology toolkit: Guidelines, formats, and language. New York: Springer.Watkins, M. W. (2009). Errors in diagnostic decision making and clinical judgment. In T. B. Gutkin, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of School Psychology (Fourth ed., pp. 210-229). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.Woods, S. P., Ludicello, J. E., Cobb Scott, J., & Grant, I. (2009). Neuropsychological methods in mental disorders research: illustrations from methamphetamine dependence. In S. J. Wood, N. B. Allen, & C. Pantelis (Eds.), The neuropsychology of mental illness (pp. 194- 205). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.Wright, A. J. (2011). Conducting psychological assessment: A guide for practitioners. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/2023-03-10T13:09:23Z

Neuropsychological Diagnostic Accuracy: Factors That Might Lead to a Wrong Diagnosis and How to Avoid Them

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