Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code

Context: The management of Interface Control Documents (ICDs) has shown to be a major pain point in the architecting processes of Systems of Systems (SoS). Objective ThisworkaimstoimproveonpreviouslyidentifiedICDmanagementissuesusing the documentation-as-code philosophy as a potential basis for a tr...

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Autores:
Cadavid, Héctor
Andrikopoulos, Vasilios
Avgeriou, Paris
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2023
Institución:
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional ECI
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3165
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https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3165
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Análisis de sistemas
System analysis
Procesamiento electrónico de datos - Técnicas estructuradas
Electronic data processing - Structured techniques
Ingeniería de sistemas - Investigaciones
Systems engineering - Research
System of systems
Interface control document
Documentation as code
Technical action research
Sistema de sistemas
Documento de control de interfaz
Documentación como código
Investigación acción técnica
Rights
openAccess
License
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
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repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
title Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
spellingShingle Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
Análisis de sistemas
System analysis
Procesamiento electrónico de datos - Técnicas estructuradas
Electronic data processing - Structured techniques
Ingeniería de sistemas - Investigaciones
Systems engineering - Research
System of systems
Interface control document
Documentation as code
Technical action research
Sistema de sistemas
Documento de control de interfaz
Documentación como código
Investigación acción técnica
title_short Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
title_full Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
title_fullStr Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
title_full_unstemmed Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
title_sort Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as code
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Cadavid, Héctor
Andrikopoulos, Vasilios
Avgeriou, Paris
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Cadavid, Héctor
Andrikopoulos, Vasilios
Avgeriou, Paris
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv CTG - Informática
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv Análisis de sistemas
System analysis
Procesamiento electrónico de datos - Técnicas estructuradas
Electronic data processing - Structured techniques
Ingeniería de sistemas - Investigaciones
Systems engineering - Research
topic Análisis de sistemas
System analysis
Procesamiento electrónico de datos - Técnicas estructuradas
Electronic data processing - Structured techniques
Ingeniería de sistemas - Investigaciones
Systems engineering - Research
System of systems
Interface control document
Documentation as code
Technical action research
Sistema de sistemas
Documento de control de interfaz
Documentación como código
Investigación acción técnica
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv System of systems
Interface control document
Documentation as code
Technical action research
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Sistema de sistemas
Documento de control de interfaz
Documentación como código
Investigación acción técnica
description Context: The management of Interface Control Documents (ICDs) has shown to be a major pain point in the architecting processes of Systems of Systems (SoS). Objective ThisworkaimstoimproveonpreviouslyidentifiedICDmanagementissuesusing the documentation-as-code philosophy as a potential basis for a treatment, and in collaboration with practitioners. Method: Weconducted a Technical Action Research (TAR) study with a group of engineers at the Netherlands Radio Astronomy Institute (ASTRON), in the context of the LOFAR radio telescope. An additional research instrument, in the form of an expert panel, was used to evaluate the transferability of the proposed treatment to alternative domains. Results: In-depth insights on previously identified interface management issues were gained. Based on these insights a functional proof-of-concept was developed aimed at addressing these issues following the documentation-as-code principles. In addition to receiving overall positive reviews from practitioners and experts, further areas of improvement and transferability considerations for future work were identified. Conclusions: The proposed approach, which to our knowledge has not been explored before in this context, is promising to address some of the recurring interfacing-related issues with directed SoS in multiple engineering domains. This could be done mainly by enforcing consistency and completeness on both text-based and formal elements of the ICDs, and turning ICDs into single sources of truth for the architecting processes of large scale SoS.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2023
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-12T20:10:57Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-12T20:10:57Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital
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identifier_str_mv 1573-7616
Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio Digital
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https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv Vol. 28 No. 4 2023
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 35
dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv 4
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 28
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Empirical Software Engineering
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Maier MW (1998) Architecting principles for systems-of-systems. Syst Eng J Int Council Syst Eng 1(4): 267–284
ISO, IEC, (2019) 21839 information technology- systems and software engineering- system of systems (sos) considerations in life cycle stages of a system. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CH
Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P (2020) Architecting systems of systems: A tertiary study. Inf Softw Technol 118:106202
CadavidH,AndrikopoulosV,AvgeriouP,KleinJ(2020)Asurveyontheinterplaybetweensoftwareengineeringandsystemsengineeringduringsosarchitecting.InProceedingsofthe14thACM/IEEEInternational Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM). ESEM ’20. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY USA
Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P, Broekema PC (2021) System- and software-level architecting harmonizationpracticesforsystems-of-systems:Anexploratorycasestudyonalong-runninglarge-scale scientific instrument. In 2021 IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA), pp 13–24
Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P, Broekema PC (2022) System and software architecting harmonization practices in ultra-large-scale systems of systems: A confirmatory case study. Inf Softw Technol 150:106984
Sheard S, Creel R, Cadigan J, Marvin J, Chim L, Pafford ME (2018) Incose working group addresses system and software interfaces. INSIGHT 21(3):62–71
Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P (2022) Documentation-as-code for interface control document management in systems of systems: A technical action research study. In European Conference on Software Architecture, pp 19–37 Springer
Gentle A (2017) Docs Like Code. Lulu Press, Inc Morrisville, North Carolina
Beck R (2015) In Lazarian A, de Gouveia Dal Pino EM. In: Melioli C (ed) Future Observations of Cosmic Magnetic Fields with LOFAR, SKA and Its Precursors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 3–17
Firesmith D (2010) Profiling systems using the defining characteristics of systems of systems (sos)
Thomchick R (2018) Improving access to api documentation for developers with docs-as-code-as-a-service. Proceedings of the association for information science and technology 55(1):908–910
Lambourne J (2017) Why we use a ’docs as code’ approach for technical documentation. https://technology. blog.gov.uk/2017/08/25/why-we-use-a-docs-as-code-approach-for-technical-documentation/
Rong G, Jin Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ye W, Shao D (2020) Devdocops: Enabling continuous documentation in alignment with devops. Softw Practice Exp 50(3):210–226
Rahmani K, Thomson V (2011) Managing subsystem interfaces of complex products. Int J Product Lifecycle Management 5(1):73
Louadah H, Champagne R (2014) Labiche Y. Towards automating interface control documents elaboration and management 1250:26–33
Harvey D, Waite M, Logan P, Liddy T (2012) Document the model, don’t model the document. In Proc Syst Eng/Test Eval Conf 6th Asia Pac Conf Syst Eng
Karban R, Troy M, Brack GL, Dekens FG, Michaels SB, Herzig S (2018) Verifying Interfaces and generating interface control documents for the alignment and phasing subsystem of the Thirty Meter Telescope from a system model in SysML. In: Angeli GZ, Dierickx P (eds) Modeling, systems engineering, and project management for astronomy VIII, pp 29 SPIE. Austin United States
Chiozzi G, Andolfato L, Kiekebusch MJ, Kornweibel N, Schilling M, Zamparelli M (2018) Designing and managingsoftwareinterfaces for the ELT.In:GuzmanJC,IbsenJ(eds)SoftwareandCyberinfrastructure for Astronomy V, pp 78 SPIE. Austin United States
Di Maio M, Atorf L, Dahmen U, Schluse M, Rossmann J, Hoppe M, Kapos G-D (2018) Interface management with closed-loop systems engineering (CLOSE). In 2018 IEEE international systems engineering symposium (ISSE), pp 1–8
Vipavetz K, Shull TA, Infeld S, Price J (2016) Interface management for a NASA flight project using modelbased systems engineering (MBSE). INCOSE Int Symposium 26(1):1129–1144
Tsui R, Davis D, Sahlin J (2018) Digital engineering models of complex systems using model-based systems engineering (mbse) from enterprise architecture (ea) to systems of systems (sos) architectures & systems development life cycle (sdlc). In INCOSE international symposium, vol 28, pp 760–776 Wiley Online Library
Japs S, Anacker H, Dumitrescu R (2021) Save: Security & safety by model-based systems engineering on the example of automotive industry. Procedia CIRP 100:187–192
WheatcraftLS(2010)9.2.2everythingyouwantedtoknowaboutinterfaces,butwereafraidtoask.InINCOSE international symposium, vol 20, pp 1132–1149 Wiley Online Library
BroyM,BöhmW,RumpeB(2021)Advancedsystemsengineering.Model-BasedEngineeringofCollaborative Embedded Systems. Springer, New York, NY, pp 353–364
Guo D, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li H (2020) An interface management approach for civil aircraft design. In International Conference on Aerospace System Science and Engineering, pp 435–446 Springer
van Haarlem MP, Wise MW, Gunst A, Heald G, McKean JP, Hessels JW, de Bruyn AG, Nijboer R, Swinbank J, Fallows R et al (2013) Lofar: The low-frequency array. Astronomy & Astrophysics 556:2
Yasseri SF, Bahai H (2019) Interface and integration management for FPSOs. Ocean Eng 191:106441
Borrowman AJ, Taylor P (2016) Can your software engineer program your PLC? In: Chiozzi G, Guzman JC (eds) Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy IV, vol 9913, pp 99131. WA International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, Bellingham
Wieringa RJ (2014) Design science methodology for information systems and software engineering. Springer, New York, NY
Kontio J, Bragge J, Lehtola L (2008) In Shull F. In: Singer J, Sjøberg DIK (eds) The Focus group method as an Empirical tool in software engineering. Springer, London, pp 93–116
Petersen K, Gencel C, Asghari N, Baca D, Betz S (2014) Action research as a model for industry-academia collaboration in the software engineering context. In Proceedings of the 2014 international workshop on long-term industrial collaboration on software engineering, pp 55–62
Fairley RE (2019) Systems engineering of software-enabled systems. Wiley Online Library, River Street Hoboken, NJ
Ralph P, Tempero E (2018) Construct validity in software engineering research and software metrics. In Proceedingsofthe22ndInternationalConferenceonEvaluationandAssessmentinSoftwareEngineering 2018, pp 13–23
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spelling Cadavid, Héctor1419fa48babb695dddb738176b5abcb4Andrikopoulos, Vasiliosbecfca714fa59aebf6f1bd73e59f6c09Avgeriou, Parise72215bb7bab84cd1166ffc5f719ca64CTG - Informática2024-07-12T20:10:57Z2024-07-12T20:10:57Z20231573-7616https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/31651573-7616Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio GaravitoRepositorio Digitalhttps://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/Context: The management of Interface Control Documents (ICDs) has shown to be a major pain point in the architecting processes of Systems of Systems (SoS). Objective ThisworkaimstoimproveonpreviouslyidentifiedICDmanagementissuesusing the documentation-as-code philosophy as a potential basis for a treatment, and in collaboration with practitioners. Method: Weconducted a Technical Action Research (TAR) study with a group of engineers at the Netherlands Radio Astronomy Institute (ASTRON), in the context of the LOFAR radio telescope. An additional research instrument, in the form of an expert panel, was used to evaluate the transferability of the proposed treatment to alternative domains. Results: In-depth insights on previously identified interface management issues were gained. Based on these insights a functional proof-of-concept was developed aimed at addressing these issues following the documentation-as-code principles. In addition to receiving overall positive reviews from practitioners and experts, further areas of improvement and transferability considerations for future work were identified. Conclusions: The proposed approach, which to our knowledge has not been explored before in this context, is promising to address some of the recurring interfacing-related issues with directed SoS in multiple engineering domains. This could be done mainly by enforcing consistency and completeness on both text-based and formal elements of the ICDs, and turning ICDs into single sources of truth for the architecting processes of large scale SoS.Contexto: La gestión de documentos de control de interfaz (ICD) ha demostrado ser un punto importante en los procesos de arquitectura de sistemas de sistemas (SoS). Objetivo Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mejorar los problemas de gestión de ICD previamente identificados utilizando la filosofía de documentación como código como base potencial para un tratamiento y en colaboración con los profesionales. Método: Llevamos a cabo un estudio de Investigación de Acción Técnica (TAR) con un grupo de ingenieros del Instituto de Radioastronomía de los Países Bajos (ASTRON), en el contexto del radiotelescopio LOFAR. Se utilizó un instrumento de investigación adicional, en forma de un panel de expertos, para evaluar la transferibilidad del tratamiento propuesto a dominios alternativos. Resultados: Se obtuvieron conocimientos profundos sobre problemas de gestión de interfaces previamente identificados. Sobre la base de estos conocimientos, se desarrolló una prueba de concepto funcional destinada a abordar estos problemas siguiendo los principios de documentación como código. Además de recibir críticas positivas en general de profesionales y expertos, se identificaron otras áreas de mejora y consideraciones de transferibilidad para trabajos futuros. Conclusiones: El enfoque propuesto, que hasta donde sabemos no se ha explorado antes en este contexto, promete abordar algunos de los problemas recurrentes relacionados con la interfaz con SoS dirigido en múltiples dominios de ingeniería. Esto podría lograrse principalmente imponiendo coherencia e integridad a los elementos formales y basados ​​en texto de los ICD, y convirtiendo los ICD en fuentes únicas de verdad para los procesos de arquitectura de SoS a gran escala.35 páginasapplication/pdfengSpringerEstados Unidoshttps://link.springer.com/journal/10664Improving hardware/software interface management in systems of systems through documentation as codeArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Vol. 28 No. 4 2023354128Empirical Software EngineeringMaier MW (1998) Architecting principles for systems-of-systems. Syst Eng J Int Council Syst Eng 1(4): 267–284ISO, IEC, (2019) 21839 information technology- systems and software engineering- system of systems (sos) considerations in life cycle stages of a system. Standard, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, CHCadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P (2020) Architecting systems of systems: A tertiary study. Inf Softw Technol 118:106202CadavidH,AndrikopoulosV,AvgeriouP,KleinJ(2020)Asurveyontheinterplaybetweensoftwareengineeringandsystemsengineeringduringsosarchitecting.InProceedingsofthe14thACM/IEEEInternational Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM). ESEM ’20. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY USACadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P, Broekema PC (2021) System- and software-level architecting harmonizationpracticesforsystems-of-systems:Anexploratorycasestudyonalong-runninglarge-scale scientific instrument. In 2021 IEEE 18th International Conference on Software Architecture (ICSA), pp 13–24Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P, Broekema PC (2022) System and software architecting harmonization practices in ultra-large-scale systems of systems: A confirmatory case study. Inf Softw Technol 150:106984Sheard S, Creel R, Cadigan J, Marvin J, Chim L, Pafford ME (2018) Incose working group addresses system and software interfaces. INSIGHT 21(3):62–71Cadavid H, Andrikopoulos V, Avgeriou P (2022) Documentation-as-code for interface control document management in systems of systems: A technical action research study. In European Conference on Software Architecture, pp 19–37 SpringerGentle A (2017) Docs Like Code. Lulu Press, Inc Morrisville, North CarolinaBeck R (2015) In Lazarian A, de Gouveia Dal Pino EM. In: Melioli C (ed) Future Observations of Cosmic Magnetic Fields with LOFAR, SKA and Its Precursors. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 3–17Firesmith D (2010) Profiling systems using the defining characteristics of systems of systems (sos)Thomchick R (2018) Improving access to api documentation for developers with docs-as-code-as-a-service. Proceedings of the association for information science and technology 55(1):908–910Lambourne J (2017) Why we use a ’docs as code’ approach for technical documentation. https://technology. blog.gov.uk/2017/08/25/why-we-use-a-docs-as-code-approach-for-technical-documentation/Rong G, Jin Z, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ye W, Shao D (2020) Devdocops: Enabling continuous documentation in alignment with devops. Softw Practice Exp 50(3):210–226Rahmani K, Thomson V (2011) Managing subsystem interfaces of complex products. Int J Product Lifecycle Management 5(1):73Louadah H, Champagne R (2014) Labiche Y. Towards automating interface control documents elaboration and management 1250:26–33Harvey D, Waite M, Logan P, Liddy T (2012) Document the model, don’t model the document. In Proc Syst Eng/Test Eval Conf 6th Asia Pac Conf Syst EngKarban R, Troy M, Brack GL, Dekens FG, Michaels SB, Herzig S (2018) Verifying Interfaces and generating interface control documents for the alignment and phasing subsystem of the Thirty Meter Telescope from a system model in SysML. In: Angeli GZ, Dierickx P (eds) Modeling, systems engineering, and project management for astronomy VIII, pp 29 SPIE. Austin United StatesChiozzi G, Andolfato L, Kiekebusch MJ, Kornweibel N, Schilling M, Zamparelli M (2018) Designing and managingsoftwareinterfaces for the ELT.In:GuzmanJC,IbsenJ(eds)SoftwareandCyberinfrastructure for Astronomy V, pp 78 SPIE. Austin United StatesDi Maio M, Atorf L, Dahmen U, Schluse M, Rossmann J, Hoppe M, Kapos G-D (2018) Interface management with closed-loop systems engineering (CLOSE). In 2018 IEEE international systems engineering symposium (ISSE), pp 1–8Vipavetz K, Shull TA, Infeld S, Price J (2016) Interface management for a NASA flight project using modelbased systems engineering (MBSE). INCOSE Int Symposium 26(1):1129–1144Tsui R, Davis D, Sahlin J (2018) Digital engineering models of complex systems using model-based systems engineering (mbse) from enterprise architecture (ea) to systems of systems (sos) architectures & systems development life cycle (sdlc). In INCOSE international symposium, vol 28, pp 760–776 Wiley Online LibraryJaps S, Anacker H, Dumitrescu R (2021) Save: Security & safety by model-based systems engineering on the example of automotive industry. Procedia CIRP 100:187–192WheatcraftLS(2010)9.2.2everythingyouwantedtoknowaboutinterfaces,butwereafraidtoask.InINCOSE international symposium, vol 20, pp 1132–1149 Wiley Online LibraryBroyM,BöhmW,RumpeB(2021)Advancedsystemsengineering.Model-BasedEngineeringofCollaborative Embedded Systems. Springer, New York, NY, pp 353–364Guo D, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li H (2020) An interface management approach for civil aircraft design. In International Conference on Aerospace System Science and Engineering, pp 435–446 Springervan Haarlem MP, Wise MW, Gunst A, Heald G, McKean JP, Hessels JW, de Bruyn AG, Nijboer R, Swinbank J, Fallows R et al (2013) Lofar: The low-frequency array. Astronomy & Astrophysics 556:2Yasseri SF, Bahai H (2019) Interface and integration management for FPSOs. Ocean Eng 191:106441Borrowman AJ, Taylor P (2016) Can your software engineer program your PLC? In: Chiozzi G, Guzman JC (eds) Software and Cyberinfrastructure for Astronomy IV, vol 9913, pp 99131. WA International Society for Optics and Photonics, SPIE, BellinghamWieringa RJ (2014) Design science methodology for information systems and software engineering. Springer, New York, NYKontio J, Bragge J, Lehtola L (2008) In Shull F. In: Singer J, Sjøberg DIK (eds) The Focus group method as an Empirical tool in software engineering. Springer, London, pp 93–116Petersen K, Gencel C, Asghari N, Baca D, Betz S (2014) Action research as a model for industry-academia collaboration in the software engineering context. In Proceedings of the 2014 international workshop on long-term industrial collaboration on software engineering, pp 55–62Fairley RE (2019) Systems engineering of software-enabled systems. Wiley Online Library, River Street Hoboken, NJRalph P, Tempero E (2018) Construct validity in software engineering research and software metrics. 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charset=utf-81881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3165/2/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD52open accessORIGINALImproving hardware software interface management in systems of systems.pdfImproving hardware software interface management in systems of systems.pdfapplication/pdf1804809https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3165/1/Improving%20hardware%20software%20interface%20management%20in%20systems%20of%20systems.pdf278bc39296db94a67d4a3cfe307b1209MD51metadata only access001/3165oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/31652024-08-06 16:14:06.446metadata only accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.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