Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base

OBJECTIVE Epidermoid cysts (ECs) commonly extend to involve the ventral cisterns of the cranial base. When present, symptoms arise due to progressive mass effect on the brainstem and adjacent cranial nerves. Historically, a variety of open microsurgical approaches have been used for resection of ECs...

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Autores:
Forbes, Jonathan A.
Banu, Matei
Lehner, Kurt
Ottenhausen, Malte
La Corte, Emanuele
Alalade, Andrew F.
Ordóñez Rubiano, Edgar G.
Greenfield, Jeffrey P.
Anand, Vijay K.
Schwartz, Theodore H.
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2018
Institución:
Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud - FUCS
Repositorio:
Repositorio Digital Institucional ReDi
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co:001/2597
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/2597
Palabra clave:
Endonasal
Endoscopic
Transsphenoidal
Transclival
Epidermoid
Skull base
Suprasellar
Intrasellar
Ventral
Transplanum
Cirugía endoscópica por orificios naturales
Base del cráneo
Endoscopía
Rights
openAccess
License
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
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network_acronym_str FUCS2
network_name_str Repositorio Digital Institucional ReDi
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
title Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
spellingShingle Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
Endonasal
Endoscopic
Transsphenoidal
Transclival
Epidermoid
Skull base
Suprasellar
Intrasellar
Ventral
Transplanum
Cirugía endoscópica por orificios naturales
Base del cráneo
Endoscopía
title_short Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
title_full Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
title_fullStr Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
title_full_unstemmed Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
title_sort Endoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial base
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Forbes, Jonathan A.
Banu, Matei
Lehner, Kurt
Ottenhausen, Malte
La Corte, Emanuele
Alalade, Andrew F.
Ordóñez Rubiano, Edgar G.
Greenfield, Jeffrey P.
Anand, Vijay K.
Schwartz, Theodore H.
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Forbes, Jonathan A.
Banu, Matei
Lehner, Kurt
Ottenhausen, Malte
La Corte, Emanuele
Alalade, Andrew F.
Ordóñez Rubiano, Edgar G.
Greenfield, Jeffrey P.
Anand, Vijay K.
Schwartz, Theodore H.
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Endonasal
Endoscopic
Transsphenoidal
Transclival
Epidermoid
Skull base
Suprasellar
Intrasellar
Ventral
Transplanum
topic Endonasal
Endoscopic
Transsphenoidal
Transclival
Epidermoid
Skull base
Suprasellar
Intrasellar
Ventral
Transplanum
Cirugía endoscópica por orificios naturales
Base del cráneo
Endoscopía
dc.subject.decs.none.fl_str_mv Cirugía endoscópica por orificios naturales
Base del cráneo
Endoscopía
description OBJECTIVE Epidermoid cysts (ECs) commonly extend to involve the ventral cisterns of the cranial base. When present, symptoms arise due to progressive mass effect on the brainstem and adjacent cranial nerves. Historically, a variety of open microsurgical approaches have been used for resection of ECs in this intricate region. In recent years, the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been proposed as an alternative corridor that avoids crossing the plane of the cranial nerves. To date, there is a paucity of data in the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of the EEA in the treatment of ECs of the ventral cranial base. METHODS The authors reviewed a prospectively acquired database of EEAs for resection of ECs over 8 years at Weill Cornell, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. All procedures were performed by the senior authors. Standardized clinical and radiological parameters were assessed before and after surgery. Statistical tests were used to determine the impact of previous surgery and tumor volume on extent of resection and recurrence as well as the method of closure on rate of CSF leak. RESULTS Between January 2009 and February 2017, 7 patients (4 males and 3 females; age range 16–70 years) underwent a total of 8 surgeries for EC resection utilizing the EEA. Transplanum and transclival extensions were performed in 3 and 5 patients, respectively. Methods of closure incorporated a gasket seal in 6 of 8 procedures and a nasoseptal flap in 7 of 8 procedures. Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 43% of patients, and near-total resection (> 95%) was obtained in another 43%. Complications included diabetes insipidus (n = 2), postoperative CSF leak (n = 2), transient third cranial nerve palsy (n = 1), and epistaxis (n = 1). With a mean follow-up of 43.5 months, recurrence has been observed in 2 of 7 patients. In 1 case, reoperation for recurrence was required 71 months following the initial surgery. Use of the gasket-seal technique with nasoseptal flap coverage significantly correlated with the absence of postoperative CSF leakage (p = 0.018). GTR was achieved in 25% of the patients who had prior surgeries and in 50% of patients without previous resections. The mean volume of cysts in which GTR was achieved (4.3 ± 1.8 cm3) was smaller than that in which subtotal or near-total resection was achieved (12.2 ± 11 cm3, p = 0.134). CONCLUSIONS The EEA for resection of ECs of the ventral cranial base is a safe and effective operative strategy that avoids crossing the plane of the cranial nerves. In the authors’ experience, gasket-seal closure with nasoseptal flap coverage has been associated with a decreased risk of postoperative CSF leakage.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2018-06-08
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-03-01T19:16:18Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-03-01T19:16:18Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
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dc.relation.ispartof.none.fl_str_mv Journal of Neurosurgery
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1608
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dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1599
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 130
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.spa.fl_str_mv Journal of Neurosurgery
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dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv 10 p.
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dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv American Association of Neurological Surgeons
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv Estados Unidos
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institution Fundación Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud - FUCS
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spelling Forbes, Jonathan A.2b4342a26e933af8de68317ab21ccaccBanu, Matei452ce8f5355a0dbcc58a24bac3547044Lehner, Kurt993d4bcc2fd3aab05ba28b61beea664eOttenhausen, Malte536a6b0db6662c5e68a44e21839f48a2La Corte, Emanuele72cd6d7d1bca9468cf0e87bb75cdec67Alalade, Andrew F.00b5ea2b8745cc78bb51ac864f95e3c7Ordóñez Rubiano, Edgar G.da4fb138a78cf3fd0d0f98bc1cc9e735Greenfield, Jeffrey P.b65f64c1de8e81a6eb1648a6ddc8fd7dAnand, Vijay K.65d29bceb73fd52ca641dd4fb2e13d50Schwartz, Theodore H.1c364f8a7ea512703acdd9a53360f3252022-03-01T19:16:18Z2018-06-082022-03-01T19:16:18ZAmerican Association of Neurological SurgeonsEstados UnidosOBJECTIVE Epidermoid cysts (ECs) commonly extend to involve the ventral cisterns of the cranial base. When present, symptoms arise due to progressive mass effect on the brainstem and adjacent cranial nerves. Historically, a variety of open microsurgical approaches have been used for resection of ECs in this intricate region. In recent years, the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been proposed as an alternative corridor that avoids crossing the plane of the cranial nerves. To date, there is a paucity of data in the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of the EEA in the treatment of ECs of the ventral cranial base. METHODS The authors reviewed a prospectively acquired database of EEAs for resection of ECs over 8 years at Weill Cornell, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. All procedures were performed by the senior authors. Standardized clinical and radiological parameters were assessed before and after surgery. Statistical tests were used to determine the impact of previous surgery and tumor volume on extent of resection and recurrence as well as the method of closure on rate of CSF leak. RESULTS Between January 2009 and February 2017, 7 patients (4 males and 3 females; age range 16–70 years) underwent a total of 8 surgeries for EC resection utilizing the EEA. Transplanum and transclival extensions were performed in 3 and 5 patients, respectively. Methods of closure incorporated a gasket seal in 6 of 8 procedures and a nasoseptal flap in 7 of 8 procedures. Gross-total resection (GTR) was achieved in 43% of patients, and near-total resection (> 95%) was obtained in another 43%. Complications included diabetes insipidus (n = 2), postoperative CSF leak (n = 2), transient third cranial nerve palsy (n = 1), and epistaxis (n = 1). With a mean follow-up of 43.5 months, recurrence has been observed in 2 of 7 patients. In 1 case, reoperation for recurrence was required 71 months following the initial surgery. Use of the gasket-seal technique with nasoseptal flap coverage significantly correlated with the absence of postoperative CSF leakage (p = 0.018). GTR was achieved in 25% of the patients who had prior surgeries and in 50% of patients without previous resections. The mean volume of cysts in which GTR was achieved (4.3 ± 1.8 cm3) was smaller than that in which subtotal or near-total resection was achieved (12.2 ± 11 cm3, p = 0.134). CONCLUSIONS The EEA for resection of ECs of the ventral cranial base is a safe and effective operative strategy that avoids crossing the plane of the cranial nerves. In the authors’ experience, gasket-seal closure with nasoseptal flap coverage has been associated with a decreased risk of postoperative CSF leakage.https://thejns.org/view/journals/j-neurosurg/130/5/article-p1599.xml?rskey=UQGTM2&result=110 p.application/pdfEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts involving the ventral cranial baseArtículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionTexthttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/WPhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a851933-0693https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/handle/001/2597engJournal of Neurosurgery160851599130Journal of Neurosurgeryinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2EndonasalEndoscopicTranssphenoidalTransclivalEpidermoidSkull baseSuprasellarIntrasellarVentralTransplanumCirugía endoscópica por orificios naturalesBase del cráneoEndoscopíaPublicationORIGINALEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdfEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdfArtículoapplication/pdf998029https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/bitstreams/acf8b1c1-9061-4592-834e-a5cab75afce7/download265eccd8039c7b3fe0378cf830e78f77MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-815424https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/bitstreams/53deb308-f7db-437e-8f86-470e5209cf53/downloadf6cfdd0a0be8a7a8b575d6cd88a94402MD52TEXTEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdf.txtEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain1https://repositorio.fucsalud.edu.co/bitstreams/bce2b8a6-df04-4044-a2e4-690dae0d6237/download68b329da9893e34099c7d8ad5cb9c940MD53THUMBNAILEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdf.jpgEndoscopic endonasal resection of epidermoid cysts.pdf.jpgGenerated 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