Fascitis necrosante

Autores:
Mendoza Ramírez, Oscar Eduardo
Medina Lombo, Ronald Antonio
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2007
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Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud - FUCS
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Repositorio Digital Institucional ReDi
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spa
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https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/2350
https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.451
Palabra clave:
fascitis necrosante
infección
necrosis
desbridamiento
fasciotomía
Necrotizing fasciitis
infection
necrosis
debridement
fasciotomy
Rights
openAccess
License
Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud FUCS - 0
id FUCS2_5e162b35faf379c1bfeb1988e834d470
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co:001/2350
network_acronym_str FUCS2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital Institucional ReDi
repository_id_str
dc.title.spa.fl_str_mv Fascitis necrosante
dc.title.translated.eng.fl_str_mv Necrotizing fasciitis
title Fascitis necrosante
spellingShingle Fascitis necrosante
fascitis necrosante
infección
necrosis
desbridamiento
fasciotomía
Necrotizing fasciitis
infection
necrosis
debridement
fasciotomy
title_short Fascitis necrosante
title_full Fascitis necrosante
title_fullStr Fascitis necrosante
title_full_unstemmed Fascitis necrosante
title_sort Fascitis necrosante
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Mendoza Ramírez, Oscar Eduardo
Medina Lombo, Ronald Antonio
dc.contributor.author.spa.fl_str_mv Mendoza Ramírez, Oscar Eduardo
Medina Lombo, Ronald Antonio
dc.subject.spa.fl_str_mv fascitis necrosante
infección
necrosis
desbridamiento
fasciotomía
topic fascitis necrosante
infección
necrosis
desbridamiento
fasciotomía
Necrotizing fasciitis
infection
necrosis
debridement
fasciotomy
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Necrotizing fasciitis
infection
necrosis
debridement
fasciotomy
publishDate 2007
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2007-03-01 00:00:00
2022-02-21T20:36:36Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2007-03-01
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2007-03-01 00:00:00
2022-02-21T20:36:36Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
dc.type.eng.fl_str_mv Journal article
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dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv Text
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dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 0121-7372
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/2350
dc.identifier.eissn.none.fl_str_mv 2462-991X
dc.identifier.url.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.451
identifier_str_mv 10.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.451
0121-7372
2462-991X
url https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/2350
https://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.451
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv spa
language spa
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Jones J. Investigation on the nature, causes and treatment of hospital gangrene as it prevails in the confederate armies 1861-1865. En: Hasting Hamilton F, editor. Surgical memoirs of the war rebellion. New York: Sanitary commission; 1871.
Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG. Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. Lancet. 1994; 344 (8921): 556.
Loudon I. Necrotising fasciitis, hospital gangrene, and phagedena. Lancet. 1994; 344: 1416-19.
Meleney FL. Hemolytic streptococcus gangrene. Arch Surg. 1924; 9: 317-364.
Meleney FL. A differential diagnosis between certain typers of infectious gangrene of the skin. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1933; 56: 847-67.
Wilson B. Necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg. 1952; 18(4) : 416-31.
Nowak R. Flesh-eating bacteria: not new, but still wirrisome. Science. 1994; 264: 1665.
Trem JT, Kirshner RS. Diagnosis necrotizing fasciitis. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2002; 15: 135-38.
Yuag-Meng L, Chih-Yu C, et al. Microbiology and factors affecting mortality in necrotizing fasciitis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2005; 38: 430- 35.
Wall DB, De Virgilio C, et al. Objective criteria may assist in distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis soft tissue infection. Am J Surg. 2000; 179 (1): 17-21.
Schroeder JL, Steinke EE. Necrotizing fasciitis - the imporance of early diagnosis and debridement. AORN J. 2005; 82(6): 1031-40.
Canoso J, Barza M. Soft tissue infections. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 19: 293- 309.
Voros D, Pissiotis C, et al. Role of early and extensive surgery in the treatment of severe necrotizing soft tissue infections. Br J Surg. 1993; 80: 1190-91.
Chelsom J, Halstensen A, et al. Necrotising fasciitis due to group A streptococci in western Norway: mcidence and features. Lancet. 344 (8930):1111-5.
Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 20(5 Pt 1):774-81.
Ward RG, Walsh MS. Necrotizing fascitis: 10 years' experience in district general hospital. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991; 78: 488-89.
Stephens BJ, Lathrop JC, et al. Fournier's gangrene: historic (1764-1978) versus contemporany (1979-1988) differences in etiology and clinical importance. Am Surg. 1993 ; 59 : 149-54.
Fournier JA. Gangrene foudroyante de la verge. Sem Med. 1883; 3: 345-47.
Kronish JW, McLeish WM. Eyelid necrosis and periorbital necrotizian fasciitis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98(1):92-8.
Sudarsky LA, Laschinger JC, et al. Improved results from a standardized approach in treating patients with necrotizing fascitis. Ann Surg. 1987; 206: 661-65.
McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, et al. Determinants of mortality in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Ann Surg. 1995; 221: 558-63.
Francis KR, Lamaute HR, et al. Implication of risk factors in necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg. 1993; 559: 304-08.
Andze G, Pagbe JJ, et al. Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis in infants. Apropos of a case. J Chir (Paris). 1995 Feb; 132(2):90-3.
Angelici AM, Nasti AG, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: our experience. G Chir. 2004; 25(5):167-70.
Schwarz G, Sagy M, Barzilay Z. Multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in varicella. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989; 5: 31-3.
McHenry CR, Brandt CP, et al. Idiopathic necrotizing fascitis: recognition, incidence, and outcome of therapy. Am Surg. 1994; 60: 490-94.
Laucks SS. Fournier's gangrene. Surg Clin North Am.1994; 74: 1339-52.
Efem SE. The features and etiology ofFournier's gangrene. Postgrad Med. 1994; 70: 568-71.
Rimailho A, Riou B, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Dis. 1987; 55: 143-46.
Brun-Buisson CJL, Saada M, et al. Haemolytic streptococcal gangrene and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ. 1985; 290: 1786.
Van Arnmers P, Moore P, Sacho H. Necrotizing fasciitisafter caesarean section - association with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. S Afr Med J. 1991; 80: 203-04.
Maynor M. "Necrotizing fascitis". E-medicine [serie en Internet]. [citado 15 Ene. 2005]: [aprox 3 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.emedicine.co emerg/topic332.htm.
Wong CH, Chang HC et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determmants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85-A (8): 1454-60.
Majeski JA, Majeski E. Necrotizing fasciitis: improved survival with early recognition by tissue biopsy and aggressive surgical treatment. South Med J. 1997; 90: 1065-68.
Majeski JA, Alexander JW. Early diagnosis, nutricional support and immediate extensive debridement improve survival in necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 1983; 145: 781-87.
Bilton BD, Zibari GB, et al. Aggressive surgical management of necrotizing fasciitis serves to decrease mortality a retrospective study. Am Surg. 1998; 64: 397-401.
Walshaw C, Deans 11. CT findings in necrotizing fasciitis: a report of four cases. Clin Radiol. 1996; 51: 429-32.
Faucher LD, Monis SE, et al. Burn center management of necrotizing soft-tissue surgical infections in unburned patients. Am J Surg. 2001; 182(6): 563-69.
Elliott DC, Kufera, JA, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: risk factors for mortality and strategies for management. Ann Surg. 1996; 224(5): 672- 83.
Conly J. Soft tissue infections. En: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, et al. Principles of critical care. New Cork: Mc Graw-Hill; 1992. p. 1325-34.
Moore, K. Anatomía con orientación clínica. 3a ed. Madrid: Médica Panamericana; 1993.
Ramsi C, Vinay K, et al. Patología estructural y funcional. 6a ed. Filadelfia: McGraw-Hill; 2000.
Wong C, Wang Y. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005; 18: 101-06.
Wilkerson R, Paul W, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: review of literature ans case report. Clin Orthop Relat. 1987; 216: 187-92.
Barker F, Leppard B, Seal D. Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: comparison between histological and clinical features. J Clin Pathol. 1987; 40: 335-41.
Seal D. Necrotizing fasciitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001; 14: 127-32.
Guiliano A, Lewis F, et al. Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 1977; 134: 52-7.
Green R, Dafoe D, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis. Chest. 1996; 110: 219-27.
Fuggit J, Puckett M, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis. Radiographics. 2004; 24(5): 1472-76.
Barie P. The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score: useful tool or paralysis by analisis?. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1618-19.
Wong C, Khin L, et al. The LRINEC (The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Cnt Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1535-41.
Wong C. Clinical relevance of the LRINEC (The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score for assessment of early Necrotizing Fasciitis. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(7):1677.
Wall, D, Klein, S, et al. A simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection. J Am Coll Surg. 2000; 191(3): 227-31.
Struk D, Punk P, et al. Imaging of soft tissue infections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001; 39: 277-301.
Becker M, Zbaren P, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: role of CT in diagnosis and management. Radiology. 1997; 202: 471-76.
Millar T, Randolph D, et al. Fat-suppressed MRI of musculoskeletal infection: fast T2-weighted images techniques versus gadolinium-enhanced Tl-weighted images. Skeletal Radiol. 1997; 26: 654-58.
Brothers T, Tagle D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging differentiates between necrotizing fasciitis and non-necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity. J Am Coll Surg. 1998; 187(4): 416-21.
Stamenkovic I, Lew D. Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. N Engl J Med. 1984; 310(26): 1689-93.
Wang T, Hung C. Role of tissue oxygen saturation monitoring in diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limbs. Ann Emerg Med. 2004; 44(3): 222-28.
Rodríguez R, Abdullah R, et al. A pilot study of citokine levels and white blood cell counts in the diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2006; 24: 58-61.
Muldrew K, Simpson J, et al. Molecular diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and superantigen gene detection. J Mol Diagn. 2005; 7(5): 641-45.
Majeski J, John J. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: a guide to early diagnosis and imtial therapy. South Med J. 2003; 96(9):900-05.
Praba-Egge A, Lanning D, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis of the chest and abdominal wall arising from an empyema, J Trauma. 2004; 56:1356-61.
64 Patiño JF. Infecciones necrotizantes de la piel y de los tejidos blandos: guías para el manejo de urgencias. Bogotá: Ministerio de Protección Social; 2002.
Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345(19): 1368-77.
Wu W, Lieber M. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy: ten common questions related to the management of severe necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infections. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2001; 10:429-34.
Wilkinson D; Doolette, et al. Hyperbaric medicine unit, department of anaesthesia and intensive care. Arch Surg. 2004; 139(12):1339-45.
Riseman J, Zamboni W, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for necrotizing fasciitis reduces mortality and the need for debridements. Surgery. 1990; 108(5): 847-50.
Harrison T, Fauci A. Principios de medicina interna. 16a ed. [Madrid]: Interamericana; 2006.
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spelling Mendoza Ramírez, Oscar Eduardo361a5783e568714e59c458e7e02e5831500Medina Lombo, Ronald Antoniof956dd064bc7159f43e2905dd83af15f5002007-03-01 00:00:002022-02-21T20:36:36Z2007-03-012007-03-01 00:00:002022-02-21T20:36:36ZSociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá, Hospital de San José y Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la SaludFundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud FUCS - 0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://revistas.fucsalud.edu.co/index.php/repertorio/article/view/451fascitis necrosanteinfecciónnecrosisdesbridamientofasciotomíaNecrotizing fasciitisinfectionnecrosisdebridementfasciotomyFascitis necrosanteNecrotizing fasciitisapplication/pdfArtículo de revistaJournal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8510.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.4510121-7372https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/23502462-991Xhttps://doi.org/10.31260/RepertMedCir.v16.n1.2007.451spaJones J. Investigation on the nature, causes and treatment of hospital gangrene as it prevails in the confederate armies 1861-1865. En: Hasting Hamilton F, editor. Surgical memoirs of the war rebellion. New York: Sanitary commission; 1871.Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG. Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. Lancet. 1994; 344 (8921): 556.Loudon I. Necrotising fasciitis, hospital gangrene, and phagedena. Lancet. 1994; 344: 1416-19.Meleney FL. Hemolytic streptococcus gangrene. Arch Surg. 1924; 9: 317-364.Meleney FL. A differential diagnosis between certain typers of infectious gangrene of the skin. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1933; 56: 847-67.Wilson B. Necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg. 1952; 18(4) : 416-31.Nowak R. Flesh-eating bacteria: not new, but still wirrisome. Science. 1994; 264: 1665.Trem JT, Kirshner RS. Diagnosis necrotizing fasciitis. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2002; 15: 135-38.Yuag-Meng L, Chih-Yu C, et al. Microbiology and factors affecting mortality in necrotizing fasciitis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2005; 38: 430- 35.Wall DB, De Virgilio C, et al. Objective criteria may assist in distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis soft tissue infection. Am J Surg. 2000; 179 (1): 17-21.Schroeder JL, Steinke EE. Necrotizing fasciitis - the imporance of early diagnosis and debridement. AORN J. 2005; 82(6): 1031-40.Canoso J, Barza M. Soft tissue infections. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1993; 19: 293- 309.Voros D, Pissiotis C, et al. Role of early and extensive surgery in the treatment of severe necrotizing soft tissue infections. Br J Surg. 1993; 80: 1190-91.Chelsom J, Halstensen A, et al. Necrotising fasciitis due to group A streptococci in western Norway: mcidence and features. Lancet. 344 (8930):1111-5.Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1989; 20(5 Pt 1):774-81.Ward RG, Walsh MS. Necrotizing fascitis: 10 years' experience in district general hospital. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991; 78: 488-89.Stephens BJ, Lathrop JC, et al. Fournier's gangrene: historic (1764-1978) versus contemporany (1979-1988) differences in etiology and clinical importance. Am Surg. 1993 ; 59 : 149-54.Fournier JA. Gangrene foudroyante de la verge. Sem Med. 1883; 3: 345-47.Kronish JW, McLeish WM. Eyelid necrosis and periorbital necrotizian fasciitis. Report of a case and review of the literature. Ophthalmology. 1991; 98(1):92-8.Sudarsky LA, Laschinger JC, et al. Improved results from a standardized approach in treating patients with necrotizing fascitis. Ann Surg. 1987; 206: 661-65.McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, et al. Determinants of mortality in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Ann Surg. 1995; 221: 558-63.Francis KR, Lamaute HR, et al. Implication of risk factors in necrotizing fasciitis. Am Surg. 1993; 559: 304-08.Andze G, Pagbe JJ, et al. Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis in infants. Apropos of a case. J Chir (Paris). 1995 Feb; 132(2):90-3.Angelici AM, Nasti AG, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: our experience. G Chir. 2004; 25(5):167-70.Schwarz G, Sagy M, Barzilay Z. Multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in varicella. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989; 5: 31-3.McHenry CR, Brandt CP, et al. Idiopathic necrotizing fascitis: recognition, incidence, and outcome of therapy. Am Surg. 1994; 60: 490-94.Laucks SS. Fournier's gangrene. Surg Clin North Am.1994; 74: 1339-52.Efem SE. The features and etiology ofFournier's gangrene. Postgrad Med. 1994; 70: 568-71.Rimailho A, Riou B, et al. Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Dis. 1987; 55: 143-46.Brun-Buisson CJL, Saada M, et al. Haemolytic streptococcal gangrene and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BMJ. 1985; 290: 1786.Van Arnmers P, Moore P, Sacho H. Necrotizing fasciitisafter caesarean section - association with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. S Afr Med J. 1991; 80: 203-04.Maynor M. "Necrotizing fascitis". E-medicine [serie en Internet]. [citado 15 Ene. 2005]: [aprox 3 p.]. Disponible en: http://www.emedicine.co emerg/topic332.htm.Wong CH, Chang HC et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determmants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003; 85-A (8): 1454-60.Majeski JA, Majeski E. Necrotizing fasciitis: improved survival with early recognition by tissue biopsy and aggressive surgical treatment. South Med J. 1997; 90: 1065-68.Majeski JA, Alexander JW. Early diagnosis, nutricional support and immediate extensive debridement improve survival in necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 1983; 145: 781-87.Bilton BD, Zibari GB, et al. Aggressive surgical management of necrotizing fasciitis serves to decrease mortality a retrospective study. Am Surg. 1998; 64: 397-401.Walshaw C, Deans 11. CT findings in necrotizing fasciitis: a report of four cases. Clin Radiol. 1996; 51: 429-32.Faucher LD, Monis SE, et al. Burn center management of necrotizing soft-tissue surgical infections in unburned patients. Am J Surg. 2001; 182(6): 563-69.Elliott DC, Kufera, JA, et al. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: risk factors for mortality and strategies for management. Ann Surg. 1996; 224(5): 672- 83.Conly J. Soft tissue infections. En: Hall JB, Schmidt GA, et al. Principles of critical care. New Cork: Mc Graw-Hill; 1992. p. 1325-34.Moore, K. Anatomía con orientación clínica. 3a ed. Madrid: Médica Panamericana; 1993.Ramsi C, Vinay K, et al. Patología estructural y funcional. 6a ed. Filadelfia: McGraw-Hill; 2000.Wong C, Wang Y. The diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2005; 18: 101-06.Wilkerson R, Paul W, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis: review of literature ans case report. Clin Orthop Relat. 1987; 216: 187-92.Barker F, Leppard B, Seal D. Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: comparison between histological and clinical features. J Clin Pathol. 1987; 40: 335-41.Seal D. Necrotizing fasciitis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001; 14: 127-32.Guiliano A, Lewis F, et al. Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 1977; 134: 52-7.Green R, Dafoe D, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis. Chest. 1996; 110: 219-27.Fuggit J, Puckett M, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis. Radiographics. 2004; 24(5): 1472-76.Barie P. The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score: useful tool or paralysis by analisis?. Crit Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1618-19.Wong C, Khin L, et al. The LRINEC (The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Cnt Care Med. 2004; 32(7): 1535-41.Wong C. Clinical relevance of the LRINEC (The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score for assessment of early Necrotizing Fasciitis. Crit Care Med. 2005; 33(7):1677.Wall, D, Klein, S, et al. A simple model to help distinguish necrotizing fasciitis from nonnecrotizing soft tissue infection. J Am Coll Surg. 2000; 191(3): 227-31.Struk D, Punk P, et al. Imaging of soft tissue infections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001; 39: 277-301.Becker M, Zbaren P, et al. Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: role of CT in diagnosis and management. Radiology. 1997; 202: 471-76.Millar T, Randolph D, et al. Fat-suppressed MRI of musculoskeletal infection: fast T2-weighted images techniques versus gadolinium-enhanced Tl-weighted images. Skeletal Radiol. 1997; 26: 654-58.Brothers T, Tagle D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging differentiates between necrotizing fasciitis and non-necrotizing fasciitis of the lower extremity. J Am Coll Surg. 1998; 187(4): 416-21.Stamenkovic I, Lew D. Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. N Engl J Med. 1984; 310(26): 1689-93.Wang T, Hung C. Role of tissue oxygen saturation monitoring in diagnosing necrotizing fasciitis of the lower limbs. Ann Emerg Med. 2004; 44(3): 222-28.Rodríguez R, Abdullah R, et al. 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