Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks
This study deals with industrial accidents and domino effects that may occur in an industrial plant, the initial accident being supposed to take place in any of the tanks either under or at atmospheric pressure. This initial sequence might generate sets of structural fragments, fire balls, blast wav...
- Autores:
-
Ahmed, Mebarki
Jerez Barbosa, Sandra Rocio
Matasic, Igor
Prodhomme, Gaëtan
Reimeringer, Mathieu
- Tipo de recurso:
- Article of investigation
- Fecha de publicación:
- 2012
- Institución:
- Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito
- Repositorio:
- Repositorio Institucional ECI
- Idioma:
- eng
- OAI Identifier:
- oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/1833
- Acceso en línea:
- https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/1833
- Palabra clave:
- Accidentes de trabajo
Explosiones
Tanques de almacenamiento
Storage tanks
Industrial accidents
Explosions
Domino effect
Atmospheric tank
Tank under pressure
Failure risk
- Rights
- openAccess
- License
- © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd
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|
dc.title.eng.fl_str_mv |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
title |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
spellingShingle |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks Accidentes de trabajo Explosiones Tanques de almacenamiento Storage tanks Industrial accidents Explosions Domino effect Atmospheric tank Tank under pressure Failure risk |
title_short |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
title_full |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
title_fullStr |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
title_full_unstemmed |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
title_sort |
Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and Risks |
dc.creator.fl_str_mv |
Ahmed, Mebarki Jerez Barbosa, Sandra Rocio Matasic, Igor Prodhomme, Gaëtan Reimeringer, Mathieu |
dc.contributor.author.none.fl_str_mv |
Ahmed, Mebarki Jerez Barbosa, Sandra Rocio Matasic, Igor Prodhomme, Gaëtan Reimeringer, Mathieu |
dc.contributor.researchgroup.spa.fl_str_mv |
Estructuras y Materiales |
dc.subject.armarc.spa.fl_str_mv |
Accidentes de trabajo Explosiones Tanques de almacenamiento |
topic |
Accidentes de trabajo Explosiones Tanques de almacenamiento Storage tanks Industrial accidents Explosions Domino effect Atmospheric tank Tank under pressure Failure risk |
dc.subject.armarc.eng.fl_str_mv |
Storage tanks |
dc.subject.proposal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Industrial accidents Explosions Domino effect Atmospheric tank Tank under pressure Failure risk |
description |
This study deals with industrial accidents and domino effects that may occur in an industrial plant, the initial accident being supposed to take place in any of the tanks either under or at atmospheric pressure. This initial sequence might generate sets of structural fragments, fire balls, blast waves as well as critical losses of containment (liquid and gas) that threaten the surrounding facilities and may cause serious damages. The structural fragments, the blast wave and the fire ball can be described following database and feedback collected from past accidents. The vulnerability of the potential targeted tanks is investigated in order to assess the risk of propagation of the first sequence of industrial hazard. Cascading sequences of accidents, explosions and fires can take place, giving rise to the domino effect. This risk of domino effect occurrence is investigated herein. The interaction and the behavior of the targets affected or impacted by the first explosion effects are described by adequate simplified mechanical models: perforation and penetration of metal fragments when they impact surrounding tanks, as well as global failure such as overturning, buckling, excessive bending or shear effects, etc. Sensitivity analysis is performed thanks to Monte Carlo simulations: the probability of impact and risk of failure of target tanks are reported. A comparison between risks due to blast wave and fragments impacts is performed. |
publishDate |
2012 |
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv |
2012 |
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-11-10T21:50:31Z |
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-11-10T21:50:31Z |
dc.type.spa.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista |
dc.type.coarversion.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
dc.type.version.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.coar.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
dc.type.content.spa.fl_str_mv |
Text |
dc.type.driver.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.redcol.spa.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART |
format |
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv |
1877-7058 |
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/1833 |
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.137 |
identifier_str_mv |
1877-7058 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.137 |
url |
https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/1833 |
dc.language.iso.spa.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.citationendpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
166 |
dc.relation.citationstartpage.spa.fl_str_mv |
159 |
dc.relation.citationvolume.spa.fl_str_mv |
45 |
dc.relation.indexed.spa.fl_str_mv |
N/A |
dc.relation.ispartofjournal.eng.fl_str_mv |
Procedia Engineering 2012 International Symposium on Safety Science and Technology |
dc.relation.references.spa.fl_str_mv |
Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A, 2007. The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, consequence assessment, management. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141: 489-519 ARIA base of BARPI, France ( www.aria.environnement.gouv.fr ) Holden P.L., 1988. Assessment of missile hazards: Review of incident experience relevant to major hazard plant. Safety and reliability directorate, Health & Safety Directorate. Lees F.P., 2005. Prevention in process industries, Butterwort Heinemann, Antonioni G., Spadoni G. and Cozzani V. Application of domino effect quantitative risk assessment to an extended industrial area. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 614-624 Cozzani V. Salzano E, 2004. The quantitative assessment of domino effects caused by overpressure- Part I: Probit models, Journal of Hazardous Materials, A107: 67–80. Marhavilas P.K., Koulouriotis D. and Gemeni V, 2011. Risk analysis and assessment methodologies in the work sites : On a review, classification and comparative study of the scientific literature of the period 2000-2009. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 24(5): 477-523. Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., 2009. Structural fragments and explosions in industrial facilities. Part I: Probabilistic description of the source terms, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 408–416. Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R. , 2009. Structural fragments and explosions in industrial facilities. Part II: Probabilistic description of the source terms, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 408–416. Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., Meftah F. Reimeringer M, 2007. A probabilistic model for the vulnerability of metal plates under the impact of cylindrical projectiles. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 20: 128–134. Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., Meftah F., Reimeringer M, 2008. Reliability analysis of metallic targets under metallic rods impact: Towards a simplified probabilistic approach. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 21: 518– 527. Mingguang Z. and Juncheng J, 2008. An improved probit method for assessment of domino effect to chemical process equipment caused by overpressure. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158: 280 – 286. Talaslidis D.G., Manolis G.D., Paraskevopoulos E., Panagiotopoulos C., Pelekasis N. and Tsamopoulos J.A. , 2004. Risk analysis of industrial structures under extreme transient loads. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24: 435-448. Mébarki A., Genatios C., Lafuente M., 2008. Risques Naturels et Technologiques : Aléas, Vulnérabilité et Fiabilité des Constructions – vers une formulation probabiliste intégrée, Presses Ponts et Chaussées, ISBN 978-2-85978-436-2, Paris. |
dc.rights.eng.fl_str_mv |
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd |
dc.rights.coar.fl_str_mv |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
dc.rights.uri.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
dc.rights.accessrights.spa.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
dc.rights.creativecommons.spa.fl_str_mv |
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.extent.spa.fl_str_mv |
8 páginas |
dc.format.mimetype.spa.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.spa.fl_str_mv |
Science Direct |
dc.publisher.place.spa.fl_str_mv |
China |
dc.source.spa.fl_str_mv |
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705812031499 |
institution |
Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito |
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Ahmed, Mebarkid2c6985671b64c15c3d11c1030232b7d600Jerez Barbosa, Sandra Rociocf2dd14f8cca29e0bd6bc74523154dc8600Matasic, Igor555c48ac2e357f36a0ac9c764b4c648e600Prodhomme, Gaëtan9d934b1ca5b378da89856671d056d299600Reimeringer, Mathieu40bfb8130b110801191331d1d7c0f24f600Estructuras y Materiales2021-11-10T21:50:31Z2021-11-10T21:50:31Z20121877-7058https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/handle/001/183310.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.137This study deals with industrial accidents and domino effects that may occur in an industrial plant, the initial accident being supposed to take place in any of the tanks either under or at atmospheric pressure. This initial sequence might generate sets of structural fragments, fire balls, blast waves as well as critical losses of containment (liquid and gas) that threaten the surrounding facilities and may cause serious damages. The structural fragments, the blast wave and the fire ball can be described following database and feedback collected from past accidents. The vulnerability of the potential targeted tanks is investigated in order to assess the risk of propagation of the first sequence of industrial hazard. Cascading sequences of accidents, explosions and fires can take place, giving rise to the domino effect. This risk of domino effect occurrence is investigated herein. The interaction and the behavior of the targets affected or impacted by the first explosion effects are described by adequate simplified mechanical models: perforation and penetration of metal fragments when they impact surrounding tanks, as well as global failure such as overturning, buckling, excessive bending or shear effects, etc. Sensitivity analysis is performed thanks to Monte Carlo simulations: the probability of impact and risk of failure of target tanks are reported. A comparison between risks due to blast wave and fragments impacts is performed.Este estudio trata de los accidentes industriales y los efectos dominó que pueden producirse en una planta industrial, suponiendo que el accidente inicial tiene lugar en cualquiera de los tanques, ya sea a presión atmosférica o bajo ella. Esta secuencia inicial puede generar conjuntos de fragmentos estructurales, bolas de fuego, ondas expansivas, así como pérdidas críticas de contención (líquido y gas) que amenazan las instalaciones circundantes y pueden causar graves daños. Los fragmentos estructurales, la onda expansiva y la bola de fuego pueden describirse siguiendo la base de datos y la información recogida de accidentes anteriores. Se investiga la vulnerabilidad de los posibles tanques objetivo para evaluar el riesgo de propagación de la primera secuencia de peligro industrial. Pueden producirse secuencias en cascada de accidentes, explosiones e incendios, dando lugar al efecto dominó. Aquí se investiga este riesgo de aparición del efecto dominó. La interacción y el comportamiento de los objetivos afectados o impactados por los primeros efectos de la explosión se describen mediante modelos mecánicos simplificados adecuados: perforación y penetración de fragmentos metálicos cuando impactan en los depósitos circundantes, así como fallos globales como el vuelco, el pandeo, los efectos de flexión o cizallamiento excesivos, etc. El análisis de sensibilidad se realiza gracias a las simulaciones de Monte Carlo: se informa de la probabilidad de impacto y del riesgo de fallo de los tanques objetivo. Se realiza una comparación entre los riesgos debidos a la onda expansiva y a los impactos de fragmentos. Traducción realizada con la versión gratuita del traductor www.DeepL.com/Translatora Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle, MSME, UMR 8208 CNRS, 5 Bd Descartes, 77454 Marne-La-Vallée, France b INERIS, Institut National de l’Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, BP 2 - 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France8 páginasapplication/pdfengScience DirectChina© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltdhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705812031499Explosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard: Domino Effect and RisksArtículo de revistainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARThttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8516615945N/AProcedia Engineering2012 International Symposium on Safety Science and TechnologyAbbasi, T. and Abbasi, S.A, 2007. The boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE): Mechanism, consequence assessment, management. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141: 489-519ARIA base of BARPI, France ( www.aria.environnement.gouv.fr )Holden P.L., 1988. Assessment of missile hazards: Review of incident experience relevant to major hazard plant. Safety and reliability directorate, Health & Safety Directorate.Lees F.P., 2005. Prevention in process industries, Butterwort Heinemann,Antonioni G., Spadoni G. and Cozzani V. Application of domino effect quantitative risk assessment to an extended industrial area. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 614-624Cozzani V. Salzano E, 2004. The quantitative assessment of domino effects caused by overpressure- Part I: Probit models, Journal of Hazardous Materials, A107: 67–80.Marhavilas P.K., Koulouriotis D. and Gemeni V, 2011. Risk analysis and assessment methodologies in the work sites : On a review, classification and comparative study of the scientific literature of the period 2000-2009. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 24(5): 477-523.Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., 2009. Structural fragments and explosions in industrial facilities. Part I: Probabilistic description of the source terms, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 408–416.Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R. , 2009. Structural fragments and explosions in industrial facilities. Part II: Probabilistic description of the source terms, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 22: 408–416.Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., Meftah F. Reimeringer M, 2007. A probabilistic model for the vulnerability of metal plates under the impact of cylindrical projectiles. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 20: 128–134.Mébarki A., Mercier F., Nguyen Q.B., Ami Saada R., Meftah F., Reimeringer M, 2008. Reliability analysis of metallic targets under metallic rods impact: Towards a simplified probabilistic approach. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 21: 518– 527.Mingguang Z. and Juncheng J, 2008. An improved probit method for assessment of domino effect to chemical process equipment caused by overpressure. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158: 280 – 286.Talaslidis D.G., Manolis G.D., Paraskevopoulos E., Panagiotopoulos C., Pelekasis N. and Tsamopoulos J.A. , 2004. Risk analysis of industrial structures under extreme transient loads. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24: 435-448.Mébarki A., Genatios C., Lafuente M., 2008. Risques Naturels et Technologiques : Aléas, Vulnérabilité et Fiabilité des Constructions – vers une formulation probabiliste intégrée, Presses Ponts et Chaussées, ISBN 978-2-85978-436-2, Paris.Accidentes de trabajoExplosionesTanques de almacenamientoStorage tanksIndustrial accidentsExplosionsDomino effectAtmospheric tankTank under pressureFailure riskORIGINALExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdfExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdfapplication/pdf2769764https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1833/1/Explosions%20and%20Structural%20Fragments%20as%20Industrial%20Hazard%20Domino%20Effect%20and%20Risks.pdf86e6af38df65c2c34bcbd4fd494c72ccMD51open accessLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81881https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1833/2/license.txt5a7ca94c2e5326ee169f979d71d0f06eMD52open accessTEXTExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdf.txtExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain24323https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1833/3/Explosions%20and%20Structural%20Fragments%20as%20Industrial%20Hazard%20Domino%20Effect%20and%20Risks.pdf.txt851e3964f5e074b694c141809b11f1d6MD53open accessTHUMBNAILExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdf.jpgExplosions and Structural Fragments as Industrial Hazard Domino Effect and Risks.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg13774https://repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co/bitstream/001/1833/4/Explosions%20and%20Structural%20Fragments%20as%20Industrial%20Hazard%20Domino%20Effect%20and%20Risks.pdf.jpgc22692ee1cb6426325dda4f5f6b6ae6dMD54open access001/1833oai:repositorio.escuelaing.edu.co:001/18332022-06-30 14:48:22.372open accessRepositorio Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavitorepositorio.eci@escuelaing.edu.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 |