Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis

In this paper, a parametric study of the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) has been carried out in cylindrical pressure vessels with circular holes. A three-dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out performing a variation of dimensionless parameters (thickness ratio, size ratio and as...

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Autores:
Gimeno, Jaime
Venegas, Oscar
Urbano-T, Javier
Tipo de recurso:
Article of investigation
Fecha de publicación:
2022
Institución:
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
Repositorio:
Repositorio Institucional ECI
Idioma:
eng
OAI Identifier:
oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3142
Acceso en línea:
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3142
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.104775
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308016122001612
Palabra clave:
Stress concentration factor
Thick pressure vessels
Crossholes
High-pressure vessels
Finite element method
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openAccess
License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
id ESCUELAIG2_e435424a6eb13f4d6ac9868d25cf6101
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3142
network_acronym_str ESCUELAIG2
network_name_str Repositorio Institucional ECI
repository_id_str
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
title Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
spellingShingle Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
Stress concentration factor
Thick pressure vessels
Crossholes
High-pressure vessels
Finite element method
title_short Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
title_full Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
title_fullStr Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
title_full_unstemmed Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
title_sort Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysis
dc.creator.fl_str_mv Gimeno, Jaime
Venegas, Oscar
Urbano-T, Javier
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv Gimeno, Jaime
Venegas, Oscar
Urbano-T, Javier
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv Grupo de Investigación en Diseños sostenibles en ingeniería mecánica
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv Stress concentration factor
Thick pressure vessels
Crossholes
High-pressure vessels
Finite element method
topic Stress concentration factor
Thick pressure vessels
Crossholes
High-pressure vessels
Finite element method
description In this paper, a parametric study of the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) has been carried out in cylindrical pressure vessels with circular holes. A three-dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out performing a variation of dimensionless parameters (thickness ratio, size ratio and aspect ratio) exploring a wider range than other investigations. It is observed that the maximum value of the SCF increases as the hole size ratio and the aspect ratio increase, although the location of the maximum SCF is located from the internal area of the vessel to the external part depending on the geometric configuration, defining thus three differentiated zones. Additionally, in the final part of the document, a fit model is defined to determine the value of the maximum SCF for different continuous values of the defined dimensionless parameters. This model allows to quickly calculate or locate from a contour map the maximum value of SCF for a specific geometry of pressure vessel.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-03T14:25:42Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2024-07-03T14:25:42Z
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
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dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.104775
dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv 1879-3541
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url https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3142
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.104775
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308016122001612
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv October 2022
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv 10
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv 1
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv 199
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv N/A
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv C.A. Adenya, J.M. Kihiu Stress Concentration Factors in Thick Walled Cylinders with Elliptical Cross-Bores (2010), pp. 181-200
D. Camilleri, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton Shakedown of a thick cylinder with a radial crosshole J. Pressure Vessel Technol. (2008), p. 131
T. Comlekci, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton, J. Wood Elastic stress concentration at radial crossholes in pressurized thick cylinders J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 42 (2007), pp. 461-468
R.D. Dixon, D.T. Peters, J.G.M. Keltjens Stress concentration factors of cross-bores in thick walled cylinders and blocks J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 126 (2004), pp. 184-187
R. Dixon, D. Peters, J. Keltjens Stress Concentration Factors of Cross-Bores in Thick Walled Cylinders and Square Blocks American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP (2002), p. 436
J.H. Faupel, D.B. Harris Stress concentration in heavy-walled cylindrical pressure vessels - effect of elliptic and circular side holes Ind. Eng. Chem., 49 (1957), pp. 1979-1986
J.C. Gerdeen Analysis of stress concentrations in thick cylinders with sideholes and crossholes Journal of Engineering for Industry (1972), pp. 815-824
T. Iwadate, H. Takeda, K. Chiba, J. Watanabe Safety analysis at a cross-bore corner of high pressure reactors J. High Pres. Inst. Jpn., 23 (1985), pp. 245-253
A.R. Kharat, V. Kulkarni Analysis of stress concentration at opening in pressure vessel using ANOVA Int. J. Renew. Energy Technol. (2014), p. 261 03
J.M. Kihiu, G.O. Rading, S.M. Mutuli Overstraining of flush plain cross-bored cylinders Proc. IME C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 218 (2004), pp. 143-153
J.M. Kihiu, G.O. Rading, S.M. Mutuli Universal SCFs and optimal chamfering in cross-bored cylinders Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip., 84 (2007), pp. 396-404
J. Kihiu, G. Rading, S. Mutuli Geometric constants in plain cross-bored cylinders Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology - Transactions of The Asme, 125 (2003)
S.K. Koh Fatigue analysis of autofrettaged pressure vessels with radial holes Int. J. Fatig., 22 (2000), pp. 717-726
P. Makulsawatudom, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton Stress concentration at crossholes in thick cylindrical vessels J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 39 (2004), pp. 471-481
L.M. Masu Cross bore configuration and size effects on the stress distribution in thick-walled cylinders Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip., 72 (1997), pp. 171-176
L. Mizzi, A. Spaggiari Stress concentrations in skew pressurized holes: a numerical analysis
J.L.M. Morrison, B. Crossland, J.S.C. Parry Fatigue strength of cylinders with cross-bores J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 1 (1959), pp. 207-210
K.B. Mulchandani, D.P. Shukla Photoelastic investigation of stress intensifications in the interacting nozzle attachment region of pressure vessels J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 30 (1995), pp. 167-174
G.C. Nihous, C.K. Kinoshita, S.M. Masutani Stress concentration factors for oblique holes in pressurized thick-walled cylinders J. Pressure Vessel Technol. (2008), p. 130
P.K. Nziu, L.M. Masu Cross bore size and wall thickness effects on elastic pressurised thick cylinders Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 14 (2019), p. 4
P.K. Nziu, L.M. Masu Cross bore geometry configuration effects on stress concentration in high-pressure vessels: a review Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 14 (2019), p. 6
R. Payri, F.J. Salvador, J. Gimeno, O. Venegas Study of cavitation phenomenon using different fuels in a transparent nozzle by hydraulic characterization and visualization Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 44 (2013), pp. 235-244
G. Raju, K.H. Babu, N.S. Nagaraju, K.K. Chand Design and analysis of stress on thick walled cylinder with and with out holes Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5 (2015), pp. 75-83
S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier Theory of Elasticity (second ed.), McGraw-Hill Book Company (1951)
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spelling Gimeno, Jaime99fe115a87e70af7ed96e6cd4cec3d3c600Venegas, Oscar01c7992dcab9ac3b4214ab8287982970600Urbano-T, Javier739b58097cbb79844f026f4dd2e2ae0f600Grupo de Investigación en Diseños sostenibles en ingeniería mecánica2024-07-03T14:25:42Z2024-07-03T14:25:42Z20220308-0161https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3142https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2022.1047751879-3541https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308016122001612In this paper, a parametric study of the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) has been carried out in cylindrical pressure vessels with circular holes. A three-dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out performing a variation of dimensionless parameters (thickness ratio, size ratio and aspect ratio) exploring a wider range than other investigations. It is observed that the maximum value of the SCF increases as the hole size ratio and the aspect ratio increase, although the location of the maximum SCF is located from the internal area of the vessel to the external part depending on the geometric configuration, defining thus three differentiated zones. Additionally, in the final part of the document, a fit model is defined to determine the value of the maximum SCF for different continuous values of the defined dimensionless parameters. This model allows to quickly calculate or locate from a contour map the maximum value of SCF for a specific geometry of pressure vessel.En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio paramétrico del factor de concentración de tensiones (SCF) en recipientes a presión cilíndricos con orificios circulares. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis tridimensional por elementos finitos realizando una variación de los parámetros adimensionales (relación de espesores, relación de tamaños y relación de aspectos) explorando un rango más amplio que otras investigaciones. Se observa que el valor máximo del SCF aumenta a medida que se incrementa la relación de tamaño de los agujeros y la relación de aspecto, aunque la localización del SCF máximo se localiza desde la zona interna del recipiente hasta la parte externa dependiendo de la configuración geométrica, definiendo así tres zonas diferenciadas. Adicionalmente, en la parte final del documento, se define un modelo de ajuste para determinar el valor del SCF máximo para diferentes valores continuos de los parámetros adimensionales definidos. Este modelo permite calcular o localizar rápidamente a partir de un mapa de contornos el valor máximo de SCF para una geometría específica de recipiente a presión.10 páginasapplication/pdfengElSevierColombiahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308016122001612Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole: Continuous parameters analysisArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85October 2022101199N/AInternational Journal of Pressure Vessels and PipingC.A. Adenya, J.M. Kihiu Stress Concentration Factors in Thick Walled Cylinders with Elliptical Cross-Bores (2010), pp. 181-200D. Camilleri, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton Shakedown of a thick cylinder with a radial crosshole J. Pressure Vessel Technol. (2008), p. 131T. Comlekci, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton, J. Wood Elastic stress concentration at radial crossholes in pressurized thick cylinders J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 42 (2007), pp. 461-468R.D. Dixon, D.T. Peters, J.G.M. Keltjens Stress concentration factors of cross-bores in thick walled cylinders and blocks J. Pressure Vessel Technol., 126 (2004), pp. 184-187R. Dixon, D. Peters, J. Keltjens Stress Concentration Factors of Cross-Bores in Thick Walled Cylinders and Square Blocks American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication) PVP (2002), p. 436J.H. Faupel, D.B. Harris Stress concentration in heavy-walled cylindrical pressure vessels - effect of elliptic and circular side holes Ind. Eng. Chem., 49 (1957), pp. 1979-1986J.C. Gerdeen Analysis of stress concentrations in thick cylinders with sideholes and crossholes Journal of Engineering for Industry (1972), pp. 815-824T. Iwadate, H. Takeda, K. Chiba, J. Watanabe Safety analysis at a cross-bore corner of high pressure reactors J. High Pres. Inst. Jpn., 23 (1985), pp. 245-253A.R. Kharat, V. Kulkarni Analysis of stress concentration at opening in pressure vessel using ANOVA Int. J. Renew. Energy Technol. (2014), p. 261 03J.M. Kihiu, G.O. Rading, S.M. Mutuli Overstraining of flush plain cross-bored cylinders Proc. IME C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 218 (2004), pp. 143-153J.M. Kihiu, G.O. Rading, S.M. Mutuli Universal SCFs and optimal chamfering in cross-bored cylinders Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip., 84 (2007), pp. 396-404J. Kihiu, G. Rading, S. Mutuli Geometric constants in plain cross-bored cylinders Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology - Transactions of The Asme, 125 (2003)S.K. Koh Fatigue analysis of autofrettaged pressure vessels with radial holes Int. J. Fatig., 22 (2000), pp. 717-726P. Makulsawatudom, D. Mackenzie, R. Hamilton Stress concentration at crossholes in thick cylindrical vessels J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 39 (2004), pp. 471-481L.M. Masu Cross bore configuration and size effects on the stress distribution in thick-walled cylinders Int. J. Pres. Ves. Pip., 72 (1997), pp. 171-176L. Mizzi, A. Spaggiari Stress concentrations in skew pressurized holes: a numerical analysisJ.L.M. Morrison, B. Crossland, J.S.C. Parry Fatigue strength of cylinders with cross-bores J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 1 (1959), pp. 207-210K.B. Mulchandani, D.P. Shukla Photoelastic investigation of stress intensifications in the interacting nozzle attachment region of pressure vessels J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 30 (1995), pp. 167-174G.C. Nihous, C.K. Kinoshita, S.M. Masutani Stress concentration factors for oblique holes in pressurized thick-walled cylinders J. Pressure Vessel Technol. (2008), p. 130P.K. Nziu, L.M. Masu Cross bore size and wall thickness effects on elastic pressurised thick cylinders Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 14 (2019), p. 4P.K. Nziu, L.M. Masu Cross bore geometry configuration effects on stress concentration in high-pressure vessels: a review Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng., 14 (2019), p. 6R. Payri, F.J. Salvador, J. Gimeno, O. Venegas Study of cavitation phenomenon using different fuels in a transparent nozzle by hydraulic characterization and visualization Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 44 (2013), pp. 235-244G. Raju, K.H. Babu, N.S. Nagaraju, K.K. Chand Design and analysis of stress on thick walled cylinder with and with out holes Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5 (2015), pp. 75-83S.P. Timoshenko, J.N. Goodier Theory of Elasticity (second ed.), McGraw-Hill Book Company (1951)Stress concentration factorThick pressure vesselsCrossholesHigh-pressure vesselsFinite element methodTEXTStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdf.txtStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain43125https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3142/4/Stress%20Concentration%20Factor%20in%20vessels%20with%20circular%20crosshole%20Continuous%20parameters%20analysis.pdf.txtcdc5cc9a57e48ea2be29efb7085f2d23MD54open accessTHUMBNAILPortada - Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pngPortada - Stress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pngimage/png213445https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3142/3/Portada%20-%20Stress%20Concentration%20Factor%20in%20vessels%20with%20circular%20crosshole%20Continuous%20parameters%20analysis.pngb1a1363cdacf847192c2feb4f00e37e7MD53open accessStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdf.jpgStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg14363https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3142/5/Stress%20Concentration%20Factor%20in%20vessels%20with%20circular%20crosshole%20Continuous%20parameters%20analysis.pdf.jpgb225f8a238e9b9ee8d7839b809889692MD55open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3142/2/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD52open accessORIGINALStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdfStress Concentration Factor in vessels with circular crosshole Continuous parameters analysis.pdfArtículo de revistaapplication/pdf3254437https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3142/1/Stress%20Concentration%20Factor%20in%20vessels%20with%20circular%20crosshole%20Continuous%20parameters%20analysis.pdfe768f30a58c4ce02eee152471c243edcMD51open access001/3142oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/31422024-07-04 03:00:53.463open accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.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