A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images
Artificial intelligence is having an important effect on different areas of medicine, and ophthalmology is not the exception. In particular, deep learning methods have been applied successfully to the detection of clinical signs and the classification of ocular diseases. This represents a great pote...
- Autores:
-
Perdomo Charry, Oscar Julián
González, Fabio Augusto
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of journal
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2020
- Institución:
- Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional ECI
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3326
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3326
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co
- Palabra clave:
- Aprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial)
Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence)
Diagnóstico por imagen
Diagnostic imaging
Ojos - Enfermedades
Eye - Diseases
Hallazgos clínicos
Enfermedades oculares
Bases de datos oculares
Aprendizaje profundo
Diagnóstico clínico
Clinical signs
Ocular diseases
ocular datase
Deep learning
Clinical diagnosis
- Rights
- closedAccess
- License
- http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb
| id |
ESCUELAIG2_8ac3685ab4e9af51a772a4a0b60d0df5 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/3326 |
| network_acronym_str |
ESCUELAIG2 |
| network_name_str |
Repositorio Institucional ECI |
| repository_id_str |
|
| dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| dc.title.alternative.spa.fl_str_mv |
Una revisión sistemática de métodos de aprendizaje profundo aplicados a imágenes oculares |
| title |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| spellingShingle |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images Aprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial) Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence) Diagnóstico por imagen Diagnostic imaging Ojos - Enfermedades Eye - Diseases Hallazgos clínicos Enfermedades oculares Bases de datos oculares Aprendizaje profundo Diagnóstico clínico Clinical signs Ocular diseases ocular datase Deep learning Clinical diagnosis |
| title_short |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| title_full |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| title_fullStr |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| title_full_unstemmed |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| title_sort |
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images |
| dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Perdomo Charry, Oscar Julián González, Fabio Augusto |
| dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Perdomo Charry, Oscar Julián González, Fabio Augusto |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
GiBiome |
| dc.subject.armarc.none.fl_str_mv |
Aprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial) Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence) Diagnóstico por imagen Diagnostic imaging Ojos - Enfermedades Eye - Diseases |
| topic |
Aprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial) Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence) Diagnóstico por imagen Diagnostic imaging Ojos - Enfermedades Eye - Diseases Hallazgos clínicos Enfermedades oculares Bases de datos oculares Aprendizaje profundo Diagnóstico clínico Clinical signs Ocular diseases ocular datase Deep learning Clinical diagnosis |
| dc.subject.proposal.spa.fl_str_mv |
Hallazgos clínicos Enfermedades oculares Bases de datos oculares Aprendizaje profundo Diagnóstico clínico |
| dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Clinical signs Ocular diseases ocular datase Deep learning Clinical diagnosis |
| description |
Artificial intelligence is having an important effect on different areas of medicine, and ophthalmology is not the exception. In particular, deep learning methods have been applied successfully to the detection of clinical signs and the classification of ocular diseases. This represents a great potential to increase the number of people correctly diagnosed. In ophthalmology, deep learning methods have primarily been applied to eye fundus images and optical coherence tomography. On the one hand, these methods have achieved outstanding performance in the detection of ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, diabetic macular degeneration, and age-related macular degeneration. On the other hand, several worldwide challenges have shared big eye imaging datasets with the segmentation of part of the eyes, clinical signs, and ocular diagnoses performed by experts. In addition, these methods are breaking the stigma of black-box models, with the delivery of interpretable clinical information. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods used in ophthalmic images, databases, and potential challenges for ocular diagnosis |
| publishDate |
2020 |
| dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2020 |
| dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T21:19:12Z |
| dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2024-10-16T21:19:12Z |
| dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
| dc.type.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
| dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
| dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
| dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.issn.spa.fl_str_mv |
0124-8170 |
| dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3326 |
| dc.identifier.eissn.spa.fl_str_mv |
: 1909-7735 |
| dc.identifier.instname.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito |
| dc.identifier.reponame.spa.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Digital |
| dc.identifier.repourl.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co |
| identifier_str_mv |
0124-8170 : 1909-7735 Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito Repositorio Digital |
| url |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3326 https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co |
| dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.citationedition.spa.fl_str_mv |
Vol. 30 No. 1 Enero - Julio 2020 |
| dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
26 |
| dc.relation.citationissue.spa.fl_str_mv |
1 |
| dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
9 |
| dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
30 |
| dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina |
| dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
A. W. Stitt, N. Lois, R. J. Medina, P. Adamson, and T. M. Curtis (2013), “Advances in Our Understanding of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Clinical Science, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2013. doi:10.1042/CS20120588 N. Gurudath, M. Celenk, and H. B. Riley, “Machine Learning Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy from Fundus Images,” In 2014 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), 2014, pp. 1-7. doi:10.1109/SPMB.2014.7002949 R. Priyadarshini, N. Dash, and R. Mishra, “A Novel Approach to Predict Diabetes Mellitus Using Modified Extreme Learning Machine,” In 2014 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS), 2014, pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/ECS.2014.6892740 G. Quellec et al., “Automated Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Using Content-Based Image Retrieval in Multimodal Fundus Photographs,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 8342-8348, 2011. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7418 R.A. Welikalaa et al., “Automated Detection of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using a Modified Line Operator and Dual Classification,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 247- 261, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.02.010 S. Roychowdhury, D. D. Koozekanani, and K. K. Parhi, “DREAM: Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis Using Machine Learning,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1717-1728, 2013. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2013.2294635 D. Usher, M. Dumskyj, M. Himaga, T.H. Williamson, S Nussey, and J. Boyce, “Automated Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Digital Retinal Images: A Tool for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 84-90, 2004. doi:0.1046/j.1464- 5491.2003.01085.x S. Philip et al., “The Efficacy of Automated “Disease/ No Disease” Grading for Diabetic Retinopathy in a Systematic Screening Programme,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 1512-1517, 2007. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.119453 S. C. Cheng and Y. M. Huang, “A Novel Approach to Diagnose Diabetes Based on the Fractal Characteristics of Retinal Images,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 163-170, 2003. doi:10.1109/TITB.2003.813792 M. García, C.I. Sánchez, M.I. López, D. Abásolo, and R. Hornero, “Neural Network Based Detection of Hard Exudates in Retinal Images,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 9-19, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.07.006 W. Lu, Y. Tong, Y. Yu, Y. Xing, C. Chen, and Y. Shen, “Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology: General Overview,” Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018. doi:10.1155/2018/5278196 D. C. S. Vandarkuzhali, and T. Ravichandran, “Elm Based Detection of Abnormality in Retinal Image of Eye Due to Diabetic Retinopathy,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 6, pp. 423-428, 2005. B. Antal and A. Hajdu, “An Ensemble-Based System for Automatic Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 60, pp. 20-27, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2013.12.023 T. K. Yoo and E. C. Park, “Diabetic Retinopathy Risk Prediction for Fundus Examination Using Sparse Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study,” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 106, 2013. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-13-106 N. H. Cho et al., “IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of Diabetes Prevalence for 2017 and Projections for 2045,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 138, pp. 271-281, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023 International Diabetes Federation (IDF), IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th ed., [online], 2017. Available: https://www.idf. org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas. html [Accessed Jul. 30, 2019]. American Diabetes Association, “2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019,” Diabetes Care, vol. 42, no. Supplement 1, pp. S13-S28, 2019. doi:10.2337/dc19-S002 C. W. Baker, Y. Jiang, and T. Stone, “Recent Advancements in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network,” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 210, 2016. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000262 J. W. Y. Yau et al., “Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 556-564, 2012. doi:10.2337/dc11-1909 L. Guariguata, C. Brown, N. Sobers, I. Hambleton, T.A. Samuels, and N. Unwin, “An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Social Determinants of Diabetes and Related Risk Factors in the Caribbean,” Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, vol. 42, 2018. doi:10.26633/RPSP.2018.171 Z. Zhang et al., “A Survey on Computer Aided Diagnosis for Ocular Diseases,” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 80, 2014. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-14-80 A. D. Fleming, S. Philip, K. A. Goatman, J. A. Olson and P. F. Sharp, “Automated Microaneurysm Detection Using Local Contrast Normalization and Local Vessel Detection,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1223-1232, Sept. 2006. doi:10.1109/ TMI.2006.879953 P. Porwal et al., “Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD): A Database for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Research,” Data, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 25, 2018. doi:10.3390/data3030025 R. M. Kamble et al., “Automated Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) Analysis using Fine Tuning with Inception-Resnet-v2 on OCT Images,” 2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), Sarawak, Malaysia, 2018, pp. 442-446. doi:10.1109/IECBES.2018.8626616 R. Bernardes and J. Cunha-Vaz, Eds., “Optical Coherence Tomography: A Clinical and Technical Update,” Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27410-7 M. Niemeijer et al., “Retinopathy Online Challenge: Automatic Detection of Microaneurysms in Digital Color Fundus Photographs,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 185-195, Jan. 2010. doi:10.1109/TMI.2009.2033909 P. P. Srinivasan et al., “Fully Automated Detection of Diabetic Macular Edema and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Optical Coherence Tomography Images,” Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 3568-3577, 2014. doi:10.1364/BOE.5.003568 D. Zhao et al., “Improving Follow-Up and Reducing Barriers for Eye Screenings in Communities: The Stop Glaucoma Study,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 188, pp. 19-28, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.01.008 M. R. K. Mookiah, U. R. Acharya, C. M. Lim, A. Petznick, and J. S. Suri, “Data Mining Technique for Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Higher Order Spectra and Wavelet Energy Features,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 33, pp. 73-82, 2012. doi:10.1016/j. knosys.2012.02.010 R. Bock, J. Meier, L. G. Nyúl, J. Hornegger, and G. Michelson, “Glaucoma Risk Index: Automated Glaucoma Detection from Color Fundus Images,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 471-481, 2010. doi:10.1016/j. media.2009.12.006 F. Fumero, S. Alayón, J. L. Sanchez, J. Sigut, and M. Gonzalez-Hernandez, “RIM-ONE: An Open Retinal Image Database for Optic Nerve Evaluation,” In 2011 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), Jun. 2011, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ CBMS.2011.5999143 S. Maetschke, B. Antony, H. Ishikawa, G. Wollstein, J. Schuman, and R. Garnavi. “A Feature Agnostic Approach for Glaucoma Detection in oct Volumes,” PloS one, vol. 14, no. 7, p. e0219126, 2019. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0219126 P. T. De Jong, “Age-Related Macular Degeneration,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 14, pp. 1474-1485, 2006. doi:10.1056/NEJMra062326 F. Huazhu et al., iChallenge-AMD, [Online], 2019. Available: http://ai.baidu.com. S. Farsiu et al., “Quantitative Classification of Eyes with and without Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Optical Coherence Tomography,” Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 162-172, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.013 Y. F. Chen, I. J. Wang, C. C. Su, and M. S. Chen, “Macular Thickness and Aging in Retinitis Pigmentosa,” Optometry and Vision Science, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 471- 482, 2012. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31824c0b0b H. Mactier, M. S. Bradnam, and R. Hamilton, “Dark-Adapted Oscillatory Potentials in Preterm Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity,” Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 33-40, 2013. doi:10.1007/s10633-013-9373-2 K. P. Dhamdhere, M. A. Bearse, W. Harrison, S. Barez, M. E. Schneck, and A. J. Adams, “Associations between Local Retinal Thickness and Function in Early Diabetes,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 6122-6128, 2012. doi:10.1167/iovs.12- 10293 D. Karlica, D. Galetović, M. Ivanisević, V. Skrabić, L. Znaor, and D. Jurišić, “Visual Evoked Potential Can Be Used to Detect a Prediabetic Form of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type I,” Collegium antropologicum, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 525-529, 2010. doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20151405. M. Lövestam-Adrian, L. Gränse, G. Andersson, and S. Andreasson, “Multifocal Visual Evoked Potentials (MFVEP) in Diabetic Patients with and without Polyneuropathy,” The Open Ophthalmology Journal, vol. 6, p. 98, 2012. doi:10.2174/1874364101206010098 S. Gupta, T. Khan, G. Gupta, B. K. Agrawal, and Z. Khan, “Electrophysiological Evaluation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials,” National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 527, 2017. doi:10.5455/njppp.2017.7.1235824012017 J. Heravian et al., “Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus,” Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 225, 2012. R. Kardon, S. C. Anderson, T. G. Damarjian, E. M. Grace, E. Stone, and A. Kawasaki, “Chromatic Pupillometry in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa,” Ophthalmology, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 376-381, 2011. doi:10.1016/j. ophtha.2010.06.033 M. C. Ortube et al., “Comparative Regional Pupillography as a Noninvasive Biosensor Screening Method for Diabetic Retinopathy,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 9-18, 2013. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10241 J. Threatt, J. F. Williamson, K. Huynh, R. M. Davis, and K. Hermayer, “Ocular Disease, Knowledge and Technology Applications in Patients with Diabetes,” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 345, no. 4, pp. 266-270, 2013. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31828aa6f D. Mitry, T. Peto, S. Hayat, J. E. Morgan, K. T. Khaw, and P. J. Foster, “Crowdsourcing as a Novel Technique for Retinal Fundus Photography Classification: Analysis of Images in the Epic Norfolk Cohort on Behalf of the UKBiobank Eye and Vision Consortium,” PloS one, vol. 8, no. 8, p. e71154, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0071154 J. Staal, M. D. Abràmoff, M. Niemeijer, M. A. Viergever, and B. Van Ginneken, “Ridge-Based Vessel Segmentation in Color Images of the Retina,” IEEE transactions on medical imaging, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 501- 509, 2004. doi:10.1109/TMI.2004.825627 T. Kauppi et al., “DIARETDB0: Evaluation database and methodology for diabetic retinopathy algorithms,” Machine Vision and Pattern Recognition Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, vol. 73, pp. 1-17, 2006. doi:10.1.1.128.4274 T. Kauppi et al., “The Diaretdb1 Diabetic Retinopathy Database and Evaluation Protocol,” In BMVC, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 1-10. doi:10.5244/C.21.15 L. Giancardo et al., “Microaneurysm Detection with Radon Transform-Based Classification on Retina Images,” In 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2011, pp. 5939-5942. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091562 M. M. Fraz et al., “An Ensemble Classification-Based Approach Applied to Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 2538-2548, 2012. doi:10.1109/ TBME.2012.2205687 E. Decencière et al., “TeleOphta: Machine learning and image processing methods for teleophthalmology,” Irbm, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 196-203, 2013. doi:10.1016/j. irbm.2013.01.010 EyePACS Challenge. Diabetic retinopathy detection of Kaggle, [online]. Available: https://www.kaggle.com/c/ diabetic-retinopathy-detection/data Kaggle, “APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection,” kaggle. com, 2019. [Online]. Available : https://www.kaggle. com/c/aptos2019-blindness-detection/data J. Lowell et al., “Optic nerve head segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 256-264, 2004. doi:10.1109/TMI.2003.823261 A. Budai, R. Bock, A. Maier, J. Hornegger, and G. Michelson, “Robust Vessel Segmentation in Fundus Images,” International journal of biomedical imaging, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/154860 A. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M. Goldbaum, “Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piece-wise threshold probing of a matched filter response,” In Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, American Medical Informatics Association, 1998, p. 931. doi:10.1109/42.845178 A. Hoover and M. Goldbaum, “Locating the Optic Nerve in a Retinal Image Using the Fuzzy Convergence of the Blood Vessels,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 951-958, 2003. doi:10.1109/ TMI.2003.815900 D. J. Farnell et al., “Enhancement of Blood Vessels in Digital Fundus Photographs Via the Application of Multiscale Line Operators,” Journal of The Franklin Institute, vol. 345, no. 7, pp. 748-765, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2008.04.009 Y. Zheng, M. H. A. Hijazi, and F. Coenen, “Automated ‘Disease/No Disease’ Grading of Age-Related Macular Degeneration by an Image Mining Approach,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 8310-8318, 2012. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9576 P. Gholami, P. Roy, M. K. Parthasarathy, and V. Lakshminarayanan, “OCTID: Optical Coherence Tomography Image Database,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 81, p. 106532, 2020. doi:10.5683/SP2/ W43PFI E. J. Carmona, M. Rincón, J. García-Feijoó, and J. M. Martínez-de-la-Casa, “Identification of the Optic Nerve Head with Genetic Algorithms,” Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 243-259, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2008.04.005 Z. Zhang et al., “Origa-light: An Online Retinal Fundus Image Database for Glaucoma Analysis and Research,” In 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 2010, pp. 3065-3068. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626137 M. Niemeijer et al., “Automated Measurement of the Arteriolar-To-Venular Width Ratio in Digital Color Fundus Photographs,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1941-1950, 2011. doi:10.1109/TMI.2011.2159619 Z. Zhang, J. Liu, F. Yin, B. H. Lee, D. W. K. Wong, and K. R. Sung, “ACHIKO-K: Database of Fundus Images from Glaucoma Patients,” In 2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2013, pp. 228-231. doi:10.1109/ICIEA.2013.6566371 J. Sivaswamy, S. Krishnadas, A. Chakravarty, G. Joshi, and A. S. Tabish, “A Comprehensive Retinal Image Dataset for the Assessment of Glaucoma from the Optic Nerve Head Analysis,” JSM Biomedical Imaging Data Papers, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1004. J. Sivaswamy, S. R. Krishnadas, G. D. Joshi, M. Jain, and A. U. S. Tabish, “Drishti-gs: Retinal Image Dataset for Optic Nerve Head (onh) Segmentation,” In 2014 IEEE 11th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 2014, pp. 53-56. doi:10.1109/ ISBI.2014.6867807 A. Almazroa et al., “Retinal Fundus Images for Glaucoma Analysis: The RIGA Dataset,” In Medical Imaging 2018: Imaging Informatics for Healthcare, Research, and Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2018, vol. 10579, p. 105790B. doi:10.1117/12.2293584 F. Huazhu et al. “REFUGE: Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge,” IEEE Dataport, 2019. [Online]. doi:10.21227/tz6e-r977 T. E. Clemons, E. Y. Chew, S. B. Bressler, and W. McBee, “National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS Report no. 10. Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 211-217, 2003. doi:10.1001/ archopht.121.2.211 M. K. Jahromi et al., “An Automatic Algorithm for Segmentation of the Boundaries of Corneal Layers in Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Gaussian Mixture Model,” Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 171, 2014. doi:10.4103/2228- 7477.137763 L. Giancardo et al., “Exudate-Based Diabetic Macular Edema Detection in Fundus Images Using Publicly Available Datasets,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 216-226, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.media.2011.07.004 R. Rasti, H. Rabbani, A. Mehridehnavi and F. Hajizadeh, “Macular OCT Classification Using a Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network Ensemble,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1024-1034, April 2018. doi:10.1109/TMI.2017.2780115 D. S. Kermany et al., “Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning,” Cell, vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 1122-1131. doi:10.1016/j. cell.2018.02.010 S. Paul and L. Singh, “A Review on Advances in Deep Learning,” In 2015 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence: Theories, Applications and Future Directions (WCI), 2015, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ WCI.2015.7495514 A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, “Imagenet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2012, pp. 1097-1105. doi:10.1145/3065386. M. D. Zeiler and R. Fergus, “Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks,” In European Conference on Computer Vision, 2014, pp. 818-833. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_53 K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014. C. Szegedy et al., “Going Deeper with Convolutions,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 1-9, doi:10.1109/ CVPR.2015.7298594 G. Hinton et al., “Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 29, 2012. doi:10.1109/ MSP.2012.2205597 O. Abdel-Hamid, A. Mohamed, H. Jiang, L. Deng, G. Penn, and D. Yu, “Convolutional Neural Networks for Speech Recognition,” in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1533-1545, Oct. 2014. doi:10.1109/ TASLP.2014.2339736 Sainath et al., “Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Large-Scale Speech Tasks,” Neural Networks, vol. 64, pp. 39-48, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.08.005 Kaggle, “Higgs Boson Machine Learning Challenge,” kaggle.com, September 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.kaggle.com/c/higgs-boson Kaggle, “1000 Fundus Images with 39 Categories,” kaggle.com, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www. kaggle.com/linchundan/fundusimage1000 A. de Brebisson and G. Montana, “Deep Neural Networks for Anatomical Brain Segmentation,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2015, pp. 20-28. doi:10.1109/CVPRW.2015.7301312 H. C. Shin, M. R. Orton, D. J. Collins, S. J. Doran, and M. O. Leach, “Stacked Autoencoders for Unsupervised Feature Learning and Multiple Organ Detection in a Pilot Study Using 4d Patient Data,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1930-1943, 2012. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2012.277 Cancer Imaging Archive, “The Cancer Genome Atlas,” cancerimaging.net, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/ Spineweb, “Collaborative Platform for Research on Spine Imaging and Image Analysis,” spineweb.digitalimaginggroup.ca, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://spineweb.digitalimaginggroup.ca/ O. J. Perdomo, H. A. Rios, F. J. Rodríguez, and F. A. González, “3D Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Neurosensory Retinal Thickness Map from Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Volumes,” In 14th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 2018, vol. 10975, p. 109750I. https:// doi.org/10.1117/12.2511597 S. Otálora, O. Perdomo, F. González, and H. Müller, “Training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with Active Learning for Exudate Classification in Eye Fundus Images,” In Intravascular Imaging and Computer Assisted Stenting, and Large-Scale Annotation of Biomedical Data and Expert Label Synthesis, Springer, Cham, 2017, pp. 146-154. C. Szegedy, V. Vanhoucke, S. Ioffe, J. Shlens, and Z. Wojna, “Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 2818-2826. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2016.308 O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation,” In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2015, pp. 234-241. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28 M. U. Akram, S. Khalid, A. Tariq, S. A. Khan, and F. Azam, “Detection and Classification of Retinal Lesions for Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 161-171, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.11.014 A. B. Aujih, L. I. Izhar, F. Mériaudeau, and M. I. Shapiai, “Analysis of Retinal Vessel Segmentation with Deep Learning and its Effect on Diabetic Retinopathy Classification,” In 2018 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced System (ICIAS), 2018, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ICIAS.2018.8540642. Y. Yang, T. Li, W. Li, H. Wu, W. Fan, and W. Zhang, “Lesion Detection and Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy Via Two-Stages Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2017, pp. 533-540. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66179-7_61 Z. Gao, J. Li, J. Guo, Y. Chen, Z. Yi, and J. Zhong, “Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Neural Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 3360-3370, 2018. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2888639 G. Quellec, K. Charrière, Y. Boudi, B. Cochener, and M. Lamard, “Deep Image Mining for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 39, pp. 178-193, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.media.2017.04.012 V. Gulshan et al., “Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs,” Jama, vol. 316, no. 22, pp. 2402-2410, 2016. doi:10.1001/ jama.2016.17216 O. Perdomo, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “Convolutional Network to Detect Exudates in Eye Fundus Images of Diabetic Subjects,” In 12th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10160, p. 101600T. doi: 10.1117/12.2256939. O. Perdomo, S. Otalora, F. Rodríguez, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “A Novel Machine Learning Model Based on Exudate Localization to Detect Diabetic Macular Edema,” In Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis Third International Workshop (OMIA), 2016, pp. 137- 144. doi:10.17077/omia.1057. S. Wang, L. Yu, X. Yang, C. Fu and P. Heng, “Patch-Based Output Space Adversarial Learning for Joint Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2485-2495, Nov. 2019. J. H. Kumar, A. K. Pediredla, and C. S. Seelamantula, “Active Discs for Automated Optic Disc Segmentation,” In 2015 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), IEEE, 2015, pp. 225-229 O. Perdomo, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “Combining Morphometric Features and Convolutional Networks Fusion for Glaucoma Diagnosis,” In 13th International Conference on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10572, p. 105721G. doi:10.1117/12.2285964 O. Perdomo, V. Andrearczyk, F. Meriaudeau, H. Müller, and F. A. González, “Glaucoma Diagnosis from Eye Fundus Images Based on Deep Morphometric Feature Estimation,” In Computational Pathology and Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis, 2018, pp. 319-327. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00949-6_38 P. M. Burlina, N. Joshi, K. D. Pacheco, D. E. Freund, J. Kong, and N. M. Bressler, “Use of Deep Learning for Detailed Severity Characterization and Estimation of 5-Year Risk among Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration,” JAMA Ophthalmology, vol. 136, no. 12, pp. 1359-1366, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.4118 Gholami, P., “Developing Algorithms for the Analysis of Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images, Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, 2018 O. Perdomo, S. Otálora, F. A. González, F. Meriaudeau, and H. Müller, “OCT-net: A Convolutional Network for Automatic Classification of Normal and Diabetic Macular Edema Using Sd-Oct Volumes,” In 2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018), 2018, pp. 1423-1426. doi:10.1109/ISBI.2018.8363839 W. Sun, X. Liu, and Z. Yang, “Automated Detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Oct Images Using Multiple Instance Learning,” In Ninth International Conference on Digital Image Processing (ICDIP 2017), International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10420, p. 104203V). doi:10.1117/12.2282522 O. Perdomo et al., “Classification of Diabetes-Related Retinal Diseases Using a Deep Learning Approach in Optical Coherence Tomography,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 178, pp. 181-189, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.016 J. De Fauw et al., “Clinically Applicable Deep Learning for Diagnosis and Referral in Retinal Disease,” Nature Medicine, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1342, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6 C. S. Lee, D. M. Baughman, and A. Y. Lee, “Deep Learning is Effective for Classifying Normal Versus Age-Related Macular Degeneration Oct Images,” Ophthalmology Retina, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 322-327, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2016.12.009 K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 770-778. doi:10.1109/ CVPR.2016.90 M. Voets, K. Møllersen, and L. A. Bongo, “Replication Study: Development and Validation of Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.04337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217541. |
| dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
closedAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cb |
| dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
18 páginas |
| dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Universidad Militar Nueva Granada |
| dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
Bogotá (Colombia) |
| dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://revistas.unimilitar.edu.co/index.php/rcin/issue/view/299 |
| institution |
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/4/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdf.txt https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/3/Portada%20A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.PNG https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/5/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdf.jpg https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/2/license.txt https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/1/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdf |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
1dd2d021374661db4c09f66f20160931 d278eef9cd81fad36f7e40ec27f1b6e0 9f74e5ec1271f09bf5a5027e7d801752 5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06e ca60ff8fe32798dad8dba757cde40684 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.co |
| _version_ |
1814355622610599936 |
| spelling |
Perdomo Charry, Oscar Julián0257d02fec95a5e32cb46abe673774b2González, Fabio Augusto563b70ed192cb24ccf388a7df21a5f2bGiBiome2024-10-16T21:19:12Z2024-10-16T21:19:12Z20200124-8170https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/3326: 1909-7735Universidad Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio GaravitoRepositorio Digitalhttps://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.coArtificial intelligence is having an important effect on different areas of medicine, and ophthalmology is not the exception. In particular, deep learning methods have been applied successfully to the detection of clinical signs and the classification of ocular diseases. This represents a great potential to increase the number of people correctly diagnosed. In ophthalmology, deep learning methods have primarily been applied to eye fundus images and optical coherence tomography. On the one hand, these methods have achieved outstanding performance in the detection of ocular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, diabetic macular degeneration, and age-related macular degeneration. On the other hand, several worldwide challenges have shared big eye imaging datasets with the segmentation of part of the eyes, clinical signs, and ocular diagnoses performed by experts. In addition, these methods are breaking the stigma of black-box models, with the delivery of interpretable clinical information. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods used in ophthalmic images, databases, and potential challenges for ocular diagnosisLa inteligencia artificial tiene un importante impacto en diversas áreas de la medicina, y la oftalmología no ha sido la excepción. En particular, los métodos de aprendizaje profundo han sido aplicados con éxito en la detección de signos clínicos y la clasificación de enfermedades oculares. Esto representa un impacto potencial en el incremento de pacientes correcta y oportunamente diagnosticados. En oftalmología, los métodos de aprendizaje profundo se han aplicado principalmente en imágenes de fondo de ojo y tomografía de coherencia óptica. Por un lado, estos métodos han logrado un rendimiento sobresaliente en la detección de enfermedades oculares tales como la retinopatía diabética, el glaucoma, la degeneración macular diabética y la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. Por otro lado, varios desafíos mundiales han compartido grandes conjuntos de datos con segmentación de parte de los ojos, signos clínicos y el diagnóstico ocular realizado por expertos. Adicionalmente, estos métodos han venido rompiendo el estigma de los modelos de caja negra, proveyendo información clínica interpretable. Esta revisión proporciona una visión general de los métodos de aprendizaje profundo de última generación utilizados en imágenes oftálmicas, bases de datos y posibles desafíos para los diagnósticos oculares18 páginasapplication/pdfengUniversidad Militar Nueva GranadaBogotá (Colombia)https://revistas.unimilitar.edu.co/index.php/rcin/issue/view/299A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular ImagesUna revisión sistemática de métodos de aprendizaje profundo aplicados a imágenes ocularesArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85Vol. 30 No. 1 Enero - Julio 2020261930Ciencia e Ingeniería NeogranadinaA. W. Stitt, N. Lois, R. J. Medina, P. Adamson, and T. M. Curtis (2013), “Advances in Our Understanding of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Clinical Science, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2013. doi:10.1042/CS20120588N. Gurudath, M. Celenk, and H. B. Riley, “Machine Learning Identification of Diabetic Retinopathy from Fundus Images,” In 2014 IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium (SPMB), 2014, pp. 1-7. doi:10.1109/SPMB.2014.7002949R. Priyadarshini, N. Dash, and R. Mishra, “A Novel Approach to Predict Diabetes Mellitus Using Modified Extreme Learning Machine,” In 2014 International Conference on Electronics and Communication Systems (ICECS), 2014, pp. 1-5. doi:10.1109/ECS.2014.6892740G. Quellec et al., “Automated Assessment of Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Using Content-Based Image Retrieval in Multimodal Fundus Photographs,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 8342-8348, 2011. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-7418R.A. Welikalaa et al., “Automated Detection of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Using a Modified Line Operator and Dual Classification,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 247- 261, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2014.02.010S. Roychowdhury, D. D. Koozekanani, and K. K. Parhi, “DREAM: Diabetic Retinopathy Analysis Using Machine Learning,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1717-1728, 2013. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2013.2294635D. Usher, M. Dumskyj, M. Himaga, T.H. Williamson, S Nussey, and J. Boyce, “Automated Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Digital Retinal Images: A Tool for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening,” Diabetic Medicine, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 84-90, 2004. doi:0.1046/j.1464- 5491.2003.01085.xS. Philip et al., “The Efficacy of Automated “Disease/ No Disease” Grading for Diabetic Retinopathy in a Systematic Screening Programme,” British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 1512-1517, 2007. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.119453S. C. Cheng and Y. M. Huang, “A Novel Approach to Diagnose Diabetes Based on the Fractal Characteristics of Retinal Images,” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 163-170, 2003. doi:10.1109/TITB.2003.813792M. García, C.I. Sánchez, M.I. López, D. Abásolo, and R. Hornero, “Neural Network Based Detection of Hard Exudates in Retinal Images,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 9-19, 2009. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2008.07.006W. Lu, Y. Tong, Y. Yu, Y. Xing, C. Chen, and Y. Shen, “Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Ophthalmology: General Overview,” Journal of Ophthalmology, 2018. doi:10.1155/2018/5278196D. C. S. Vandarkuzhali, and T. Ravichandran, “Elm Based Detection of Abnormality in Retinal Image of Eye Due to Diabetic Retinopathy,” Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 6, pp. 423-428, 2005.B. Antal and A. Hajdu, “An Ensemble-Based System for Automatic Screening of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 60, pp. 20-27, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2013.12.023T. K. Yoo and E. C. Park, “Diabetic Retinopathy Risk Prediction for Fundus Examination Using Sparse Learning: A Cross-Sectional Study,” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 106, 2013. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-13-106N. H. Cho et al., “IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global Estimates of Diabetes Prevalence for 2017 and Projections for 2045,” Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 138, pp. 271-281, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023International Diabetes Federation (IDF), IDF Diabetes Atlas, 8th ed., [online], 2017. Available: https://www.idf. org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas. html [Accessed Jul. 30, 2019].American Diabetes Association, “2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019,” Diabetes Care, vol. 42, no. Supplement 1, pp. S13-S28, 2019. doi:10.2337/dc19-S002C. W. Baker, Y. Jiang, and T. Stone, “Recent Advancements in Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment from the Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network,” Current Opinion in Ophthalmology, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 210, 2016. doi:10.1097/ICU.0000000000000262J. W. Y. Yau et al., “Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Diabetes Care, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 556-564, 2012. doi:10.2337/dc11-1909L. Guariguata, C. Brown, N. Sobers, I. Hambleton, T.A. Samuels, and N. Unwin, “An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Social Determinants of Diabetes and Related Risk Factors in the Caribbean,” Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, vol. 42, 2018. doi:10.26633/RPSP.2018.171Z. Zhang et al., “A Survey on Computer Aided Diagnosis for Ocular Diseases,” BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 80, 2014. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-14-80A. D. Fleming, S. Philip, K. A. Goatman, J. A. Olson and P. F. Sharp, “Automated Microaneurysm Detection Using Local Contrast Normalization and Local Vessel Detection,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 1223-1232, Sept. 2006. doi:10.1109/ TMI.2006.879953P. Porwal et al., “Indian Diabetic Retinopathy Image Dataset (IDRiD): A Database for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Research,” Data, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 25, 2018. doi:10.3390/data3030025R. M. Kamble et al., “Automated Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) Analysis using Fine Tuning with Inception-Resnet-v2 on OCT Images,” 2018 IEEE-EMBS Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES), Sarawak, Malaysia, 2018, pp. 442-446. doi:10.1109/IECBES.2018.8626616R. Bernardes and J. Cunha-Vaz, Eds., “Optical Coherence Tomography: A Clinical and Technical Update,” Springer Science & Business Media, 2012. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27410-7M. Niemeijer et al., “Retinopathy Online Challenge: Automatic Detection of Microaneurysms in Digital Color Fundus Photographs,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 185-195, Jan. 2010. doi:10.1109/TMI.2009.2033909P. P. Srinivasan et al., “Fully Automated Detection of Diabetic Macular Edema and Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration from Optical Coherence Tomography Images,” Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 3568-3577, 2014. doi:10.1364/BOE.5.003568D. Zhao et al., “Improving Follow-Up and Reducing Barriers for Eye Screenings in Communities: The Stop Glaucoma Study,” American Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 188, pp. 19-28, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.01.008M. R. K. Mookiah, U. R. Acharya, C. M. Lim, A. Petznick, and J. S. Suri, “Data Mining Technique for Automated Diagnosis of Glaucoma Using Higher Order Spectra and Wavelet Energy Features,” Knowledge-Based Systems, vol. 33, pp. 73-82, 2012. doi:10.1016/j. knosys.2012.02.010R. Bock, J. Meier, L. G. Nyúl, J. Hornegger, and G. Michelson, “Glaucoma Risk Index: Automated Glaucoma Detection from Color Fundus Images,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 471-481, 2010. doi:10.1016/j. media.2009.12.006F. Fumero, S. Alayón, J. L. Sanchez, J. Sigut, and M. Gonzalez-Hernandez, “RIM-ONE: An Open Retinal Image Database for Optic Nerve Evaluation,” In 2011 24th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), Jun. 2011, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ CBMS.2011.5999143S. Maetschke, B. Antony, H. Ishikawa, G. Wollstein, J. Schuman, and R. Garnavi. “A Feature Agnostic Approach for Glaucoma Detection in oct Volumes,” PloS one, vol. 14, no. 7, p. e0219126, 2019. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0219126P. T. De Jong, “Age-Related Macular Degeneration,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 355, no. 14, pp. 1474-1485, 2006. doi:10.1056/NEJMra062326F. Huazhu et al., iChallenge-AMD, [Online], 2019. Available: http://ai.baidu.com.S. Farsiu et al., “Quantitative Classification of Eyes with and without Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Optical Coherence Tomography,” Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 1, pp. 162-172, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.07.013Y. F. Chen, I. J. Wang, C. C. Su, and M. S. Chen, “Macular Thickness and Aging in Retinitis Pigmentosa,” Optometry and Vision Science, vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 471- 482, 2012. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e31824c0b0bH. Mactier, M. S. Bradnam, and R. Hamilton, “Dark-Adapted Oscillatory Potentials in Preterm Infants with and without Retinopathy of Prematurity,” Documenta Ophthalmologica, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 33-40, 2013. doi:10.1007/s10633-013-9373-2K. P. Dhamdhere, M. A. Bearse, W. Harrison, S. Barez, M. E. Schneck, and A. J. Adams, “Associations between Local Retinal Thickness and Function in Early Diabetes,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 6122-6128, 2012. doi:10.1167/iovs.12- 10293D. Karlica, D. Galetović, M. Ivanisević, V. Skrabić, L. Znaor, and D. Jurišić, “Visual Evoked Potential Can Be Used to Detect a Prediabetic Form of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type I,” Collegium antropologicum, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 525-529, 2010. doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20151405.M. Lövestam-Adrian, L. Gränse, G. Andersson, and S. Andreasson, “Multifocal Visual Evoked Potentials (MFVEP) in Diabetic Patients with and without Polyneuropathy,” The Open Ophthalmology Journal, vol. 6, p. 98, 2012. doi:10.2174/1874364101206010098S. Gupta, T. Khan, G. Gupta, B. K. Agrawal, and Z. Khan, “Electrophysiological Evaluation in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials,” National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 527, 2017. doi:10.5455/njppp.2017.7.1235824012017J. Heravian et al., “Pattern Visual Evoked Potentials in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus,” Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 225, 2012.R. Kardon, S. C. Anderson, T. G. Damarjian, E. M. Grace, E. Stone, and A. Kawasaki, “Chromatic Pupillometry in Patients with Retinitis Pigmentosa,” Ophthalmology, vol. 118, no. 2, pp. 376-381, 2011. doi:10.1016/j. ophtha.2010.06.033M. C. Ortube et al., “Comparative Regional Pupillography as a Noninvasive Biosensor Screening Method for Diabetic Retinopathy,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 9-18, 2013. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10241J. Threatt, J. F. Williamson, K. Huynh, R. M. Davis, and K. Hermayer, “Ocular Disease, Knowledge and Technology Applications in Patients with Diabetes,” The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol. 345, no. 4, pp. 266-270, 2013. doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31828aa6fD. Mitry, T. Peto, S. Hayat, J. E. Morgan, K. T. Khaw, and P. J. Foster, “Crowdsourcing as a Novel Technique for Retinal Fundus Photography Classification: Analysis of Images in the Epic Norfolk Cohort on Behalf of the UKBiobank Eye and Vision Consortium,” PloS one, vol. 8, no. 8, p. e71154, 2013. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0071154J. Staal, M. D. Abràmoff, M. Niemeijer, M. A. Viergever, and B. Van Ginneken, “Ridge-Based Vessel Segmentation in Color Images of the Retina,” IEEE transactions on medical imaging, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 501- 509, 2004. doi:10.1109/TMI.2004.825627T. Kauppi et al., “DIARETDB0: Evaluation database and methodology for diabetic retinopathy algorithms,” Machine Vision and Pattern Recognition Research Group, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland, vol. 73, pp. 1-17, 2006. doi:10.1.1.128.4274T. Kauppi et al., “The Diaretdb1 Diabetic Retinopathy Database and Evaluation Protocol,” In BMVC, 2007, vol. 1, pp. 1-10. doi:10.5244/C.21.15L. Giancardo et al., “Microaneurysm Detection with Radon Transform-Based Classification on Retina Images,” In 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2011, pp. 5939-5942. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2011.6091562M. M. Fraz et al., “An Ensemble Classification-Based Approach Applied to Retinal Blood Vessel Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 2538-2548, 2012. doi:10.1109/ TBME.2012.2205687E. Decencière et al., “TeleOphta: Machine learning and image processing methods for teleophthalmology,” Irbm, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 196-203, 2013. doi:10.1016/j. irbm.2013.01.010EyePACS Challenge. Diabetic retinopathy detection of Kaggle, [online]. Available: https://www.kaggle.com/c/ diabetic-retinopathy-detection/dataKaggle, “APTOS 2019 Blindness Detection,” kaggle. com, 2019. [Online]. Available : https://www.kaggle. com/c/aptos2019-blindness-detection/dataJ. Lowell et al., “Optic nerve head segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 256-264, 2004. doi:10.1109/TMI.2003.823261A. Budai, R. Bock, A. Maier, J. Hornegger, and G. Michelson, “Robust Vessel Segmentation in Fundus Images,” International journal of biomedical imaging, 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/154860A. Hoover, V. Kouznetsova, and M. Goldbaum, “Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piece-wise threshold probing of a matched filter response,” In Proceedings of the AMIA Symposium, American Medical Informatics Association, 1998, p. 931. doi:10.1109/42.845178A. Hoover and M. Goldbaum, “Locating the Optic Nerve in a Retinal Image Using the Fuzzy Convergence of the Blood Vessels,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 951-958, 2003. doi:10.1109/ TMI.2003.815900D. J. Farnell et al., “Enhancement of Blood Vessels in Digital Fundus Photographs Via the Application of Multiscale Line Operators,” Journal of The Franklin Institute, vol. 345, no. 7, pp. 748-765, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.jfranklin.2008.04.009Y. Zheng, M. H. A. Hijazi, and F. Coenen, “Automated ‘Disease/No Disease’ Grading of Age-Related Macular Degeneration by an Image Mining Approach,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 53, no. 13, pp. 8310-8318, 2012. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-9576P. Gholami, P. Roy, M. K. Parthasarathy, and V. Lakshminarayanan, “OCTID: Optical Coherence Tomography Image Database,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 81, p. 106532, 2020. doi:10.5683/SP2/ W43PFIE. J. Carmona, M. Rincón, J. García-Feijoó, and J. M. Martínez-de-la-Casa, “Identification of the Optic Nerve Head with Genetic Algorithms,” Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 243-259, 2008. doi:10.1016/j.artmed.2008.04.005Z. Zhang et al., “Origa-light: An Online Retinal Fundus Image Database for Glaucoma Analysis and Research,” In 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, 2010, pp. 3065-3068. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2010.5626137M. Niemeijer et al., “Automated Measurement of the Arteriolar-To-Venular Width Ratio in Digital Color Fundus Photographs,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 1941-1950, 2011. doi:10.1109/TMI.2011.2159619Z. Zhang, J. Liu, F. Yin, B. H. Lee, D. W. K. Wong, and K. R. Sung, “ACHIKO-K: Database of Fundus Images from Glaucoma Patients,” In 2013 IEEE 8th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2013, pp. 228-231. doi:10.1109/ICIEA.2013.6566371J. Sivaswamy, S. Krishnadas, A. Chakravarty, G. Joshi, and A. S. Tabish, “A Comprehensive Retinal Image Dataset for the Assessment of Glaucoma from the Optic Nerve Head Analysis,” JSM Biomedical Imaging Data Papers, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 1004.J. Sivaswamy, S. R. Krishnadas, G. D. Joshi, M. Jain, and A. U. S. Tabish, “Drishti-gs: Retinal Image Dataset for Optic Nerve Head (onh) Segmentation,” In 2014 IEEE 11th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI), 2014, pp. 53-56. doi:10.1109/ ISBI.2014.6867807A. Almazroa et al., “Retinal Fundus Images for Glaucoma Analysis: The RIGA Dataset,” In Medical Imaging 2018: Imaging Informatics for Healthcare, Research, and Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2018, vol. 10579, p. 105790B. doi:10.1117/12.2293584F. Huazhu et al. “REFUGE: Retinal Fundus Glaucoma Challenge,” IEEE Dataport, 2019. [Online]. doi:10.21227/tz6e-r977T. E. Clemons, E. Y. Chew, S. B. Bressler, and W. McBee, “National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): AREDS Report no. 10. Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 211-217, 2003. doi:10.1001/ archopht.121.2.211M. K. Jahromi et al., “An Automatic Algorithm for Segmentation of the Boundaries of Corneal Layers in Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Gaussian Mixture Model,” Journal of Medical Signals and Sensors, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 171, 2014. doi:10.4103/2228- 7477.137763L. Giancardo et al., “Exudate-Based Diabetic Macular Edema Detection in Fundus Images Using Publicly Available Datasets,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 216-226, 2012. doi:10.1016/j.media.2011.07.004R. Rasti, H. Rabbani, A. Mehridehnavi and F. Hajizadeh, “Macular OCT Classification Using a Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network Ensemble,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 1024-1034, April 2018. doi:10.1109/TMI.2017.2780115D. S. Kermany et al., “Identifying Medical Diagnoses and Treatable Diseases by Image-Based Deep Learning,” Cell, vol. 172, no. 5, pp. 1122-1131. doi:10.1016/j. cell.2018.02.010S. Paul and L. Singh, “A Review on Advances in Deep Learning,” In 2015 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence: Theories, Applications and Future Directions (WCI), 2015, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ WCI.2015.7495514A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, “Imagenet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2012, pp. 1097-1105. doi:10.1145/3065386.M. D. Zeiler and R. Fergus, “Visualizing and Understanding Convolutional Networks,” In European Conference on Computer Vision, 2014, pp. 818-833. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10590-1_53K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman, “Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014.C. Szegedy et al., “Going Deeper with Convolutions,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 1-9, doi:10.1109/ CVPR.2015.7298594G. Hinton et al., “Deep Neural Networks for Acoustic Modeling in Speech Recognition,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 29, 2012. doi:10.1109/ MSP.2012.2205597O. Abdel-Hamid, A. Mohamed, H. Jiang, L. Deng, G. Penn, and D. Yu, “Convolutional Neural Networks for Speech Recognition,” in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 1533-1545, Oct. 2014. doi:10.1109/ TASLP.2014.2339736Sainath et al., “Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Large-Scale Speech Tasks,” Neural Networks, vol. 64, pp. 39-48, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.08.005Kaggle, “Higgs Boson Machine Learning Challenge,” kaggle.com, September 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.kaggle.com/c/higgs-bosonKaggle, “1000 Fundus Images with 39 Categories,” kaggle.com, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www. kaggle.com/linchundan/fundusimage1000A. de Brebisson and G. Montana, “Deep Neural Networks for Anatomical Brain Segmentation,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops, 2015, pp. 20-28. doi:10.1109/CVPRW.2015.7301312H. C. Shin, M. R. Orton, D. J. Collins, S. J. Doran, and M. O. Leach, “Stacked Autoencoders for Unsupervised Feature Learning and Multiple Organ Detection in a Pilot Study Using 4d Patient Data,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 1930-1943, 2012. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2012.277Cancer Imaging Archive, “The Cancer Genome Atlas,” cancerimaging.net, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.cancerimagingarchive.net/Spineweb, “Collaborative Platform for Research on Spine Imaging and Image Analysis,” spineweb.digitalimaginggroup.ca, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://spineweb.digitalimaginggroup.ca/O. J. Perdomo, H. A. Rios, F. J. Rodríguez, and F. A. González, “3D Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Predicting Neurosensory Retinal Thickness Map from Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Volumes,” In 14th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 2018, vol. 10975, p. 109750I. https:// doi.org/10.1117/12.2511597S. Otálora, O. Perdomo, F. González, and H. Müller, “Training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks with Active Learning for Exudate Classification in Eye Fundus Images,” In Intravascular Imaging and Computer Assisted Stenting, and Large-Scale Annotation of Biomedical Data and Expert Label Synthesis, Springer, Cham, 2017, pp. 146-154.C. Szegedy, V. Vanhoucke, S. Ioffe, J. Shlens, and Z. Wojna, “Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 2818-2826. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2016.308O. Ronneberger, P. Fischer, and T. Brox, “U-net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation,” In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2015, pp. 234-241. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28M. U. Akram, S. Khalid, A. Tariq, S. A. Khan, and F. Azam, “Detection and Classification of Retinal Lesions for Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 45, pp. 161-171, 2014. doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.11.014A. B. Aujih, L. I. Izhar, F. Mériaudeau, and M. I. Shapiai, “Analysis of Retinal Vessel Segmentation with Deep Learning and its Effect on Diabetic Retinopathy Classification,” In 2018 International Conference on Intelligent and Advanced System (ICIAS), 2018, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ICIAS.2018.8540642.Y. Yang, T. Li, W. Li, H. Wu, W. Fan, and W. Zhang, “Lesion Detection and Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy Via Two-Stages Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” In International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, 2017, pp. 533-540. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66179-7_61Z. Gao, J. Li, J. Guo, Y. Chen, Z. Yi, and J. Zhong, “Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Neural Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 3360-3370, 2018. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2888639G. Quellec, K. Charrière, Y. Boudi, B. Cochener, and M. Lamard, “Deep Image Mining for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening,” Medical Image Analysis, vol. 39, pp. 178-193, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.media.2017.04.012V. Gulshan et al., “Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs,” Jama, vol. 316, no. 22, pp. 2402-2410, 2016. doi:10.1001/ jama.2016.17216O. Perdomo, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “Convolutional Network to Detect Exudates in Eye Fundus Images of Diabetic Subjects,” In 12th International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10160, p. 101600T. doi: 10.1117/12.2256939.O. Perdomo, S. Otalora, F. Rodríguez, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “A Novel Machine Learning Model Based on Exudate Localization to Detect Diabetic Macular Edema,” In Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis Third International Workshop (OMIA), 2016, pp. 137- 144. doi:10.17077/omia.1057.S. Wang, L. Yu, X. Yang, C. Fu and P. Heng, “Patch-Based Output Space Adversarial Learning for Joint Optic Disc and Cup Segmentation,” in IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2485-2495, Nov. 2019.J. H. Kumar, A. K. Pediredla, and C. S. Seelamantula, “Active Discs for Automated Optic Disc Segmentation,” In 2015 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP), IEEE, 2015, pp. 225-229O. Perdomo, J. Arevalo, and F. A. González, “Combining Morphometric Features and Convolutional Networks Fusion for Glaucoma Diagnosis,” In 13th International Conference on Medical Information Processing and Analysis, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10572, p. 105721G. doi:10.1117/12.2285964O. Perdomo, V. Andrearczyk, F. Meriaudeau, H. Müller, and F. A. González, “Glaucoma Diagnosis from Eye Fundus Images Based on Deep Morphometric Feature Estimation,” In Computational Pathology and Ophthalmic Medical Image Analysis, 2018, pp. 319-327. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00949-6_38P. M. Burlina, N. Joshi, K. D. Pacheco, D. E. Freund, J. Kong, and N. M. Bressler, “Use of Deep Learning for Detailed Severity Characterization and Estimation of 5-Year Risk among Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration,” JAMA Ophthalmology, vol. 136, no. 12, pp. 1359-1366, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2018.4118Gholami, P., “Developing Algorithms for the Analysis of Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Images, Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo, 2018O. Perdomo, S. Otálora, F. A. González, F. Meriaudeau, and H. Müller, “OCT-net: A Convolutional Network for Automatic Classification of Normal and Diabetic Macular Edema Using Sd-Oct Volumes,” In 2018 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI 2018), 2018, pp. 1423-1426. doi:10.1109/ISBI.2018.8363839W. Sun, X. Liu, and Z. Yang, “Automated Detection of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Oct Images Using Multiple Instance Learning,” In Ninth International Conference on Digital Image Processing (ICDIP 2017), International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017, vol. 10420, p. 104203V). doi:10.1117/12.2282522O. Perdomo et al., “Classification of Diabetes-Related Retinal Diseases Using a Deep Learning Approach in Optical Coherence Tomography,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 178, pp. 181-189, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.06.016J. De Fauw et al., “Clinically Applicable Deep Learning for Diagnosis and Referral in Retinal Disease,” Nature Medicine, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 1342, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6C. S. Lee, D. M. Baughman, and A. Y. Lee, “Deep Learning is Effective for Classifying Normal Versus Age-Related Macular Degeneration Oct Images,” Ophthalmology Retina, vol. 1, no. 4, p. 322-327, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.oret.2016.12.009K. He, X. Zhang, S. Ren, and J. Sun, “Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition,” In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2016, pp. 770-778. doi:10.1109/ CVPR.2016.90M. Voets, K. Møllersen, and L. A. Bongo, “Replication Study: Development and Validation of Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy in Retinal Fundus Photographs. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.04337. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217541.info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_14cbAprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial)Machine Learning (Artificial Intelligence)Diagnóstico por imagenDiagnostic imagingOjos - EnfermedadesEye - DiseasesHallazgos clínicosEnfermedades ocularesBases de datos ocularesAprendizaje profundoDiagnóstico clínicoClinical signsOcular diseasesocular dataseDeep learningClinical diagnosisTEXTA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdf.txtA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain64376https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/4/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdf.txt1dd2d021374661db4c09f66f20160931MD54metadata only accessTHUMBNAILPortada A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.PNGPortada A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.PNGimage/png141308https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/3/Portada%20A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.PNGd278eef9cd81fad36f7e40ec27f1b6e0MD53open accessA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdf.jpgA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg10503https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/5/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdf.jpg9f74e5ec1271f09bf5a5027e7d801752MD55metadata only accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/2/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD52open accessORIGINALA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdfA Systematic Review of Deep Learning Methods Applied to Ocular Images.pdfapplication/pdf884532https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/3326/1/A%20Systematic%20Review%20of%20Deep%20Learning%20Methods%20Applied%20to%20Ocular%20Images.pdfca60ff8fe32798dad8dba757cde40684MD51metadata only access001/3326oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/33262024-10-17 03:00:56.355metadata only accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.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 |