Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance

Many authors have discussed the source of errors in PERT networks as follows: Uncertainty in the mean and variance calculations of (a) activity’s durations and (b) total project duration, and its related distributions. Different corrections formulas and procedures were proposed. In the other hand, t...

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Autores:
Giraldo González, Germán Eduardo
Opina Hernández, Gerardo
Roldán, Fabián
Tipo de recurso:
Article of journal
Fecha de publicación:
2014
Institución:
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional ECI
Idioma:
eng
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oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3310
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3310
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/
Palabra clave:
Knowledge management
Gestión del conocimiento
Research projects
Proyectos de investigación
Network analysis
Análisis de redes
Evaluation program and review technique
Programa de evaluación y técnica de revisión
Networks
PERT
Mean
Variance
Morphology
Merge bias
Redes
Diferencia
Morfología
Sesgo de fusión
Rights
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License
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
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network_acronym_str ESCUELAIG2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional ECI
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
title Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
spellingShingle Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
Knowledge management
Gestión del conocimiento
Research projects
Proyectos de investigación
Network analysis
Análisis de redes
Evaluation program and review technique
Programa de evaluación y técnica de revisión
Networks
PERT
Mean
Variance
Morphology
Merge bias
Redes
Diferencia
Morfología
Sesgo de fusión
title_short Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
title_full Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
title_fullStr Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
title_sort Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Giraldo González, Germán Eduardo
Opina Hernández, Gerardo
Roldán, Fabián
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Giraldo González, Germán Eduardo
Opina Hernández, Gerardo
Roldán, Fabián
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Desarrollo y Gerencia Integral de Proyectos - CEDGIP
dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv Knowledge management
Gestión del conocimiento
Research projects
Proyectos de investigación
Network analysis
Análisis de redes
Evaluation program and review technique
Programa de evaluación y técnica de revisión
topic Knowledge management
Gestión del conocimiento
Research projects
Proyectos de investigación
Network analysis
Análisis de redes
Evaluation program and review technique
Programa de evaluación y técnica de revisión
Networks
PERT
Mean
Variance
Morphology
Merge bias
Redes
Diferencia
Morfología
Sesgo de fusión
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Networks
PERT
Mean
Variance
Morphology
Merge bias
dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv Redes
Diferencia
Morfología
Sesgo de fusión
description Many authors have discussed the source of errors in PERT networks as follows: Uncertainty in the mean and variance calculations of (a) activity’s durations and (b) total project duration, and its related distributions. Different corrections formulas and procedures were proposed. In the other hand, there’s an existing risk of delay related to the project morphology, in terms of the number of activities, shape and complexity of the project network. However, the relationship of network’s morphology and the uncertainty of the whole project’s duration are poorly studied. In this research, a set of project networks with different morphology were generated and several methods available in literature (original PERT included) were used to estimate the parameters (mean and variance) of total project duration, then comparing them to the Monte Carlo Simulation as a representation of the reality, and the best and most accurate method(s) were chosen.
publishDate 2014
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2014-03
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-11T16:30:15Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-10-11T16:30:15Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv Repositorio Digital
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identifier_str_mv 1877-0428
Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio Digital
url https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3310
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv 119 ( 2014 )
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dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 2
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 119
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv Alfredo H-S. Ang, Amal A. Chaker and Jamal Abdelnour (1975). Analysis of Activity Networks under Uncertainty. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Vol. 101, No. 4, July/August 1975, pp. 373-387
Buffa, E.S. and Sarin R. k. (1987). Modern Production / Operations Management. 8th Ed. Wiley, New York, 1987.
Chuen-Tao, Luis Y. (1968) Aplicaciones prácticas del PERT y CPM. Gestión Deusto
Clark, Charles E. (1961) The Greatest of a Finite Set of Random Variables. Operations Research. 9, No 2. pp. 145-162.
Clark, Charles E. (1962) The PERT Model for the Distribution of an Activity Time. Operations Research,10 (3), pp. 405-406
Coon, H. (1965) Note on Donaldson's 'The estimation of the mean and variance of a PERT activity time'. Operations Research, 13, pp. 386-387.
Donalson, N. (1965) The estimation of the mean and variance of a PERT activity time. Operations Research,13, pp.382-385
Eckhardt, R . (1987). Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo Method. Los Alamos Science. Special Issue (15), pp. 131-137.
Farnum, N. R. and Stanton, L. W. (1987) Some Results Concerning the Estimation of Beta Distribution Parameters in PERT. Journal of Operational Research Society, 38, pp. 287-290.
Farnun N.R. and Stanton L.W. (1987). Some results concerning the estimation of Beta distribution parameters in PERT. Journal of Operations Research Society, 38, pp. 287-290.
Golenko-Ginzburg D. (1988). On the distribution of activity time in PERT. Journal of Operations Research Society, 39, pp. 767-771.
Grubbs, F. E. (1962) Attempts to validate certain PERT statistics or 'picking on PERT'. Operations Research, 10, pp. 912-915
Hahn, E. D. (2008) Mixture densities for project management activity times: A robust approach to PERT. European Journal of Operational Research, 188, pp. 450-459.
Herrerías-Velasco, J. M., Herrerías-Pleguezuelo, R. and Van Dorp, J. R. (2011) Revisiting the PERT mean and variance. European Journal of Operational Research, 210, pp. 448-451.
Keefer D.L. and Bodily S.E. (1983). Three-Point approximations for continuous random variables. Management Science, 29, pp. 595-609
Keefer D.L. and Verdini W.A. (1993). Better estimation of PERT activity time parameters. Management Science; Sep 1993; Vol. 39, No. 9. pp. 1086-1091
Keefer, D. L. (1993) Better Estimation of PERT Activity Time Parameters. Management Science, 39, No. 9, pp. 1086.
Kerzner H. (1992). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 4th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992
Kerzner H. (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 10th Ed. International Institute for Learning, New York, NYISBN 978-0-470-27870-3
Kotiah, T. C. T., Wallace, N. D. (1973) Another Look at the PERT Assumptions. Management Science, 20, No. 1; pp. 44
Kwak Y.H. and Ingall L. (2007). Exploring Monte Carlo simulation applications for project management. Risk Management 9, pp. 44-57.
Malcom, D. G., Roseboom, J. H., Clark, C. E. and Fazar, W. (1959) Application of a Technique for Research and Development Program Evaluation. Operations Research, 7, No. 5, pp. 646-669.
McBride, W. and McClelland, C. (1967) PERT and the Beta distribution. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , EM-14, No. 4, pp. 166-169.
McCrimmon, K. R. and Ryavec, C. A. (1962 and 1964) An Analytical Study of the PERT Assumptions. Operations Research, 12, No. 1, pp. 16-37.
Megill R.E. (1977). An introduction to risk analysis. Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa, OK
Meredith J.R. and Mantel S.J. Jr. (1989). Project management: A managerial approach. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, 1989.
Meredith J.R. and Mantel S.J. Jr. (2009). Project management: A managerial approach. 7th ed. Wiley, New York, December 2008, ©2009. ISBN 978-0-470-22621-6.
Metropolis, N. (1987). The beginning of the Monte Carlo method. Los Alamos Science (1987 Special Issue dedicated to Stanis?aw Ulam). pp. 125-130.
Moder, Jhosep J. and Phillips, Cecil R. (1970) Project Management with CPM and PERT. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. 2nd Ed. 360 pp.
Moder, Jhosep J. and Rodgers E. G. (1968) Judgment Estimates of the Moments of PERT type Distributions. Management Science, 15 No. 2, pp. B76-83.
Mohan, S., Gopalakrishnan, M., Balasubramanian, H., y Chandrashekar, A. (2007) A lognormal approximation of activity duration in PERT using two time estimates. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 58, pp. 827-831.
Pearson E.S. and Tukey J.W. (1965). Approximate means and standard deviations based on distances between percentage points of frequency curves. Biometrika, 52, pp. 533-546.
Perry, C. and Greig, I. D. (1975) Estimating the mean and variance of subjective distributions in PERT and decision. Management Science, 21,No. 12; pp.1477.
PERT, a dynamic project planning & control method. IBM Data Processing Application. E20-8067-1
PERT, Summary Report - Phase 1 and 2. (1958) Special Projects Office Bureau of Naval Weapons. Department of the Navy.
Premachandra, I. M. (2001) An approximation of the activity duration distribution in PERT. Computers & Operations Research, 28, pp. 443- 452.
Tattoni S. and Schiraldi M.M. (2008). Estimating project duration in uncertain enviroments: Monte Carlo Simulation strikes back. 22nd IPMA World Congress "Project Management to Run". 9-11 November 2008, Roma, Italy.
Tavares L.V., Ferreira J.A. and Coelho J.S. (1999). The risk of delay of a project in terms of the morphology of its network. European Journal of Operational Research, 119, pp. 510-537.
Tavares L.V., Ferreira J.A. and Coelho J.S. (2002). A comparative morphologic analysis of benchmark sets of project networks. International Journal of Project Management, 20, pp. 475-485.
Troutt M.D. (1989). On the generality of PERT average time formula. Decision Science, 20, pp. 410-412.
Troutt, M. D. (1989) On the Generality of the PERT Average Time Formula. Decision Sciences, 20, No. 2, pp. 410
Vanhoucke M., Coelho J.S., Debels D., Maenhout B. and Tavares L.V (2008). An evaluation of the adequacy of project network generators with systematically sampled networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 187, pp. 511-524
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spelling Giraldo González, Germán Eduardo76e75872acff15159af60f69ec57ef9cOpina Hernández, Gerardob7442d590d06d573eed9e09e6c0ab595Roldán, Fabiánd497d279c64d27bb6dc21ccac0d40a6fDesarrollo y Gerencia Integral de Proyectos - CEDGIP2024-10-11T16:30:15Z2024-10-11T16:30:15Z2014-031877-0428https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/33101877-0428Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio GaravitoRepositorio Digitalhttps://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/Many authors have discussed the source of errors in PERT networks as follows: Uncertainty in the mean and variance calculations of (a) activity’s durations and (b) total project duration, and its related distributions. Different corrections formulas and procedures were proposed. In the other hand, there’s an existing risk of delay related to the project morphology, in terms of the number of activities, shape and complexity of the project network. However, the relationship of network’s morphology and the uncertainty of the whole project’s duration are poorly studied. In this research, a set of project networks with different morphology were generated and several methods available in literature (original PERT included) were used to estimate the parameters (mean and variance) of total project duration, then comparing them to the Monte Carlo Simulation as a representation of the reality, and the best and most accurate method(s) were chosen.Muchos autores han discutido la fuente de errores en las redes PERT de la siguiente manera: Incertidumbre en la media y la varianza. cálculos de (a) duraciones de las actividades y (b) duración total del proyecto, y sus distribuciones relacionadas. Diferentes fórmulas de corrección y se propusieron procedimientos. Por otro lado, existe un riesgo de retraso relacionado con la morfología del proyecto, en términos de el número de actividades, la forma y la complejidad de la red del proyecto. Sin embargo, la relación entre la morfología de la red y La incertidumbre sobre la duración de todo el proyecto está poco estudiada. En esta investigación se utilizó un conjunto de redes de proyectos con diferentes Se generaron morfología y se utilizaron varios métodos disponibles en la literatura (incluido PERT original) para estimar la parámetros (media y varianza) de la duración total del proyecto, luego comparándolos con la simulación de Monte Carlo como un representación de la realidad y se eligieron los mejores y más precisos métodos.10 páginasapplication/pdfengELSEVIERColombiahttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.003Effect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and VarianceArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85119 ( 2014 )112119Procedia Social and Behavioral SciencesAlfredo H-S. Ang, Amal A. Chaker and Jamal Abdelnour (1975). Analysis of Activity Networks under Uncertainty. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Vol. 101, No. 4, July/August 1975, pp. 373-387Buffa, E.S. and Sarin R. k. (1987). Modern Production / Operations Management. 8th Ed. Wiley, New York, 1987.Chuen-Tao, Luis Y. (1968) Aplicaciones prácticas del PERT y CPM. Gestión DeustoClark, Charles E. (1961) The Greatest of a Finite Set of Random Variables. Operations Research. 9, No 2. pp. 145-162.Clark, Charles E. (1962) The PERT Model for the Distribution of an Activity Time. Operations Research,10 (3), pp. 405-406Coon, H. (1965) Note on Donaldson's 'The estimation of the mean and variance of a PERT activity time'. Operations Research, 13, pp. 386-387.Donalson, N. (1965) The estimation of the mean and variance of a PERT activity time. Operations Research,13, pp.382-385Eckhardt, R . (1987). Stan Ulam, John von Neumann, and the Monte Carlo Method. Los Alamos Science. Special Issue (15), pp. 131-137.Farnum, N. R. and Stanton, L. W. (1987) Some Results Concerning the Estimation of Beta Distribution Parameters in PERT. Journal of Operational Research Society, 38, pp. 287-290.Farnun N.R. and Stanton L.W. (1987). Some results concerning the estimation of Beta distribution parameters in PERT. Journal of Operations Research Society, 38, pp. 287-290.Golenko-Ginzburg D. (1988). On the distribution of activity time in PERT. Journal of Operations Research Society, 39, pp. 767-771.Grubbs, F. E. (1962) Attempts to validate certain PERT statistics or 'picking on PERT'. Operations Research, 10, pp. 912-915Hahn, E. D. (2008) Mixture densities for project management activity times: A robust approach to PERT. European Journal of Operational Research, 188, pp. 450-459.Herrerías-Velasco, J. M., Herrerías-Pleguezuelo, R. and Van Dorp, J. R. (2011) Revisiting the PERT mean and variance. European Journal of Operational Research, 210, pp. 448-451.Keefer D.L. and Bodily S.E. (1983). Three-Point approximations for continuous random variables. Management Science, 29, pp. 595-609Keefer D.L. and Verdini W.A. (1993). Better estimation of PERT activity time parameters. Management Science; Sep 1993; Vol. 39, No. 9. pp. 1086-1091Keefer, D. L. (1993) Better Estimation of PERT Activity Time Parameters. Management Science, 39, No. 9, pp. 1086.Kerzner H. (1992). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 4th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1992Kerzner H. (2009). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 10th Ed. International Institute for Learning, New York, NYISBN 978-0-470-27870-3Kotiah, T. C. T., Wallace, N. D. (1973) Another Look at the PERT Assumptions. Management Science, 20, No. 1; pp. 44Kwak Y.H. and Ingall L. (2007). Exploring Monte Carlo simulation applications for project management. Risk Management 9, pp. 44-57.Malcom, D. G., Roseboom, J. H., Clark, C. E. and Fazar, W. (1959) Application of a Technique for Research and Development Program Evaluation. Operations Research, 7, No. 5, pp. 646-669.McBride, W. and McClelland, C. (1967) PERT and the Beta distribution. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management , EM-14, No. 4, pp. 166-169.McCrimmon, K. R. and Ryavec, C. A. (1962 and 1964) An Analytical Study of the PERT Assumptions. Operations Research, 12, No. 1, pp. 16-37.Megill R.E. (1977). An introduction to risk analysis. Petroleum Publishing Company, Tulsa, OKMeredith J.R. and Mantel S.J. Jr. (1989). Project management: A managerial approach. 2nd ed. Wiley, New York, 1989.Meredith J.R. and Mantel S.J. Jr. (2009). Project management: A managerial approach. 7th ed. Wiley, New York, December 2008, ©2009. ISBN 978-0-470-22621-6.Metropolis, N. (1987). The beginning of the Monte Carlo method. Los Alamos Science (1987 Special Issue dedicated to Stanis?aw Ulam). pp. 125-130.Moder, Jhosep J. and Phillips, Cecil R. (1970) Project Management with CPM and PERT. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. 2nd Ed. 360 pp.Moder, Jhosep J. and Rodgers E. G. (1968) Judgment Estimates of the Moments of PERT type Distributions. Management Science, 15 No. 2, pp. B76-83.Mohan, S., Gopalakrishnan, M., Balasubramanian, H., y Chandrashekar, A. (2007) A lognormal approximation of activity duration in PERT using two time estimates. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 58, pp. 827-831.Pearson E.S. and Tukey J.W. (1965). Approximate means and standard deviations based on distances between percentage points of frequency curves. Biometrika, 52, pp. 533-546.Perry, C. and Greig, I. D. (1975) Estimating the mean and variance of subjective distributions in PERT and decision. Management Science, 21,No. 12; pp.1477.PERT, a dynamic project planning & control method. IBM Data Processing Application. E20-8067-1PERT, Summary Report - Phase 1 and 2. (1958) Special Projects Office Bureau of Naval Weapons. Department of the Navy.Premachandra, I. M. (2001) An approximation of the activity duration distribution in PERT. Computers & Operations Research, 28, pp. 443- 452.Tattoni S. and Schiraldi M.M. (2008). Estimating project duration in uncertain enviroments: Monte Carlo Simulation strikes back. 22nd IPMA World Congress "Project Management to Run". 9-11 November 2008, Roma, Italy.Tavares L.V., Ferreira J.A. and Coelho J.S. (1999). The risk of delay of a project in terms of the morphology of its network. European Journal of Operational Research, 119, pp. 510-537.Tavares L.V., Ferreira J.A. and Coelho J.S. (2002). A comparative morphologic analysis of benchmark sets of project networks. International Journal of Project Management, 20, pp. 475-485.Troutt M.D. (1989). On the generality of PERT average time formula. Decision Science, 20, pp. 410-412.Troutt, M. D. (1989) On the Generality of the PERT Average Time Formula. Decision Sciences, 20, No. 2, pp. 410Vanhoucke M., Coelho J.S., Debels D., Maenhout B. and Tavares L.V (2008). An evaluation of the adequacy of project network generators with systematically sampled networks. European Journal of Operational Research, 187, pp. 511-524info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbKnowledge managementGestión del conocimientoResearch projectsProyectos de investigaciónNetwork analysisAnálisis de redesEvaluation program and review techniquePrograma de evaluación y técnica de revisiónNetworksPERTMeanVarianceMorphologyMerge biasRedesDiferenciaMorfologíaSesgo de fusiónTEXTEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdf.txtEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain31304https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3310/4/Effect%20of%20Network%27s%20Morphology%20and%20Merge%20Bias%20Correction%20Procedures%20on%20Project%20Duration%20Mean%20and%20Variance.pdf.txt9755e00a022f46223f0d253abf6fcc7dMD54metadata only accessTHUMBNAILEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.PNGEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.PNGimage/png144018https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3310/3/Effect%20of%20Network%27s%20Morphology%20and%20Merge%20Bias%20Correction%20Procedures%20on%20Project%20Duration%20Mean%20and%20Variance.PNGbb315789334affe2e9750ed1c43cd4faMD53open accessEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdf.jpgEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg11956https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3310/5/Effect%20of%20Network%27s%20Morphology%20and%20Merge%20Bias%20Correction%20Procedures%20on%20Project%20Duration%20Mean%20and%20Variance.pdf.jpgdf61eae5e745f81dd37f5a35776203d6MD55metadata only accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3310/2/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD52open accessORIGINALEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdfEffect of Network's Morphology and Merge Bias Correction Procedures on Project Duration Mean and Variance.pdfapplication/pdf262562https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3310/1/Effect%20of%20Network%27s%20Morphology%20and%20Merge%20Bias%20Correction%20Procedures%20on%20Project%20Duration%20Mean%20and%20Variance.pdf772e4bff4285462cc78691890e93b071MD51metadata only access001/3310oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/33102024-10-12 03:01:04.424metadata only accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.coU0kgVVNURUQgSEFDRSBQQVJURSBERUwgR1JVUE8gREUgUEFSRVMgRVZBTFVBRE9SRVMgREUgTEEgQ09MRUNDScOTTiAiUEVFUiBSRVZJRVciLCBPTUlUQSBFU1RBIExJQ0VOQ0lBLgoKQXV0b3Jpem8gYSBsYSBFc2N1ZWxhIENvbG9tYmlhbmEgZGUgSW5nZW5pZXLDrWEgSnVsaW8gR2FyYXZpdG8gcGFyYSBwdWJsaWNhciBlbCB0cmFiYWpvIGRlIGdyYWRvLCBhcnTDrWN1bG8sIHZpZGVvLCAKY29uZmVyZW5jaWEsIGxpYnJvLCBpbWFnZW4sIGZvdG9ncmFmw61hLCBhdWRpbywgcHJlc2VudGFjacOzbiB1IG90cm8gKGVuICAgIGFkZWxhbnRlIGRvY3VtZW50bykgcXVlIGVuIGxhIGZlY2hhIAplbnRyZWdvIGVuIGZvcm1hdG8gZGlnaXRhbCwgeSBsZSBwZXJtaXRvIGRlIGZvcm1hIGluZGVmaW5pZGEgcXVlIGxvIHB1YmxpcXVlIGVuIGVsIHJlcG9zaXRvcmlvIGluc3RpdHVjaW9uYWwsIAplbiBsb3MgdMOpcm1pbm9zIGVzdGFibGVjaWRvcyBlbiBsYSBMZXkgMjMgZGUgMTk4MiwgbGEgTGV5IDQ0IGRlIDE5OTMsIHkgZGVtw6FzIGxleWVzIHkganVyaXNwcnVkZW5jaWEgdmlnZW50ZQphbCByZXNwZWN0bywgcGFyYSBmaW5lcyBlZHVjYXRpdm9zIHkgbm8gbHVjcmF0aXZvcy4gRXN0YSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGVzIHbDoWxpZGEgcGFyYSBsYXMgZmFjdWx0YWRlcyB5IGRlcmVjaG9zIGRlIAp1c28gc29icmUgbGEgb2JyYSBlbiBmb3JtYXRvIGRpZ2l0YWwsIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbywgdmlydHVhbDsgeSBwYXJhIHVzb3MgZW4gcmVkZXMsIGludGVybmV0LCBleHRyYW5ldCwgeSBjdWFscXVpZXIgCmZvcm1hdG8gbyBtZWRpbyBjb25vY2lkbyBvIHBvciBjb25vY2VyLgpFbiBtaSBjYWxpZGFkIGRlIGF1dG9yLCBleHByZXNvIHF1ZSBlbCBkb2N1bWVudG8gb2JqZXRvIGRlIGxhIHByZXNlbnRlIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24gZXMgb3JpZ2luYWwgeSBsbyBlbGFib3LDqSBzaW4gCnF1ZWJyYW50YXIgbmkgc3VwbGFudGFyIGxvcyBkZXJlY2hvcyBkZSBhdXRvciBkZSB0ZXJjZXJvcy4gUG9yIGxvIHRhbnRvLCBlcyBkZSBtaSBleGNsdXNpdmEgYXV0b3LDrWEgeSwgZW4gY29uc2VjdWVuY2lhLCAKdGVuZ28gbGEgdGl0dWxhcmlkYWQgc29icmUgw6lsLiBFbiBjYXNvIGRlIHF1ZWphIG8gYWNjacOzbiBwb3IgcGFydGUgZGUgdW4gdGVyY2VybyByZWZlcmVudGUgYSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgZGUgYXV0b3Igc29icmUgCmVsIGRvY3VtZW50byBlbiBjdWVzdGnDs24sIGFzdW1pcsOpIGxhIHJlc3BvbnNhYmlsaWRhZCB0b3RhbCB5IHNhbGRyw6kgZW4gZGVmZW5zYSBkZSBsb3MgZGVyZWNob3MgYXF1w60gYXV0b3JpemFkb3MuIEVzdG8gCnNpZ25pZmljYSBxdWUsIHBhcmEgdG9kb3MgbG9zIGVmZWN0b3MsIGxhIEVzY3VlbGEgYWN0w7phIGNvbW8gdW4gdGVyY2VybyBkZSBidWVuYSBmZS4KVG9kYSBwZXJzb25hIHF1ZSBjb25zdWx0ZSBlbCBSZXBvc2l0b3JpbyBJbnN0aXR1Y2lvbmFsIGRlIGxhIEVzY3VlbGEsIGVsIENhdMOhbG9nbyBlbiBsw61uZWEgdSBvdHJvIG1lZGlvIGVsZWN0csOzbmljbywgCnBvZHLDoSBjb3BpYXIgYXBhcnRlcyBkZWwgdGV4dG8sIGNvbiBlbCBjb21wcm9taXNvIGRlIGNpdGFyIHNpZW1wcmUgbGEgZnVlbnRlLCBsYSBjdWFsIGluY2x1eWUgZWwgdMOtdHVsbyBkZWwgdHJhYmFqbyB5IGVsIAphdXRvci5Fc3RhIGF1dG9yaXphY2nDs24gbm8gaW1wbGljYSByZW51bmNpYSBhIGxhIGZhY3VsdGFkIHF1ZSB0ZW5nbyBkZSBwdWJsaWNhciB0b3RhbCBvIHBhcmNpYWxtZW50ZSBsYSBvYnJhIGVuIG90cm9zIAptZWRpb3MuRXN0YSBhdXRvcml6YWNpw7NuIGVzdMOhIHJlc3BhbGRhZGEgcG9yIGxhcyBmaXJtYXMgZGVsIChsb3MpIGF1dG9yKGVzKSBkZWwgZG9jdW1lbnRvLiAKU8OtIGF1dG9yaXpvIChhbWJvcykK

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